WPC> 9dI5`lN _%?38^|r;B)Թ1?fhT &a0'sy'9 J[Rt!}QKE7bʮv  pO\Wc^66hy[+q {ft)ßk ub'r!@"~χD-É{f\,tYцWt|sYGN*>LY`NXB"CzejiO؃ۗKC1S?R;`ʅ@9,Ŷoy朢(EI8э>y1׼C Clj7VD,t-eHO{+AFXG9v3Q65krnX~<BACDNXza'ٲdDO0C%?m$,U0"Y` vdF|P}CD _Ne|#U[N % 0: ^  w+ 4/ C R mT UY>k  0V Z_ 0Vvvb 0C 066666666666666666666666666666666666 B i"&&&&&&'))+I- //////03~8f9:::::P~<Canon MG6200 series Printer.**.0(9 Z6Times New Roman RegularX($USUS.,1]H\HntFold3|x:U\  `&Times New Roman  'USUS.,  _  XXXX  MOTHERS,DAUGHTERS,ANDWIVESINISRAEL  _  BYALFREDEDERSHEIM #XXX X@#(.3$ !USUS.,  8DocumentManagement::ModifiedBooleanTRUE  (USUS.,  _@ oXX THEMARRIAGE,DIVORCE,REMARRIAGE,  @  AND HUSBANDOFONEWIFECONTROVERSY#XXoO# (.3$ !USUS.,  - -($    (B2$ !USUS.,    0   BeruriaMoharMishnahShitreErusinChethubahdenarsnedannedanjah susSanhedrim BerChuppahPirkediTobitChederYebamothAkibaShammaiteChethubusufruct  "$USUS.,  1    _ XXXX    Thefollowingillustrationalsooccurs:Acertainwisewomansaidtoherdaughterbeforeher > marriage:"Mychild,standbeforethyhusbandandministertohim.Ifthouwiltactashismaidenhe *z willbethyslave,andhonortheeashismistress;butifthouexaltthyselfagainsthim,hewillbethy f master,andthoushaltbecomevileinhiseyes,likeoneofthemaidservants."#XXX Xk# d  "$USUS.,  2    _ XXXX    ThereisaJewishtraditionthatthewomenhadcontributedoftheirsubstancetotheTabernacle,but > refusedtodosoformakingthegoldencalf,whichisdeducedfromtheaccountin#XXX Xk# XXXXExodus32:2 *z comparedwithverse3.#XXX X# "$USUS.,  3    _ XXXX    Similarexpressionsare#XXX Xk# XXXXSarah#XXX X# XXXXand#XXX X4# XXXXShiddah#XXX X}# XXXX,bothfromrootsmeaning#XXX X# XXXXtorule#XXX X(# XXXX.Noristhisinconsistent > withtheuseoftheword#XXX Xt# XXXXBaal#XXX X# XXXX,tomarry,and#XXX XJ# XXXXBeulah#XXX X# XXXX,themarriedone,from#XXX X# XXXXBaal#XXX XG# XXXX,alord"evenas *z Sarah"calledAbrahamlord"(#XXX X# XXXX1Peter3:6,theexpressionusedofhertoAbimelech,#XXX X# XXXXGenesis20:3, f being#XXX X# XXXXBeulah#XXX X# XXXX).Ofcourseitisnotmeantthatthesearetheonlywordsforfemales.Buttheothers, R suchas#XXX XI# XXXXBath#XXX X# XXXXand#XXX XL# XXXXNaarah#XXX X# XXXX,areeithersimplyfeminineterminations,orelse,as#XXX X# XXXXBethulah#XXX X\# XXXX,#XXX X# XXXXLevush#XXX X# XXXX, > #XXX X; # XXXXNekevah#XXX X # XXXX,#XXX X # XXXXAlmah#XXX X) # XXXX,#XXX Xs # XXXXRachem#XXX X # XXXX,descriptiveoftheirphysicalstate#XXX X # XXXX.#XXX Xl # _ "$USUS.,  9    _ XXXXThedistinctionismarkedin#XXX Xk#, ,XX , , ,,# XX , ,##XXX X# XXXXJoel2:16;the#XXX Xr# XXXXChuppah#XXX X# XXXXisalsomentionedin#XXX X#, ,XX , , ,,j# XX , ,z##XXX X# XXXXPsalm19:5.#XXX X#  "$USUS.,  10    _ XXXXSeemyarticleon Marriage"inCassell's#XXX Xl# XXXXBibleEducator#XXX X# XXXX,vol.iv.pp.267270.#XXX X1#  "$USUS.,  11    _ XXXXAccordingtoR.Simon{on#XXX Xl# XXXXChel#XXX X# XXXX.ii.8)itwasanEasterncustomthat,whenthebridewasledto  herfuturehome, theycarriedbeforethepartyaboutten"suchlamps.#XXX X#  "$USUS.,  12    _ XXXXThepracticeofcallingawifeabrideduringthefirstyearofhermarriageisprobablybasedon  #XXX Xl#, ,XX , , ,,$# XX , ,4##XXX XS# XXXXDeuteronomy24:5.#XXX X#  "$USUS.,  13    _ XXXXRabbinicalordinancessolimitedtheMosaiclawinregardtoanadulteress,thatthetrialand  punishmentcouldonlyhavebeenoftheveryrarestoccurrence.Intotheselawsanddistinctions  wecannot,however,atpresententer.#XXX Xl# ? "$USUS.,  14    _ XXXXTheJewshaveitthatawoman"isloosedfromthelawofherhusband"byonlyoneoftwo  things:deathoraletterofdivorce;hence#XXX Xl#, ,XX , , ,,G# XX , ,W##XXX Xv# XXXXRomans7:2,3.#XXX X#  "$USUS.,  15    _ XXXXThisisnottheplacetoenterintothelegaldetails,fullydiscussedbytheRabbis.#XXX Xl#  "$USUS.,  4    _ XXXX    AftertheelegantpoeticalversionofDr.Sachs(#XXX Xk# XXXXStimmenvomJordanu#XXX X# XXXX.#XXX X[# XXXXEuphrat#XXX X# XXXX.p.347).Weselect > thisonepoeticdescriptionofJewishweddedloveandrespectforwomanfromamongmanythat *z mightbegiven#XXX X#  "$USUS.,  5    _     XXXXThesomewhatsimilarreferenceto#XXX X# XXXXLeviticus19:19in#XXX X# XXXXPhilo#XXX XH# XXXX.#XXX X# XXXXdeCreat#XXX X# XXXX.#XXX X&# XXXXPrinc#XXX Xm# XXXX.(edFrancof.)pp.730, > 731,mentionedinWetstein,#XXX X# XXXXNov#XXX XE# XXXX.#XXX X# XXXXTest#XXX X# XXXX.ii.p.193,doesnotseemsufficientlyparallelforquotation.#XXX X#  "$USUS.,  6    _ XXXXYalkuton#XXX Xk# XXXXDeuteronomy21:15.#XXX X# \ "$USUS.,  7    _ XXXX    Therewasalsoathirdmodeofespousal"simplybycohabitation,butthiswasverystrongly > disapprovedbytheRabbis.#XXX Xk# { "$USUS.,  8    _ XXXXItis,tosaytheleast,doubtfulwhethertheRabbinicalformofthisbenedictionandofthatat  betrothaldatesfromearliesttimes.Howeverbeautiful,seemsfartooelaborateforthat.#XXX Xk# F "$USUS.,  16    _ XXXXKollKore#XXX Xo# XXXX,byR.El.Soloweycyk,p.184.Compare#XXX X# XXXXTaan#XXX X*# XXXX.9,#XXX Xs# XXXXa#XXX X# XXXX.#XXX X# !USUS.,  _/  XXXX 8XXdd8   _  @@  SX X CHAPTER3:MOTHERS,DAUGHTERS,AND  WIVESINISRAELBYALFREDEDERSHEIM# XX S # #XXX XQ# XXXX $ Note_ԀFromBrotherMikeSutherland:WhatfollowsistheentireChapter9ofAlfredEdersheim#XXX X# XXXXs 4 book SketchesofJewishSocialLife .Thetitleofthischapteris: Mothers,Daughters,andWives   InIsrael.Itistakenfrompages129147oftheupdatedprintededition.    #XXX X# XXXX#XXX X # XXXX  I#XXX XN# XXXXN#XXX X# XXXXorderaccuratelytounderstandthepositionofwomaninIsrael,itisonlynecessary   carefullytoperusetheNewTestament.Thepictureofsociallifetherepresentedgivesafullview   oftheplacewhichsheheldinprivateandinpubliclife.Herewedonotfindthatseparation,so p   commonamongOrientalsatalltimes,butwomanminglesfreelywithothersbothathomeand \  abroad.Sofarfromsufferingundersocialinferiority,shetakesinfluentialandoftenleadingpartin H  allmovements,speciallythoseofareligiouscharacter.Aboveall,wearewhollysparedthose 4  sickeningdetailsofprivateandpublicimmoralitywithwhichcontemporaryclassicalliterature  p  abounds.AmongIsraelwomanwaspure,thehomehappy,andthefamilyhallowedbyareligion  \  whichconsistednotonlyinpublicservices,butenteredintodailylife,andembracedinits H observanceseverymemberofthehousehold.ItwassonotonlyinNewTestamenttimesbutalways 4 inIsrael.St.Petersreferenceto theholywomen intheoldtime(#XXX X# XXXX1Peter3:5)isthoroughlyin   accordancewithTalmudicalviews.Indeed,hisquotationof#XXX X # XXXXGenesis18:12,anditsapplication:    EvenasSaraobeyedAbraham,callinghimlord,occurinpreciselythesamemannerinRabbinical  writings(#XXX X # XXXXTanch#XXX X # XXXX.28,6),whereherrespectandobediencearelikewisesetforthasapatterntoher  daughters.; !  1      #XXX X # XXXX  #XXX X # XXXX  Somefurtherdetailsmayillustratethematterbetterthanarguments.Thecreationofwoman l fromtheribofAdamisthuscommentedon:#XXX XU # XXXXԀ#XXX X=# XXXX ItisasifAdamhadexchangedapotofearthfora X preciousjewel.This,althoughJewishwitcausticallyhadit: Godhascursedwoman,yetallthe D worldrunsafterher;Hehascursedtheground,yetalltheworldlivesofit.Inwhatreverence the 0 fourmothers,astheRabbisdesignateSarah,Rebekah,Leah,andRachel,wereheld,andwhat l influencetheyexercisedinpatriarchalhistory,noattentivereaderofScripturecanfailtonotice.And X aswefollowonthesacredstory,Miriam,whohadoriginallysavedMoses,leadsthesongof D deliveranceontheothersideoftheflood,andher#XXX X# XXXXinfluence,thoughnotalwaysforgood,continued 0 tillherdeath(compare#XXX X# XXXXMicah6:4).Then thewomenwhoseheartstirredthemupinwisdom   contributetotherearingoftheTabernacle;#XXX X@# XXXX_ !  2      ׀#XXX X # XXXXDeborahworksdeliverance,andjudgethinIsrael;and !, thepietyofManoahswifeisatleastasconspicuous,andmoreintelligent,thanherhusbands t (#XXX X# XXXXJudges13:23).SoalsoisthatofthemotherofSamuel.Inthetimesofthekingsthepraisesof ` IsraelsmaidensstirthejealousyofSaul;Abigailknowshowtoavertthedangerofherhusbands L  folly;thewisewomanofTekoahissentfortoinducethekingtofetchhisbanishedhome;andthe 8  conductofawoman inherwisdomputsanendtotherebellionofSheba.Lateron,theconstant $  mentionofqueenmothers,andtheirfrequentinterferenceinthegovernment,showstheirposition.   SuchnamesasthatofHuldahtheprophetess,andtheidyllicnarrativeoftheShunammite,will   readilyoccurtothememory.ThestoryofawomansdevotionformsthesubjectoftheBookof  t Ruth;thatofherpureandfaithfullove,thethemeortheimageryoftheSongofSongs;thatofher ` courageanddevotionthegroundworkoftheBookofEsther:whileherworthandvirtuesare L  enumeratedintheclosingchapteroftheBookofProverbs.Again,inthelanguageoftheprophets 8  thepeopleofGodarecalled thedaughter, thevirgindaughterofZion, thedaughterof $  Jerusalem, thedaughterofJudah,etc.;andtheirrelationshiptoGodisconstantlycomparedto   thatofthemarriedstate.TheverytermsbywhichwomanisnamedintheOldTestamentare p  significant.Ifthemanis#XXX X# XXXXIsh#XXX X1# XXXX,hiswifeis#XXX Xy# XXXXIshah#XXX X# XXXX,simplyhisequal;ifthehusbandis#XXX X# XXXXGever#XXX X# XXXX,theruler, \  thewomanis,inherowndomain,#XXX X# XXXXGevirah#XXX XR# XXXXand#XXX X# XXXXGevereth#XXX X# XXXX,themistress(asfrequentlyinthehistory H  ofSarahandinotherpassages),orelse#XXX X5# XXXXthedwellerathome#XXX X# XXXX(#XXX X=# XXXXNevathbayith#XXX X# XXXX,#XXX X# XXXXPsalm68:12).#XXX X # XXXX` !  3      ׀#XXX Xh # XXXXNoris 4 itotherwiseinNewTestamenttimes.TheministryofwomantoourblessedLord,andintheChurch,   hasalmostbecomeproverbial.Herpositiontheremarksreallynotaprogressupon,butthefull   carryingoutof,theOldTestamentidea;or,toputthematterinanotherlight,weasknobetterthan  thatanyonewhoisacquaintedwithclassicalantiquityshouldcomparewhathereadsofaDorcas, p ofthemotherofMark,ofLydia,Priscilla,Phoebe,Lois,orEunice,withwhatheknowsofthenoble \ womenofGreeceandRomeatthatperiod. H   Ofcourse,againstallthismaybe_set_Ԁthepermissionof#XXX X # XXXXpolygamy#XXX XU$# XXXX,whichundoubtedlywas 4 inforceatthetimeofourLord,andtheeasewithwhich#XXX X$# XXXXdivorce#XXX XM%# XXXXmightbeobtained.Inreferenceto   boththese,however,itmustberememberedthattheyweretemporaryconcessionsto thehardness   ofthepeoplesheart.For,notonlymustthecircumstancesofthetimesandthemoralstateofthe l