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Mta8?)!  ;+f<=?F+8%*%-8`7"2% cm |˲˼Ƕ&ugnznz^  'WTB 3Nz73BHG>67GTG7776%"%&}T!,&7HGY%"7>6,37cT36Z7%'% %,%"WmU762%%$'-BXc"GB73,,BBG77%&7T|м˼ڼHm\lzmlg\``ZNHHHNgkmZ[\GAN2>//2a[T7Bm˗˲nnmlmmP\\>377%&&"%37637/3T\G337!"%33Tu7W:3>",HGB"777g\H>37g&3HHm|Ƭƽݼa뽸˸»̻ǰԾξ@bK:\MANUAL~1\Authors\GUSTAV~1\Images\HAMPTO~1.JPGK:\ManualBackup04092014\Authors\GustavusSPaine\Images\HamptonCourtFromPage1.jpgp)w71T*H &+wrvʿvTL^2wL^2wʿvT P  E\6&"`x8 p `E d  'USUS.,  _@# THELEARNEDMEN  f (USUS.,  _@" GUSTAVUSS.PAINE  P  E\6&"`x8 p `K*E !USUS.,  _8XXdd8&,!2"8$>'H)N+V,`/j4l9z; !XX     y   H;Cy s B _  THELEARNEDMEN  P GustavusS.Paine   ThomasY.CrowellCompany p  NewYork.Established1834 #XX!#@@*  h ____  ,L(     @RR" GXX TABLEOFCONTENTS #XX G}#Ԉ d    ACKNOWLEDGMENTS""J(#.BB3 &   PREFACE""J(#.v v 5 @  v  1.0  ATHAMPTONCOURT#`"`"I(#.(#(##17 b  2.0  BISHOPSMOVE#`"`"I(#. (#(##23 N  3.0  PURITANSPROGRESS#`"`"I(#.@@!(#(##29 :  4.0  THEWESTMINSTERGROUPS#`"`"I(#.%(#(##33 &  5.0  THEOXFORDGROUPS#`"`"I(#.:: (#(##41  6.0  THECAMBRIDGEGROUPS#`"`"I(#.#(#(##47   7.0  STARTINGTHEWORK#`"`"I(#.,, (#(##55   8.0  KINGSPLEASURE#`"`"I(#. (#(##61 r  9.0  HOLYWAR#`"`"I(#.4 4 (#(##67 ^  10.0  PRIVATEFORTUNES#`"`"I(#.(#(##73 J  11.0  THEGOODWORK#`"`"I(#. (#(##79 6  12.0  THEFINALTOUCHES#`"`"I(#. (#(##89 " 13.0  THEBIBLEPRINTED#`"`"I(#.nn (#(##95 r 14.0  REWARDSANDSEQUELS#!!H(#.ZZ"(#(##103 ^ 15.0  THEBIBLEOFTHELEARNEDMENLASTS#!!H(#.,,1(#(##113 J   APPENDIXI:THETRANSLATORS!!H(#.*123 6   APPENDIXII:COMPARATIVEREADINGS!!H(#.0125 "   BIBLIOGRAPHY!!H(#. 139     INDEX_(NotYetCompiled)  _!!H(#.FF'_145_Ԉ   +2%( ; ;  ;  @#  GXXAcknowledgments #XX GT #Ԉ  Gratefulacknowledgmentismadetothefollowing: "   TotheBodleianLibrary,Oxford,totheBritishMuseum,London,totheLambethPalace  Library,andtoCambridgeUniversityLibraryforinformationandcopiesoforiginalmanuscripts.    TotheAmericanHistoricalSociety,NewYork,totheFolgerLibrary,Washington,andto   YaleUniversityLibraryfortheuseofsourcematerials.     TothelibraryofUnionTheologicalSeminary,NewYork,andtotherarebookroomofthe n  NewYorkPublicLibrary,forvaluableaidinresearch. Z    ToMissMargaretT.HillsoftheAmericanBibleSociety,NewYork,fortheloanof F   illustrativeprints. 2    TotheNationalPortraitGallery,London,fortheportraitofBishopBancroft. n    ToDr.FrederickC.GrantofUnionTheologicalSeminaryforcommentontheBoisnotes.  Z    TothePublicTrusteefortheEstateofBernardShaw,andtotheSocietyofAuthors,London, F  forpermissiontoquotefromtheprefacetoAdventuresoftheBlackGirlinHerSearchforGod. 2    AndtoWandaWillsonWhitman,thefriendwhohasbeenassociatedwiththisbookfrom  theverystart.Itwasshewhosuggestedtheoriginalidea,nourisheditwithherinterestand   encouragement,and,whentheauthorwasnolongerheretocompletehiswork,editedthemanuscript  withskill,integrity,andaffection.   +'*  j\6&"`x8  `;E d^jj  (#(#                                   (#(#KingJamesIo EnglandandVIofScotland,whoseroyalcommandinsupportofthePuritan " proposalforanewBibletranslationpersuadedthebishopsoftheChurchofEnglandto #  approvetheproject.  $l! e(#(#K(#  0,%)           GXX  Preface #XX Gw#    WhatgoodcanitdoustoknowmoreaboutthemenwhomadetheKingJamesBibleand  abouttheirworkonit?JusthowdidthesechosenmenrevisetheBiblefrom1604to1611?Whowere  thesemenandwhatweretheircareers?Weretheyhappy,intheirlabor?Didtheylivewithsuccess   aftertheyfinishedit?Howdiditaffectthem?HowdoestheKingJamesBibledifferfromBibles   beforeandafterit?Couldagrouporgroupsturnoutbetterwritingthanasingleperson?Theseare n  someofthequestionsIaimtoanswerinthisvolume. Z    TheKingJamesmenwereminorwriters,thoughgreatscholars,doingsuperbwriting.Their F   taskliftedthemabovethemselves,whiletheyleanedfirmlyontheirsubjects.Manyhavewrittenin 2  wonderaboutwhattheyachieved.IquotehereonlyfromoneardentmanwithBiblelearning,and n  fromonewhoadmiredtheproductwhilehescornedwaysofworship.  Z    Dr.F.WilliamFaber: Itlivesontheearlikeamusicthatcanneverbeforgotten,likethe F  soundofchurchbells,whichtheconverthardlyknowshowhecanforego.Itsfelicitiesoftenseem 2  tobealmostthingsratherthanmerewords.Itispartofthenationalmindandtheanchorofnational  seriousness.Thememoryofthedeadpassesintoit.Thepotenttraditionsofchildhoodarestereotyped   initsverses.Thepowerofallthegriefsandtrialsofamanishiddenbeneathitswords.Itisthe  representativeo hisbestmoments;andallthattherehasbeenabouthimofsoft,andgentle,andpure,  andpenitent,andgoodspeakstohimforeveroutofhisEnglishBible. ~   H.L.Mencken: ItisthemostbeautifulofallthetranslationsoftheBible;indeed,itis j probablythemostbeautifulpieceofwritinginalltheliteratureoftheworld.Manyattemptshave V beenmadetopurgeitofitserrorsandobscurities.AnEnglishRevisedVersionwaspublishedin1885 B andanAmericanRevisedVersionin1901,andsincethenmanylearnedbutmisguidedmenhave .~ soughttoproducetranslationsthatshouldbemathematicallyaccurate,andintheplainspeechof j everyday.ButtheAuthorizedVersionhasneveryieldedtoanyofthem,foritispalpablyand V overwhelminglybetterthantheyare,justasitisbetterthantheGreekNewTestament,ortheVulgate, B ortheSeptuagint.ItsEnglishisextraordinarilysimple,pure,eloquent,andlovely.Itisamineof . lordlyandincomparablepoetry,atoncethemoststirringandthemosttouchingeverheardof.    Oneofitsgreatvirtuesisthatitallowsandimpelsustoputan^partofitintootherwords,  intoourwords,thatwemaygetglimpsesofmoremeaningsfromitandthenturnbacktoitwithmore   delightandprofitthaneverbefore.TheKingJamesmensurpassedusintheserespects,thattheywere ! scholars,andthattheyhadElizabethancommandoverlanguage.Atthesametimetheywerelikeus, z"  ofthepeople,earnest,andatthebottomsweetandsound.Wesurpasstheminourwidemodernrange f#! ofwords.Atpresentmanyurgeusinallsortsofprojectsto doityourself.Ihopethatasyouread R$" aboutthesemenandwhattheydidyoumayfeeltheurgetocreatetheBibleafreshforyourself,to >% # revisethephrasesinanywayyouplease,andthentocompareyourwordingswithwhatwehaveso *&z!