Jewishandofneighboringnationsbetakenintoaccount,buttherewereprogressivestagesof X  spiritualdevelopment.Ifthesehadnotbeentakenintoaccount,thereligionoftheOldTestament D! wouldhavebeenunnaturalandanimpossibility.Sufficeit,that fromthebeginningitwasnotso, 0" noryetintendedtobesointheend"theintermediateperiodthusmarkingthegradualprogress # fromtheperfectnessoftheideatotheperfectnessofitsrealization.Moreover,itisimpossibleto $ readtheOld,andstillmoretheNewTestamentwithoutgatheringfromittheconviction,that P polygamywasnottherulebuttherareexception,sofarasthepeoplegenerallywereconcerned. < Althoughthepracticeinreferencetodivorcewascertainlymorelax,eventheRabbissurrounded (  itwithsomanysafeguardsthat,inpointoffact,itmustinmanycaseshavebeendifficultof   accomplishment.Ingeneral,thewholetendencyoftheMosaiclegislation,andevenmoreexplicitly   thatoflaterRabbinicalordinances,wasinthedirectionofrecognizingtherightsofwoman,witha   scrupulousnesswhichreacheddowneventotheJewishslave,andadelicacythatguardedhermost   sensitivefeelings.Indeed,wefeelwarrantedinsaying,thatincasesofdisputethelawgenerallyleant  t toherside.Of#XXX X%# XXXXdivorce#XXX X*-# XXXXweshallhavetospeakinthesequel.Butwhatthereligiousviewsandfeelings ` bothaboutitandmonogamywereatthetimeofMalachi,appearsfromthepatheticdescriptionof L  thealtarofGodascoveredwiththetearsof thewifeofyouth, thewifeofthycovenant, thy 8  companion,whohadbeen putawayor treacherouslydealtwith(#XXX Xw-# XXXXMalachi2:13toend).The t$  wholeissobeautifullyparaphrasedbytheRabbisthatwesubjoinit:#XXX Xk/# XXXXr !  4      ׀ `  8  8`   8 ` x` x#XXX X 0#  XXXX Ifdeathhathsnatchedfromtheethewifeofyouth,8    8  8`   8 ` x` xItisasifthesacredcitywere,     8  8`   8 ` x` xAndeentheTemple,inthypilgrimdays,   8  8`   8 ` x` xDefiled,laidlow,andlevelledwiththedust.   8  8`   8 ` x` xThemanwhoharshlysendsfromhim   8  8`   8 ` x` xHisfirstwoodwife,thelovingwifeofyouth,p   8  8`   8 ` x` xForhimtheveryaltaroftheLordX   8  8`   8 ` x` xShedsforthitstearsofbitteragony.@    #XXX X1# XXXX#XXX X5# XXXX  Wherethesocialintercoursebetweenthesexeswasnearlyasunrestrictedasamong d ourselves,sofarasconsistentwithEasternmanners,itwould,ofcourse,benaturalforayoungman P tomakepersonalchoiceofhisbride.OfthisScriptureaffordsabundantevidence.But,atanyrate, < thewomanhad,incaseofbetrothalormarriage,togiveherownfreeandexpressedconsent,without ( whichaunionwasinvalid.#XXX XG5# XXXXMinors#XXX X7# XXXX"inthecaseofgirlsuptotwelveyearsandoneday"might   bebetrothedorgivenawaybytheirfather.Inthatcase,however,theyhadafterwardstherightof ! insistingupondivorce.Ofcourse,itisnotintendedtoconveythatwomanattainedherfullposition ! tillundertheNewTestament.Butthisisonlytorepeatwhatmaybesaidofalmosteverysocialstate " andrelationship.YetitismostmarkedhowdeeplythespiritoftheOldTestament,whichis #t essentiallythatoftheNewalso,hadinthisrespectalsopenetratedthelifeofIsrael.St.Pauls $`  warning(#XXX X7# XXXX2Corinthians6:14)againstbeing unequallyyokedtogether,whichisanallegorical %L! applicationof#XXX X:# XXXXLeviticus19:19;#XXX X;# XXXXDeuteronomy22:10,findstosomeextentacounterpartinmystical &8" Rabbinicalwritings,#XXX X;# XXXXs !  5      ׀#XXX X<# XXXXwherethelastmentionedpassageisexpresslyappliedtospirituallyunequal t marriages.Theadmonitionof#XXX X%=# XXXX1Corinthians7:39tomarry onlyintheLord,recallsmanysimilar ` Rabbinicalwarnings,fromwhichweselectthemoststriking.Men,wearetold,#XXX X=# XXXXt !  6      ׀#XXX X># XXXXarewonttomarry L  foroneoffourreasons"forpassion,wealth,honor,orthegloryofGod.Asforthefirstnamed 8  classofmarriages,theirissuemustbeexpectedtobe stubbornandrebellioussons,aswemay $  gatherfromthesectionreferringtosuchfollowinguponthatin#XXX Xj?# XXXXDeuteronomy21:11.Inregardto   marriagesforwealth,wearetolearnalessonfromthesonsofEli,whosoughttoenrichthemselves   insuchmanner,butofwhoseposterityitwassaid(#XXX XA# XXXX1Samuel2:36)thattheyshould crouchfora  t pieceofsilverandamorselofbread.Ofmarriagesforthesakeofconnection,honor,andinfluence, ` KingJehoramofferedawarning,whobecameKingAhabssoninlaw,becausethatmonarchhad L  seventysons,whereasuponhisdeathhiswidowAthaliah aroseanddestroyedalltheseedroyal 8  (#XXX X*B# XXXX2Kings11:1).Butfarotherwiseisitincaseofmarriage inthenameofheaven.Theissueofsuch $  willbechildrenwho preserveIsrael.Infact,theRabbinicalreferencestomarrying inthename   ofheaven,or forthenameofGod,"inGodandforGod"aresofrequentandsoemphatic, p  thattheexpressionsusedbySt.Paulmusthavecomefamiliarlytohim.Again,#XXX XD# XXXXԀ#XXX X0F# XXXXmuchthatissaidin \  1Corinthians7aboutthemarriedestate,findsstrikingparallelsinTalmudicalwritings.Onemay H  herebementioned,asexplainingtheexpression(ver.14): Elsewereyourchildrenunclean;butnow 4 aretheyholy.PreciselythesamedistinctionwasmadebytheRabbisinregardtoproselytes,whose   children,ifbegottenbeforetheirconversiontoJudaism,weresaidtobe unclean;ifafterthatevent   tohavebeenborn inholiness,onlythat,amongtheJews,#XXX XsF# XXXXboth#XXX XI# XXXXparentsrequiredtoprofessJudaism,  whileSt.Paularguesinthecontrarydirection,andconcerningafardifferentholinessthanthat p whichcouldbeobtainedthroughanymereoutwardceremony. \   Somefurtherdetails,gatheredalmostatrandom,willgiveglimpsesofJewishhomelifeand H ofcurrentviews.Itwasbyanotuncommon,thoughirreverent,modeofwitticism,thattwoforms 4 ofthesameverb,soundingalmostalike,weremadetoexpressoppositeexperiencesofmarriage.It   wascommontoaskanewlymarriedhusband: #XXX X_I# XXXXMaza#XXX X:L# XXXXor#XXX XL# XXXXMose#XXX XL# XXXX?" findethorfound;thefirst   expressionoccurringin#XXX XM# XXXXԀ#XXX XM# XXXXProverbs18:22,thesecondin#XXX XM# XXXXEcclesiastes7:26.Adifferentsentimentisthe l followingfromtheTalmud(#XXX X\N# XXXXYeb#XXX XO# XXXX.62#XXX XHO# XXXXb#XXX XO# XXXX;#XXX XO# XXXXSanh#XXX XP# XXXX.76#XXX XhP# XXXXb#XXX XP# XXXX),thesimilarityofwhichto#XXX XP# XXXXEphesians5:28will X  beimmediatelyrecognized: Hethatlovethhiswifeashisownbody,honorethhermorethanhis D! ownbody,bringsuphischildrenintherightway,andleadstheminittofullage"ofhimthe 0" Scripturesaith:#XXX XXQ# XXXX_@_ԀThoushaltknowthatthytabernacleshallbeinpeace(#XXX XR# XXXXJob5:24)#XXX XdS# XXXXOfallqualities # thosemostdesiredinwomanweremeekness,modesty,andshamefacedness.Indeed,brawling, $ gossipinthestreets,andimmodestbehaviorinpublicweresufficientgroundsfordivorce.Ofcourse, $  Jewishwomenwouldneverhaveattempted teachinginthesynagogue,wheretheyoccupieda %l! placeseparatefromthemen"forRabbinicalstudy,howevervaluedforthemalesex,was P disapprovedofinthecaseofwomen.YetthisdirectionofSt.Paul(#XXX XS# XXXX1Timothy2:12):#XXX X*V# XXXX Isuffernot < awomantousurpauthorityovertheman#XXX X}V# XXXXԀ#XXX XW# XXXXfindethsomekindofparallelintheRabbinicalsaying: (   Whoeverallowshimselftoberuledbyhiswife,shallcallout,andnoonewillmakeanswerto   him.     ItisonsimilargroundsthattheRabbisargue,thatmanmustseekafterwoman,andnota   womanafteraman;onlythereasonwhichtheyassignforitsoundsstrange.Man,theysay,was   formedfromtheground"womanfrommansrib;hence,intryingtofindawifemanonlylooks  t afterwhathehadlost!Thisformationofmanfromsoftclay,andofwomanfromahardbone,also ` illustratedwhymanwassomuchmoreeasilyreconcilablethanwoman.Similarly,itwasobserved, L  thatGodhadnotformedwomanoutofthehead,lestsheshouldbecomeproud;noroutoftheeye, 8  lestsheshouldlust;noroutoftheear,lestsheshouldbecurious;noroutofthemouth,lestshe t$  shouldbetalkative;noroutoftheheart,lestsheshouldbejealous;noroutofthehand;lestshe `  shouldbecovetous;noroutofthefoot,lestshebeabusybody;butoutoftherib,whichwasalways L  covered.Modestywas,therefore,aprimequality.Itwasnodoubtchieflyinjealousregardforthis, 8  thatwomenwereinterdictedengaginginRabbinicalstudies;andastoryisrelatedtoshowhoweven $  thewisestofwomen,Beruria,wastherebybroughttothebrinkofextremedanger.Itisnotsoeasy  toexplainwhywomenweredispensedfromallpositiveobligations(commands,butnot  prohibitions)thatwerenotgeneralintheirbearing(#XXX XRW# XXXXKidd#XXX X^# XXXX.1.7,8),butfixedtocertainperiodsoftime  (suchaswearingthephylacteries,etc.),andfromthatofcertainprayers,unlessitbethatwomanwas  considerednotherownmistressbutsubjecttoothers,orelsethathusbandandwifewereregarded p asone,sothathismeritsandprayersappliedtoheraswell.Indeed,thisview,atleastsofarasthe \ meritoriousnatureofamansengagementwiththelawisconcerned,isexpresslybroughtforward, H andwomenareaccordinglyadmonishedtoencouragetheirhusbandsinallsuchstudies. 4   Wecanunderstandhow,beforethecomingoftheMessiah,marriageshouldhavebeen p  lookeduponasofreligiousobligation.ManypassagesofScripturewereatleast#XXX X^# XXXXquoted#XXX Xb# XXXXinsupport \  ofthisidea.Ordinarily,ayoungmanwasexpectedtoentertheweddedstate(accordingto H Maimonides)attheageofsixteenorseventeen,whiletheageoftwentymayberegardedasthe 4  utmostlimitconceded,unlessstudysoabsorbedtimeandattentionastoleavenoleisureforthe  ! dutiesofmarriedlife.Stillitwasthoughtbetter#XXX Xb# XXXXeventoneglectstudythantoremainsingle.Yet  " moneycaresonaccountofwifeandchildrenweredreaded.Thesamecomparisonisusedin " referencetothem,whichourLordappliestoquiteadifferent offense,thatagainstthe littleones # (#XXX Xd# XXXXLuke17:2).SuchcaresarecalledbytheRabbis, amillstoneroundtheneck(#XXX XRf# XXXXKidd#XXX Xf# XXXX.29#XXX X5g# XXXXb#XXX Xg# XXXX).Infact, $  theexpressionseemstohavebecomeproverbial,likesomanyotherswhichareemployedintheNew %l! Testament. &X"   WereadintheGospelthat,whentheVirginmother#XXX Xg# XXXX wasespousedtoJoseph,beforethey 'D # cametogether,shewasfoundwithchildoftheHolyGhost.ThenJosephherhusband,beingajust (0!$ man,andnotwillingtomakeherapublicexample,wasmindedtoputherawayprivily(#XXX Xh# XXXXMatthew l)"% 1:18,19).