$ longdeemedourstandardScriptures.ThusyoumaykeeptheBiblealiveforyourself,reallybeactive 'f"% asyoureadandstudyit,andbeatonewiththelearnedmen,thosecommonpeoplewhogaveustheir (R#& splendidbest. (>$'  +'* s j\6&"`x8 P `#EdP#P##j  eee(#e(#   eeee eeee eeee eeee eeee eeee eeee eeee eeee eeee eeee eeee eeee eeee eeee eeee eeee eeee eeee eeee eeee eeee eeee eeee  eeee   (# (#ee #  p   ee (# (# eeee eeee eeee eeee eeee eeee eeee eeee eeee eeee eeee eeee  e(#e(#ee Titlepagefromthefirsteditiono theKingJamesBible,showingMoses(left),Aaron(right), X*#' andthegospelwriters.  D+$(  0,%)   i j\6&"`x8 p `K*Edpplj  eee(#e(#   eeee eeee eeee eeee eeee eeee eeee eeee eeee eeee eeee eeee eeee eeee eeee eeee eeee eeee eeee eeee eeee eeee eeee eeee eeee eeee eeee  eeee eeee eeee  e(#e(#eeDoctorJohnRainolds,Puritan,spokeatHamptonCourtoftheneedforanewtranslation. " CalledthemostlearnedmaninEngland,RainoldsworkedwiththeOxfordgroupthat #  translatedtheOldTestament,buthediedbeforethenewBiblewascompleted.  $l!  0,%) Cy j\6&"`x8 p `Edpp)j  eee(#e(#   eeee eeee eeee eeee eeee eeee eeee eeee eeee eeee eeee eeee eeee eeee eeee eeee eeee eeee eeee eeee eeee eeee eeee eeee eeee eeee eeee eeee eeee eeee eeee eeee e(#e(#ee RichardBancroft,BishopofLondon,asahighchurchmanopposedRainoldsPuritan $l! proposalsyetmovedwithenergyforthenewBiblewhentheKingapproved.Afterthedeath %X" ofJohnWhitgift,BancroftwasrewardedwiththeArchbishopricofCanterbury. &D #      m     0,%) H;  j\6&"`x8 p `Edppj  eee(#e(#   eeee eeee eeee eeee eeee eeee eeee eeee eeee eeee eeee eeee eeee eeee eeee eeee eeee eeee eeee eeee eeee eeee eeee eeee eeee eeee eeee  eeee eeee eeee eeee   eeee e(#e(#ee GeorgeAbbot,amongtheNewTestamenttranslatorsatOxford,followedBancroftasBishop $l! andbecameArchbishopintimetoopposethetyrannyofLaud.Hisengravedportraitisfrom %X" thetitlepageofhisbook,ABriefDescriptionoftheWholeWorld,aspublishedin1656.  &D #  0,%)   j\6&"`x8 8 `& E+ d8!8! !j  e e e(#e(#   e e e e  e e e e  e e e e  e e e e  e e e e  e e e e  e e e e  e e e e  e e e e  e e e e  e e e e  e e e e  e e e e  e e e e  e e e e  e e e e  e e e e  e e e e  e e e e  e e e e  e e e e  e e e e  e e e e  e e e e  e e e e  e e e e  e e e e  e e e e  e e e e  e e e e  e e e e  e e e e  e e e e  e e e e  e e e e  e e e e     e(#e(#e e  LancelotAndrewes,DeanofWestminster,chosemanyothertranslatorsandledthe ("% WestminstergrouptranslatingfromtheHebrew.AndreweshadbeenachaplaintoElizabeth; l)#& hewasafriendofBaconandSpenser,andyoungJohnMiltonwrotehiselegy,when,in1626, X*#' hedied.    m  D+$(  0,%)   j\6&"`x8 p `Edppj  eee(#e(#   eeee eeee eeee eeee eeee eeee eeee eeee eeee eeee eeee eeee eeee eeee eeee eeee eeee eeee eeee eeee eeee eeee eeee eeee eeee eeee eeee eeee eeee eeee eeee eeee eeee eeee    e(#e(#ee ThomasRavis,DeanofChristChurchandlaterWardenofNewCollege,washeadoftheNew &D # TestamenttranslatorsatOxford.Ahighchurchman,RavisopposedPuritanteachings.He '0!$ signedthedocumentthataskedpromotionforanothertranslator,DeanThorne.  ("%      0,%) y  j\6&"`x8 8 ` E+ d8"8" v#j  e e e(#e(#   e e e e  e e e e  e e e e  e e e e  e e e e  e e e e  e e e e  e e e e  e e e e  e e e e  e e e e  e e e e  e e e e  e e e e  e e e e  e e e e  e e e e  e e e e  e e e e  e e e e  e e e e  e e e e  e e e e  e e e e  e e e e  e e e e  e e e e  e e e e  e e e e  e e e e   e e e e  e e e e  e e e e  e e e e  e e e e  e e e e    e e e e  e e e e  e(#e(#e e  SirHenrySavile,consideredthehandsomestofthetranslators,hadtutoredQueenElizabeth X*#' inGreekandmathematics.ProvostofEton,thenWardenofMerton,heworkedwiththeGreek D+$( groupatOxford,wherehelecturedontheGreekphilosophersandEuclid.  0,%)  B   e j\6&"`x8 p `EPp p g!j  eee(#e(#   eeee eeee eeee eeee eeee eeee eeee eeee eeee eeee eeee eeee eeee eeee eeee eeee eeee eeee eeee eeee eeee eeee eeee eeee eeee eeee eeee eeee eeee eeee eeee eeee eeee eeee eeee eeee  e(#e(#ee ThomasBilson,BishopofWinchester,workedwiththeCambridgetranslatorsandwasoneof ("% thetwofinaleditors.HishighchurchviewsandzealfortheEstablishmentbalancedthe l)#& PuritanleaningsofMilesSmith,whofollowedhimintheseeofWinchester.  X*#'  0,%)  j\6 &"`x8 p `EdppD j  eee(#e(#   eeee eeee eeee eeee eeee eeee eeee eeee eeee eeee eeee eeee eeee eeee eeee eeee eeee eeee eeee eeee eeee eeee eeee eeee eeee eeee eeee eeee eeee eeee eeee eeee eeee e(#e(#ee DoctorMilesSmithworkedintheOxfordgroupthattranslatedtheOldTestamentfromthe %X" Hebrew.Healsoservedasfinaleditorofthewholetranslationandwrotetheeloquentpreface, &D #  AddresstotheReader,whichwaspartofthe1611edition.  '0!$      D+$( PQR@ @S@j@k T@$m(p.W4[J^PaXb@\q@^sbdne|-YCF"G*H6I<JBKLLRMZNdEpO~U@]l\8 ($`x0  h` 4&E > h!h!H ! l eH eH e(#e(# eH eH eH eH  eH eH eH eH  eH eH eH eH  eH eH eH eH  eH eH eH eH  eH eH eH eH  eH eH eH eH  eH eH eH eH  eH eH eH eH  eH eH eH eH  eH eH eH eH  eH eH eH eH  eH eH eH eH  eH eH eH eH  eH eH eH eH  eH eH eH eH  eH eH eH eH  eH eH eH eH  eH eH eH eH  eH eH eH eH  eH eH eH eH  eH eH eH eH  eH eH eH eH  eH eH eH eH  eH eH eH eH  eH eH eH eH  eH eH eH eH  eH eH eH eH  eH eH eH eH  eH eH eH eH  eH eH eH eH  eH eH eH eH  eH eH eH eH  eH eH eH eH  eH eH eH eH  eH eH eH eH  eH eH eH eH   e(#e(#eH eH HamptonCourt,wheretheconferencewhichsponsorednewtranslationwasheld.Theentrance D+$( gatepicturedhasbeenchangedsinceitwasbuiltbyCardinalWolsey.  0,%) Ї  D+$(   n   (#(#K(# GXX    CHAPTER1 : AtHamptonCourt #XX Gj# ^ k  MayyourMajestybepleased,saidDr.JohnRainoldsinhisaddresstotheking, todirect   thattheBiblebenowtranslated,suchversionsasareextantnotansweringtotheoriginal. l    RainoldswasaPuritan,andtheBishopofLondonfeltithisdutytodisagree. Ifeverymans X  humormightbefollowed,snortedHisGrace, therewouldbenoendtotranslating. D    KingJameswasquicktoputbothfactionsdown. Iprofess,hesaid, Icouldneveryetsee 0  aBiblewelltranslatedinEnglish,butIthinkthatofGenevaistheworst. l    Thesefewdissidentwordsstartedthegreatestwritingprojecttheworldhaseverknown,and X  thegreatestachievementofthereignofJamesI"themakingoftheEnglishBiblewhichhasever D  sincebornehisname.ThedaywasMonday,January16,1604.ThescenewasthepalaceatHampton 0  Court,withitsthousandroomsbuiltbyCardinalWolseyandsuccessfullycovetedbyHenryVIII.    