#XXX XIj# XXXXThenarrativeimpliesadistinctionbetween#XXX Xj# XXXXbetrothal#XXX X#k# XXXXand#XXX Xrk# XXXXmarriage#XXX Xk# XXXX"Josephbeingatthe X*#& timebetrothed,butnotactuallymarriedtotheVirginmother.EvenintheOldTestamenta D+#' distinctionismadebetween#XXX X l# XXXXbetrothal#XXX Xm# XXXXand#XXX XUm# XXXXmarriage#XXX Xm# XXXX.Theformerwasmarkedbyabridalpresent(or 0,$( #XXX Xm# XXXXMohar#XXX Xtn# XXXX,#XXX Xn# XXXXGenesis34:12;#XXX Xo# XXXXExodus22:17;#XXX XSo# XXXX1Samuel18:25),withwhichthefather,however,wouldin t certaincircumstancesdispense.Fromthemomentofherbetrothalawomanwastreatedasifshe ` wereactuallymarried.Theunioncouldnotbedissolved,exceptbyregulardivorce;breachof L  faithfulnesswasregardedasadultery;andthepropertyofthewomanbecamevirtuallythatofher 8  betrothed,unlesshehadexpresslyrenouncedit(#XXX Xo# XXXXKidd#XXX Xq# XXXX.9.1).Buteveninthatcasehewashernatural $  heir.Itisimpossibleheretoenterintothevariouslegaldetails,as,forexample,aboutpropertyor   moneywhichmightcometoawomanafterbetrothalormarriage.Thelawadjudicatedthistothe   husband,yetwithmanyrestrictions,andwithinfinitedelicacytowardsthewoman,asifreluctant  t toputinforcetherightsofthestronger(#XXX X r# XXXXKidd#XXX X(t# XXXX.8.1,etc.).FromtheMishnah(#XXX Xqt# XXXXBab#XXX Xt# XXXX.#XXX Xu# XXXXB#XXX Xfu# XXXX.10.4)wealso ` learnthattherewereregular#XXX Xu# XXXXShitreErusin#XXX X4v# XXXX,orwritingsofbetrothal,drawnupbytheauthorities(the L  costsbeingpaidbythebridegroom).Thesestipulatedthemutualobligations,thedowry,andall 8  otherpointsonwhichthepartieshadagreed.The#XXX Xv# XXXXShitreErusin#XXX Xw# XXXXweredifferentfromtheregular $  #XXX Xx# XXXXChethubah#XXX Xx# XXXX(literally,#XXX Xx# XXXXwriting#XXX X/y# XXXX),ormarriagecontract,withoutwhichtheRabbisregardedamarriage   asmerelylegalizedconcubinage(#XXX X{y# XXXXCheth#XXX X;z# XXXX.5.1).The#XXX Xz# XXXXChethubah#XXX Xz# XXXXprovidedasettlement#XXX X&{# XXXXofatleasttwo p  hundreddenarsforamaiden,andonehundreddenarsforawidow,whilethepriestlycouncilat \  Jerusalemfixedfourhundreddenarsforapriestsdaughter.Ofcoursethesesumsindicateonlythe H  legal#XXX X~{# XXXXminimum#XXX X|# XXXX,andmightbeincreasedindefinitelyatpleasure,thoughopinionsdifferwhetherany 4 largersumsmightbelegallyexacted,ifmattersdidnotgobeyondbetrothal.Theformatpresentin   useamongtheJewssetsforth,thatthebridegroomwedshisbride accordingtothelawofMoses   andofIsrael;thathepromises toplease,tohonor,tonourish,andtocareforher,asisthemanner  ofthemenofIsrael,addingtheretothewomansconsent,thedocumentbeingsignedbytwo p witnesses.Inallprobabilitythiswassubstantiallytheforminoldentimes.InJerusalemandin \ Galilee"whereitwassaidthatmenintheirchoicehadregardto afairdegree,whileintherest H ofJudaeatheylookedagooddealaftermoney"widowshadtherightofresidenceintheir 4 husbandshousesecuredtothem.     Ontheotherhand,afatherwasboundtoprovideadowry(#XXX X'}# XXXXnedan#XXX X# XXXX,#XXX X# XXXXnedanjah#XXX X:# XXXX)forhisdaughter   conformabletoherstationinlife;andaseconddaughtercouldclaimaportionequaltothatofher l eldersister,orelseonetenthofallimmovableproperty.Incaseofthefathersdeath,thesons,who, X  accordingtoJewishlaw,werehissoleheirs,wereboundtomaintaintheirsisters,eventhoughthis D! wouldhavethrownthemuponpubliccharity,andtoendoweachwithatenthpartofwhathadbeen 0" left.Thedowry,whetherinmoney,property,orjewelry,wasenteredintothemarriagecontract,and # reallybelongedtothewife,thehusbandbeingobligedtoaddtoitonehalfmore,ifitconsistedof $ moneyormoneysvalue;andifofjewelry,etc.,toassigntoherfourfifthsofitsvalue.Incaseof $  separation(notdivorce)hewasboundtoallowheraproperaliment,andtoreadmithertohistable %l! andhouseontheSabbatheve.Awifewasentitledtoonetenthofherdowryforpinmoney.Ifa &X" fathergaveawayhisdaughterwithoutanydistinctstatementaboutherdowry,hewasboundtoallow 'D # heratleastfifty#XXX X# XXXXsus#XXX Xć# XXXX;andifithadbeenexpresslystipulatedthatshewastohavenodowryatall,it (0!$ wasdelicatelyenjoinedthatthebridegroomshould,#XXX X # XXXXbeforemarriage#XXX X# XXXX,givehersufficientforthe )"% necessaryoutfit.Anorphanwastoreceiveadowryofatleastfifty#XXX X@# XXXXsus#XXX X# XXXXfromtheparochialauthorities. |*#& AhusbandcouldnotobligehiswifetoleavetheHolyLandnorthecityofJerusalem,noryetto h+#' changeatown#XXX XE# XXXXforacountryresidence,or#XXX X># XXXXviceversa#XXX X# XXXX,noragoodforabadhouse.Theseareonlya P fewoftheprovisionswhichshowhowcarefullythelawprotectedtheinterestsofwomen.Toenter < intofartherdetailswouldleadbeyondourpresentobject.Allthiswassubstantiallysettledatthe (  betrothal,which,inJudaeaatleast,seemstohavebeencelebratedbyafeast.Onlya#XXX X# XXXXbonafide#XXX X# XXXXbreach   ofthesearrangements,orwillfulfraud,wasdeemedvalidgroundfordissolvingthebondonce   formed.Otherwise,asalreadynoted,aregulardivorcewasnecessary.     AccordingtoRabbinicallawcertainformalitieswererequisitetomakeabetrothallegally   valid.Theseconsistedeitherinhandingtoawoman,directlyorthroughmessengers,apieceof  t money,howeversmall,orelsealetter,u !  7      #XXX X # XXXXԀprovideditwereineachcaseexpresslystatedbefore ` witnesses,thatthemantherebyintendedtoespousethewomanashiswife.Themarriagefollowed L  afteralongerorshorterinterval,thelimitsofwhich,however,werefixedbylaw.Theceremony 8  itselfconsistedinleadingthebrideintothehouseofthebridegroom,withcertainformalities,mostly t$  datingfromveryancienttimes.MarriagewithamaidenwascommonlycelebratedonaWednesday `  afternoon,whichallowedthefirstdaysoftheweekforpreparation,andenabledthehusband,ifhe L  hadachargetopreferagainstthepreviouschastityofhisbride,tomakeimmediatecomplaintbefore 8  thelocalSanhedrim,whichsateveryThursday.Ontheotherhand,themarriageofawidowwas $  celebratedonThursdayafternoon,whichleftthreedaysoftheweekfor rejoicingwithher.This  circumstanceenablesus,withsomecertainty,toarrangethedateoftheeventswhichprecededthe  marriageinCana.Inferringfromtheaccompanyingfestivitiesthatitwasthemarriageofamaiden,  andthereforetookplaceonaWednesday,wehavethefollowingsuccessionofevents:"On  #XXX X# XXXXThursday#XXX XH# XXXX(beginningaseveryJewishdaywiththepreviousevening),testimonyoftheBaptisttothe p SanhedrimdeputationfromJerusalem.On#XXX X# XXXXFriday#XXX Xr# XXXX(#XXX X# XXXXJohn1:29), JohnseethJesuscominguntohim, \ andsignificantlypreacheththefirstsermonabout theLambofGodwhichtakethawaythesinof H theworld.On#XXX X# XXXXSaturday#XXX X# XXXX(ver.35),Johnssecondsermononthesametext;theconsequent 4 conversionofSt.JohnandSt.Andrew,andthecallingofSt.Peter.On#XXX Xh# XXXXSunday#XXX XM# XXXX(ver.43),ourLord p  HimselfpreachethHisfirstMessianicsermon,andcallsPhilipandNathanael.On thethirdday \  afterit,thatis,on#XXX X# XXXXWednesday#XXX X# XXXX,wasthemarriageinCanaofGalilee.The#XXX X# XXXXsignificanceofthesedates, H whencomparedwiththoseintheweekofourLordsPassion,willbesufficientlyevident. 4    ButthisisnotallthatmaybelearnedfromtheaccountofthemarriageinCana.Ofcourse,  ! therewasa marriagefeast,asonalltheseoccasions.Forthisreason,marriageswerenotcelebrated  " eitherontheSabbath,oronthedaybeforeorafterit,lesttheSabbathrestshouldbeendangered.Nor " wasitlawfultowedonanyofthethreeannualfestivals,inorder,astheRabbisputit, nottomingle # onejoy(thatofthemarriage)withanother(thatofthefestival).Asitwasdeemedareligiousduty $  togivepleasuretothenewlymarriedcouple,themerrimentattimesbecamegreaterthanthemore %l! strictRabbisapproved.Accordingly,itissaidofone,thattoproducegravityhebrokeavaseworth &X" about 25;ofanother,thatathissonsweddinghebrokeacostlyglass;andofathird,thatbeing 'D # askedtosing,heexclaimed,Woetous,forwemustalldie!For,asitisadded(#XXX XR# XXXXBer#XXX Xu# XXXX.31#XXX X# XXXXa#XXX X# XXXX): Itis t forbiddentoman,thathismouthbefilledwithlaughterinthisworld(dispensation),asitiswritten, ` Thenourmouthwasfilledwithlaughter,andourtonguewithsinging.Whenisthattobe?Atthe L  timewhentheyshallsingamongtheheathen,TheLordhathdonegreatthingsforthem. 8    Itdeservesnotice,thatatthemarriageinCanathereisnomentionof thefriendsofthe $  bridegroom,or,aswewouldcallthem,thegroomsmen.ThiswasinstrictaccordancewithJewish   custom,forgroomsmenwerecustomaryin#XXX XM# XXXXJudaea#XXX XC# XXXX,butnotinGalilee(#XXX X# XXXXCheth#XXX X# XXXX.25#XXX X3# XXXXa#XXX X}# XXXX).Thisalsocasts   lightuponthelocalitywhere#XXX Xæ# XXXXJohn3:29wasspoken,inwhich thefriendofthebridegroomis  t mentioned.Butthisexpressionisquitedifferentfromthatof childrenofthebridechamber,which ` occursin#XXX XJ# XXXXMatthew9:15,wherethesceneisoncemorelaidinGalilee.Theterm childrenofthe L  bridechamberissimplyatranslationoftheRabbinical #XXX Xp# XXXXbeneChuppah#XXX Xa# XXXX,andmeanstheguests 8  invitedtothebridal.InJudaeatherewereateverymarriage#XXX X# XXXXtwo#XXX Xd# XXXXgroomsmenor friendsofthe $  bridegroom "oneforthebridegroom,theotherforhisbride.Beforemarriage,theyactedasa   kindofintermediariesbetweenthecouple;attheweddingtheyofferedgifts,waiteduponthebride p  andbridegroom,andattendedthemtothebridalchamber,beingalso,asitwere,theguarantorsof \  thebridesvirginchastity.Hence,whenSt.PaultellstheCorinthians(#XXX X# XXXX2Corinthians11:2):#XXX X٬# XXXX Iam H  jealousoveryouwithgodlyjealousy;orIhaveespousedyoutoonehusband,thatImaypresentyou 4 asachastevirgintoChrist,#XXX X0# XXXXhespeaks,asitwere,inthecharacterofgroomsmanor bridegrooms   friend,whohadactedassuchatthespiritualunionofChristwiththeCorinthianChurch.Andwe   knowthatitwasspeciallythedutyofthe friendofthebridegroomsotopresenttohimhisbride.  Similarlyitwashisalso,aftermarriage,tomaintainpropertermsbetweenthecouple,andmore p particularlytodefendthegoodfameofthebrideagainstallimputations.Itmayinterestsometo \ knowthatthiscustomalsowastraceduptohighestauthority.Thus,inthespiritualunionofIsrael H withtheirGod,Mosesisspokenofas thefriendofthebridegroomwholeadsoutthebride 4 (#XXX X)# XXXXExodus19:17);whileJehovah,asthebridegroom,meetsHisChurchatSinai(#XXX X# XXXXPsalm68:7;#XXX X1# XXXXPirke   diR#XXX X# XXXX.#XXX X# XXXXE1#XXX X,# XXXX.41).Nay,insomemysticwritingsGodisdescribedasacting thefriendofthe   bridegroom,whenourfirstparentsmetinEden.Thereisatouchofpoetryintheapplicationof l #XXX Xs# XXXXEzekiel28:13tothatscene,whenangelsledthechoir,anddeckedandwatchedthebridalbed(#XXX X# XXXXAb#XXX X;# XXXX. X  #XXX X# XXXXdeR#XXX Xݵ# XXXX.