KingJameswasnewtotheEnglishthronebuthisreigninScotlandhadalreadybroughthim  experienceofreligiousdifferences.Thosemorethanpoliticalconsiderationsdividedthepeoplewho  throngedtheroadsandcheeredthenewkingonhiswayfromEdinburghtoLondon.Mosturgentof  themanypleasreceivedduringtheroyalprogresswastheMillenaryPetitionofthePuritans,called | sobecauseithadathousandsigners,atenthoftheEnglishclergy. Thefantasticalgiddy-headed h Puritans,wrotetheArchbishopofYorktotheBishopofDurham, areveryeagerthattheymaybe T heard. @   Anotherreligiousfaction,theEnglishRomanCatholics,hadsentfromFranceapetitionfor ,| morefreedom.ThekingcouldoverlooktheCatholics,butthePuritanshadbeengaininggroundfor h agenerationandtheirdemandswerespecific.TheyopposedSabbathbreakingandthekeepingof T otherholydays,baptismbywomenintheirhomes,displayofthecrossinbaptism,bowingatthe @ nameJesus,andotherpracticesconsideredhighchurchorpopish. ,   Jamessanswerwastocallameetingtotalkaboutwhatwas pretendedtobeamissinthe  churches.BecausetheplaguewasmakinghavocinLondon,whereitwastokillthirtythousand,the  meetingwasfirstpostponedandthensetforHamptonCourt,asafedistancefromtheplague-ridden   city. !   Inthehugerose-redbrickpalacehardbyHounslowHeath,withitsstonegargoyles,twisted x" chimneys,mullionedwindows,andcloisteredwalks,thekingandhisfriendshadreveledsincebefore d#  Christmas.Formoregueststhanthethousandroomscouldhold,tentsstoodinthesuperbgardensand P$! thebroaddeerpark.InDecemberitwastoocoldandfoggytoenjoythetenniscourts,thetilting <% " ground,thebowlingalleysbesidetheswift,chillyThames.EvenJames,rearedinthecoldof (&x!# Scotland,woresomanyclothesthathisweaklegscouldhardlybeartheburden.Buttherewas 'd"$ huntingwithbowsandarrowstowarmtheblood,andtherewassportenoughindoors,whatwith (P#% dancing,drinking,andheavymealscookedinthelongbrickovens. (<$&   Fireplaceheatwasacomforttothosenearit.ThoseawayfromitenduredwhattheEnglish )(%' calledafrowst,ofaboutsixtydegrees.Theairmusthavebeenheavyandstaleforthereisnorecord *&( ofbathsinthepalace,thoughthecourtusedperfumesandpomandersandthekingkepthishandssoft +') assarcenetbyneverwashingthem,merelydippingtheroyalfingersintobowlsofattarandother d balms. P   Fortheentertainmentofthecourt,Shakespearesactorsperformedplaysforafeeoftwenty < goldnoblesforeachdayornight,withanextratipoffivemarksfromtheking.AfterChristmas,in (  amasquecalled TheTwelveGoddessesstagedbyInigoJones,QueenAnneandelevenmaidsof   honortookpart.Theyworetheirhairdownandmanythoughttheirgauzecostumesscandalously   sheer,althoughthequeenworeoverhersabluemantleembroideredinsilverwiththeweaponsand   enginesofwar.Flutesandviolsplayedsweetly.FrancisBaconwaspresentatthisperformance.The  t gayseason,asbrilliantasanyinElizabethsreign,immediatelyprecededtheparleyaboutchurch  ` matters. L    InsteadofaskingthePuritanstosendmenoftheirownchoice,Jamesandhisadvisersnamed 8  