#XXX X&# XXXXNathan#XXX Xm# XXXX4.and12.).AccordingtoanotherancientRabbinicalcommentary(#XXX X# XXXXBer#XXX X?# XXXX.#XXX X# XXXXR#XXX Xη# XXXX.8.),God D! AlmightyHimselftookthecupofblessingandspokethebenediction,whileMichaelandGabriel 0" actedthe bridegroomsfriendstoourfirstparentswhentheyweddedinParadise. #   Withsucha benediction,precededbyabriefformula,withwhichthebridewashanded $ overtoherhusband(Tobit7:13),theweddingfestivitiescommenced.v !  8      #XXX X# XXXXԀ#XXX Xn# XXXXAndsothepairwereled $  towardsthebridalchamber(#XXX X# XXXXCheder#XXX X?# XXXX)andthebridalbed(#XXX X# XXXXChuppah#XXX X# XXXX).ah !  9      #XXX X1# XXXXԀ#XXX Xȼ# XXXXThebridewentwithherhair %l! unloosed.Ordinarily,itwasmoststrictlyenjoineduponwomentohavetheirheadandhaircarefully &X" covered.Thismaythrowsomelightuponthedifficultpassage,#XXX X # XXXX1Corinthians11:110.Wemustbear P inmindthattheapostlethereargueswithJews,andthaton#XXX X6# XXXXtheirownground#XXX X# XXXX,convincingthemby < areferencetotheirownviews,customs,andlegendsoftheproprietyofthepracticewhichhe (  enjoins.Fromthatpointofviewtheproprietyofawomanhavingherhead coveredcouldnotbe   calledinquestion.Theoppositewould,toaJew,haveindicatedimmodesty.Indeed,itwasthe   custominthecaseofawomanaccusedofadulterytohaveherhair shornorshaven,atthesame   timeusingthisformula:#XXX XE# XXXX BecausethouhastdepartedfromthemannerofthedaughtersofIsrael,who   gowiththeirheadcovered;...thereforethathasbefallentheewhichthouhastchosen.Thissofar  t explainsverses5and6.Theexpression power,asappliedinverse10totheheadofwoman,seems ` torefertothiscovering,indicating,asitdid,thatshewasunderthepowerofherhusband,whilethe L  verydifficultaddition, becauseoftheangels,mayeitheralludetothepresenceoftheangelsand 8  tothewellknownJewishview(based,nodoubt,ontruth)thatthoseangelsmaybegrievedor t$  offendedbyourconduct,andbearthesadtidingsbeforethethroneofGod,oritmaypossiblyrefer `  totheveryancientJewishbelief,thattheevilspiritsgainedpoweroverawomanwhowentwithher L  headbare. 8    Thecustomofabridalveil"eitherforthebridealone,orspreadoverthecouple"was $  ofancientdate.ItwasinterdictedforatimebytheRabbisafterthedestructionofJerusalem.Still  moreancientwasthewearingofcrowns(Cant.3:11;#XXX X# XXXXIsaiah61:10;#XXX X# XXXXEzekiel16:12),whichwasalso  prohibitedafterthelastJewishwar.Palmandmyrtlebrancheswerebornebeforethecouple,grain  ormoneywasthrownabout,andmusicprecededtheprocession,inwhichallwhometitwere,as  areligiousduty,expectedtojoin.b !  10      #XXX XD# XXXXԀ#XXX X# XXXXTheParableoftheTenVirgins,who,withtheirlamps,werein p expectancyofthebridegroom(#XXX X]# XXXXMatthew25:1),isfoundedonJewishcustom.For,accordingto \ Rabbinicalauthority,suchlampscarriedonthetopofstaveswerefrequentlyused,while#XXX X# XXXXten#XXX X# XXXXisthe H numberalwaysmentionedinconnectionwithpublicsolemnities.#XXX XJ# XXXXh| !  11      ׀#XXX X# XXXXThemarriagefestivitiesgenerally 4 lastedaweek,butthebridaldaysextendedoverafullmonth.i !  12      #XXX X|# XXXX p  #XXX X# XXXX  Havingenteredthusfullyonthesubjectofmarriage,afewfurtherparticularsmaybeof \  interest.ThebarstomarriagementionedintheBiblearesufficientlyknown.TothesetheRabbis H addedothers,whichhavebeenarrangedundertwoheads"asfartherextendingthelawsofkindred 4  (totheir#XXX X# XXXXsecondary#XXX X# XXXXdegrees),andasintendedtoguardmorality.Theformerwereextendedoverthe  ! wholelineofforbiddenkindred,wherethatlinewasdirect,andtoonelinkfartherwheretheline  " becameindirect"as,forexample,tothewifeofamaternaluncle,ortothestepmotherofawife. " Inthecategoryofguardstomoralityweincludesuchprohibitionsasthatadivorcedwomanmight # notmarryherseducer,noramanthewomantowhomhehadbroughtherletterofdivorce,orin t whosecasehehadborne#XXX X# XXXXtestimony;orofmarriagewiththosenotintheirrightsenses,orinastate ` ofdrunkenness;orofthemarriageofminors,orunderfraud,etc.Awidowerhadtowaitoverthree L  festivals,awidowthreemonths,beforeremarrying,orifshewaswithchildorgavesuck,fortwo 8  years.Awomanmightnotbemarriedathirdtime;nomarriagecouldtakeplacewithinthirtydays $  ofthedeathofanearrelative,noryetontheSabbath,noronafeastday,etc.Ofthemarriagetoa   deceasedhusbandsbrother(orthenextofkin),incaseofchildlessness,itisunnecessaryhereto   speak,sincealthoughtheMishnahdevotesawholetractatetoit(#XXX X# XXXXYebamoth#XXX X# XXXX),anditwasevidently  t customaryatthetimeofChrist(#XXX X# XXXXMark12:19,etc.),thepracticewasconsideredasconnectedwith ` theterritorialpossessionofPalestine,andceasedwiththedestructionoftheJewishcommonwealth L  (#XXX X# XXXXBechar#XXX X# XXXX.1.7).Apriestwastoinquireintothelegaldescentofhiswife(uptofourdegreesifthe 8  daughterofapriest,otherwiseuptofivedegrees),exceptwherethebridesfatherwasapriestin $  actualservice,oramemberoftheSanhedrim.Thehighpriestsbridewastobeamaidnotolderthan   sixmonthsbeyondherpuberty. p    Thefataleasewithwhichdivorcecouldbeobtained,anditsfrequency,appearfromthe \  questionaddressedtoChristbythePharisees:#XXX X# XXXX Isitlawfulforamantoputawayhiswifeforevery H  cause?