justfour,amongthemJohnRainolds,whomwemayjustifiablycallthefatheroftheKingJames $  Bible.PresidentofCorpusChristiCollegeatOxford,Rainoldswascalledthemostlearnedmanin t  England.WithhimtoHamptonCourtwentLaurenceChadertonfromCambridge,whowithRainolds `  wastobecomeatranslatorofthenewBible,andtwootherPuritanswhoweretohavenopartinit. L  Thefourwerenotadmittedtothemeetinguntilitssecondday.Confrontingthemwereagroupof 8  fiftyorsixtyhighchurchmen,thelordsofthecouncil,deans,bishops,andeventheArchbishopof $ Canterbury,richoldJohnWhitgift,thoughhewasnotfarfromdeath.    Theplaceofmeetingwasthekingsprivychamber,alargeroominHenryVIIIsstatesuite  ontheeastsideoftheclockcourt._ #  1      _ԀThechiefspeakerswereRichardBancroft,BishopofLondon,  Rainolds,andtheking. p   James,atthirty-sevenanoldyoungmanwhosputteredbecausehistonguewastoolargefor \ hismouth,cameinandsaidafewkindwordstothelords,andsatdowninhischairwhichwas H somewhatremovedfromtheclothofstate.PrinceHenry,tenyearsold,satnearhisfatheronastool. 4 ThekingtookoffhishatwhenhethankedAlmightyGodforbringinghimintothepromisedland   wherereligionwaspurelyprofessed. p    WhenRainoldsturncame,somesaidthathespokeoffhandofthenewBible,amidmuchtalk \ ofothermatters.Hestressedfourpoints:thatthedoctrineoftheChurchmightbepreservedinpurity H accordingtoGodsword;thatgoodpastorsmightbeplantedinallchurchestopreachthesame;that 4  thechurchgovernmentmightbesincerelyministeredaccordingtoGodsword;thattheBookof  ! CommonPrayermightbesuitedtomoreincreaseofpiety.  "   Thoughthesepointswerehardlydisputable,themeetinggotintooddwranglesoverlesser " concerns.ThePuritans,thoughnotsomuchRainolds,opposedweddingrings.James,whospokeof #  hisqueenas ourdearestbedfellow,said, Iwasmarriedwitharingandthinkothersscarcelywell $l! marriedwithoutit.Jameshadagoodtimewithjokes;whenRainolds,unmarried,questionedthe %X" phraseinthemarriageservice withmybodyItheeworship,thekingsaid, Manyamanspeaksof &D # RobinHoodwhonevershothisbow;ifyouhadagoodwifeyourself,youwouldthinkthatallthe '0!$ honorandworshipyoucoulddotoherwouldbewellbestowed.Rainoldswonhislaughlaterwhen, d intheargumentagainstRomishcustoms,hesaid, TheBishopofRomehathnoauthorityinthis P land. <   Thoughalltitteredatthisremark,thekinghimself,likeRainoldsandmanyotherspresent, (  hadbeenbornintheChurchofRome;thefaiththekingdefendedwaslessthanacenturyold.Forall   hissolemnandflippanttalk,Jameshadreallybutonedevoutbelief!inkingcraft.ThoughSir   EdwardCokeheardhimsayatthetrialofSirWalterRaleigh, Iwilllosethecrownandmylife   beforeIwillalterreligion,thecrownwashisreasonforbeing,andhehadexperiencedenough  t extremesofreligiontoknowtherecouldbenoeasydefinitionofit.InScotlandhehadturnedfrom  ` Romanismdespitethefactthat"orperhapsbecause"hismotherwasaCatholic.Butinhis L  homelandhehadalsoknowntoomuchofPresbyterianismandrabidCalvinism.Perhapshemeant 8  itwhenhesaidstoutlyenough, Iwillneverallowinmyconsciencethatthebloodofanymanshall $  beshedfordiversityofopinionsinreligion.Buthedidallowsuchbloodshed,inanerastill