#XXX X# XXXXԀ#XXX X # XXXX(#XXX Xc# XXXXMatthew19:3),#XXX X# XXXXandstillmorefromtheastonishmentwithwhichthediscipleshadlistened 4 tothereplyoftheSavior(ver.10).ThatanswerwasmuchwiderinitsrangethanourLordsinitial   teachingintheSermonontheMount(#XXX X# XXXXMatthew5:32).#XXX X:# XXXXj !  13      ׀#XXX X# XXXXTothelatternoJewcouldhavehadany   objection,eventhoughitsmoralitywouldhaveseemedelevatedbeyondtheirhigheststandard,  representedinthiscasebytheschoolofShammai,whilethatofHillel,andstillmoreRabbiAkiba, p presentedthelowestoppositeextreme.ButinreplytothePharisees,ourLordplacedthewhole \ questionongroundswhicheventhestrictestShammaitewouldhaverefusedtoadopt.Forthe H farthestlimittowhichhewouldhavegonewouldhavebeentorestrictthecauseofdivorceto a 4 matterofuncleanness(#XXX X!# XXXXDeuteronomy24:1),bywhichhewouldprobablyhaveunderstoodnotonly   abreachofthemarriagevow,butofthelawsandcustomsoftheland.Infact,weknowthatit   includedeverykindofimpropriety,suchasgoingaboutwith#XXX X# XXXXloosehair,spinninginthestreet, l familiarlytalkingwithmen,illtreatingherhusbandsparentsinhispresence,brawling,thatis, X   speakingtoherhusbandsoloudlythattheneighborscouldhearherintheadjoininghouse D! (#XXX XP# XXXXChethub#XXX X# XXXX.7.6),ageneralbadreputation,orthediscoveryoffraudbeforemarriage.Ontheother 0" hand,thewifecouldinsistonbeingdivorcedifherhusbandwerealeper,oraffectedwithpolypus, # orengagedinadisagreeableordirtytrade,suchasthatofatannerorcoppersmith.Oneofthecases $ inwhichdivorcewasobligatorywas,ifeitherpartyhadbecomeheretical,orceasedtoprofess $  Judaism.Butevenso,therewereatleastcheckstothedangerofgenerallawlessness,suchasthe %l!  obligationofpayingtoawifeherportion,andanumberofminuteordinancesaboutformal#XXX X # XXXXletters &X" ofdivorce#XXX X# XXXX,withoutwhichnodivorcewaslegal#XXX Xo# XXXXk !  14      ׀#XXX X# XXXXandwhichhadtobecouchedinexplicitterms, P  handedtothewomanherself,andthatinpresenceoftwowitnesses,etc. <   AccordingtoJewishlawtherewerefourobligationsincumbentonawifetowardsher (  husband,andtenbywhichhewasbound.Ofthelatter,threearereferredtoin#XXX Xl# XXXXExodus21:9,10;the   othersevenincludehersettlement,medicaltreatmentincaseofsickness,redemptionfromcaptivity,   arespectablefuneral,provisioninhishousesolongassheremainedawidowandhadnotbeenpaid   herdowry,thesupportofherdaughterstilltheyweremarried,andaprovisionthathersonsshould,   besidesreceivingtheirportionofthefathersinheritance,alsoshareinwhathadbeensettledupon  t her.Theobligationsuponthewifewere,thatallhergainsshouldbelongtoherhusband,asalsowhat ` cametoheraftermarriagebyinheritance;thatthehusbandshouldhavetheusufructofherdowry, L  andofanygainsbyit,providedhehadtheadministrationofit,inwhichcase,however,hewasalso 8  responsibleforanyloss;andthatheshouldbeconsideredherheiratlaw.lh !  15      #XXX X# XXXX t$  #XXX X{# XXXX  WhatthefamilylifeamongthegodlyinIsraelmusthavebeen,howelevateditstone,how `  lovingitsconverse,orhowearnestlydevoteditsmothersanddaughters,appearssufficientlyfrom L  thegospelstory,fromthatinthebookofActs,andfromnoticesintheapostolicletters.Women, 8  suchastheVirginmother,orElisabeth,orAnna,orthosewhoenjoyedtheprivilegeofministering $  totheLord,orwho,afterHisdeath,tendedandwatchedforHissacredbody,couldnothavebeen  quitesolitaryinPalestine;wefindtheirsistersinaDorcas,aLydia,aPhoebe,andthose#XXX X# XXXXwomenof  whomSt.Paulspeaksin#XXX X# XXXXPhilippians4:3,andwhoseliveshesketchesinhisEpistlestoTimothyand  Titus.WivessuchasPriscilla,motherssuchasthatofZebedeeschildren,orofMark,orlikeSt.  Johns electlady,orasLoisandEunice,musthavekeptthemoralatmospherepureandsweet,and p shedpreciouslightontheirhomesandonsociety,corrupttothecoreasitwasundertheswayof \ heathenism.Whatandhowtheytaughttheirhouseholds,andthatevenunderthemost H disadvantageousoutwardcircumstances,welearnfromthehistoryofTimothy.Andalthoughthey 4 wereundoubtedlyinthatrespectwithoutmanyoftheopportunitieswhichweenjoy,therewasone p  sweetpracticeoffamilyreligion,goingbeyondtheprescribedprayers,whichenabledthemtoteach \  theirchildrenfromtenderestyearstointertwinetheWordofGodwiththeirdailydevotionanddaily H life.ForitwasthecustomtoteachachildsomeverseofHolyScripturebeginningorendingwith 4  preciselythesamelettersasitsHebrewname,andthisbirthdaytextorguardianpromisethechild  ! wasdaybydaytoinsertinitsprayers.#XXX X># XXXX{ !  16      ׀#XXX X# XXXXSuchguardianwords,familiartothemindfromearliest  " years,endearedtotheheartbytenderestrecollections,wouldremainwiththeyouthinlifes " temptations,andcomebackamidthedinofmanhoodsbattle.Assuredly,ofJewishchildrenso # reared,sotrained,sotaught,itmightberightlysaid: Takeheedthatyedespisenotoneoftheselittle $  ones;forIsayuntoyou,ThatinheaventheirangelsdoalwaysbeholdthefaceofMyFatherwhich t isinheaven. ` #XXX XC#