t  bloodstained.Afterall,JameswasthesonofMaryofScotland,whohelpedbringaboutthedeathof `  hisfather,andheowedhisthronetoQueenElizabeth,whohadgiventhewordtobeheadhismother. L    Tomakeupforthattragicpasthehadnowtomaintainhisowndivinerightasking,sitting 8  amongmenwho,thoughtheyknelttohim"Bancroftkeptfallingtohisknees,andevenold $ ArchbishopWhitgiftknelt"arguedamongthemselvesovermattersaboutwhichheknewandcared  little.Asthedayworeon,moreandmorepointsofdifferencecameup.    JohnRainoldsimpugnedthepoliciesofBishopBancroftandurgedthat old,curious,deep  andintricatequestionsmightbeavoidedinthefundamentalinstructionofapeople.Oddly,inview p ofhisownhistoricposition,oneofRainoldscomplaintswasabouttheroleofbooks.Hewasagainst \ freedomofthepressbecauseyouthfulmindsmustbeprotected. Unlawfulandseditiousbooksmight H besuppressed,atleastretainedandimpartedtoafew,forbythelibertyofpublishingsuchbooksso 4 commonly,manyyoungscholarsandunsettledmindsinbothuniversitiesandthroughthewhole   realmwerecorruptedandperverted.Whyshouldanyonereadwhatisclearlywrong?Rainoldswas p  foranelitetotusslewiththehardsayingswhilethemassesstayedcalm,humble,almostdormant. \ HerethekingwasnearermodernthoughtandtoldRainoldsthat,intaxingtheBishopofLondonthat H hesufferedbadbooks,hewasabettercollegemanthanstatesman. 4    BancroftforhissidedenouncedthePuritanstohisMajestyas Cartwrightsscholars"their  ! leaderThomasCartwrighthadjustdied" schismatics,breakersofyourlaws;youmayknowthem  " bytheirTurkeygrogram.AtthemeetingthemenoftheEstablishedChurchofcourseworetheir " properhabitsofofficewhilethefourPuritansshowedtheirdisdainforchurchlygarbbyappearing #  inplaincoarsefabricgowns.TheCartwrightreferencewasseriousbecauseCartwrighthadbeenthe $l! boldestofthosewhostormedagainstbishops;hethoughttheChurchshouldhaveonlyelders.Worse, %X" hethoughttheCrownshouldbeundertheChurch.JamesknewwellthattheChurch,withallits &D # bishops,mustbeunderhim. '0!$   RainoldswasBancroftstargetbecause,itmaybe,BancroftwasloathtogibeatChaderton, ("% theothereffectivePuritan,whowashislifelongfriend.Manyofthelearnedmenhadlongknown l)#& eachother.Englandatthattimehadonlyafewmillionpeopleandtenthousandclergy,and X*#' friendshipsamongscholarswerewidespread.RainoldsandChadertonhadgonetoCambridge D+$( together,andinaTownandGownbrawlChadertonhadsavedBancroftslife,nearlylosinghisown 0,%) righthandtodoso.OftheothertwoPuritanspresent,ThomasSparkesatandsaidnothingwhilethe d fourth,JohnKnewstubs, spokemostaffectionatelybutconfusedly. P   TheroyalirerosefirstatRainolds,thoughlaterthekinglearnedtoendurehim.Withhisown < partyRainoldslostsomeesteembecausetheyconsideredthat,awedbytheplaceandthecompany (  andthearbitrarydictatesofhissovereign,hefellbelowhimself.Butthekingmadehisangry   oppositionclear.SirJohnHarington,thegeniuswhoinventedtheprivy,waspresentandwrotetohis   wifethat thekingtalkedmuchLatinanddisputedwithDoctorRainolds,butheratherused   upbraidingsthanargumentsTheBishopsseemedmuchpleasedandsaidhismajestyspokebythe  t powerofinspiration.Iwistnotwhattheymean,butthespiritwasratherfoulmouthed.  `   Asthecrossfireincreasedandthemeetinggotrougher,perhapsthekingsawthatadiversion L  waswantedandseizeduponRainoldsoneacceptableproposaltohealthebreach.OrperhapsJames, 8  whothoughtofhimselfasagiftedBiblestudent,wassincereinseeingtheneedforanewtranslation $  eventhoughtheideawasadvancedbythewrongside.Elizabethbeforehimhadgivensomesupport t  tothosewhowishedtoseetheGenevaBiblesupplanted.Jameshimselfasayoungmanhadtriedhis `  handatmakingversesfromthePsalms,andhadwrittenacommentaryonRevelation. L    TheEnglishpeoplewereBiblereaders.EvenbeforeWycliffesBible,thefirstinEnglish,had 8  enabledthosewhocouldreadtoknowtheScriptures,earlypiecesinEnglishhadgonefromhandto $ hand.TheWycliffetranslationfromtheLatintextoftheVulgatewasthefoundationofProtestant  thinkinginEngland,itssurvivalunderbanandcirculationinmanuscriptcopiesproofthatthenew  Churchwasbaseduponareligiousrevolutionandnotmerelythewhimofakingdeterminedtohave  adivorcethePopeforbade.AnEnglishBiblewasonetobereadbythecommonpeople.Educated p men,highchurchmenanduniversityscholarsandroyalpersons,notonlyreadLatineasilybutwrote \ andspokeitwithease.Theirprivateprayers,notmerelythoseoftheChurch,wereinLatin;sowere H addressestotheking.AsaboyinStirlingCastle,theyoungJameswhowouldgrowuptobekingof 4 bothScotlandandEnglandcomplainedthattheytriedtomakehimlearnLatinbeforeheknewScots.   ThetongueoftheChurchwasusefulasacommonlanguageforvisitorsfromforeignlands,provided p  theywereoftheeducatedclass.Butthesameclassdistinctionkeptthecommonfolkwhoknewno \ LatinfromreadingtheBible. H   WilliamTyndalewasfirsttoundertakeaprintedEnglishBible.Havingstudiedunderthe 4  greatErasmusatCambridge,hebegantranslationoftheNewTestament"fromtheoriginalGreek  ! andnottheLatintranslation.AtfirsthehopedtogethelpfromtheBishopofLondon,butHenryVIII  " andhisbishopswerenotyetwillingtoletthepeopleread.In1524Tyndalewentabroad,avirtual " exile,firsttoGermanywherehesawLutheratWittenbergandmadearrangementstohavehisNew #  TestamenttranslationprintedatWorms,usingfundsgivenhimbyaLondonmerchant. $l!   ProscribedbyHenryVIII,thefirstEnglishNewTestamenttobeprintedhadtobesmuggled %X" intothecountry,andwhatcopiescouldbeseizedbytheauthoritieswereburned.AtMarburg, &D # Germany,TyndaleproceededwithOldTestamenttranslations,andwithbooksthatsetforth '0!$ Reformationdoctrines.HenryVIIImeanwhile,althoughhehadlefttheRomanChurch,demanded ("% thatTyndalebereturnedtoEnglandtobepunishedforsedition.TyndaleremainedontheContinent l)#& butatAntwerpin1535hefellintothehandsofEmperorCharlesV,whothrusthimintoadungeon X*#' nearBrussels.Hewasshortlysentencedasaheretic,anddiedatthestake.Hislastprayerwas, Lord, D+$( opentheKingofEnglandseyes. 0,%)   NotalltheTyndaleNewTestamentswereburned,andenoughofthemreachedEngland, d beginningin1526,tomakeitcertainthatonedaytherewouldbeanEnglishedition.In1535,theyear P ofTyndalesdeath,MilesCover-daleeditedandproducedontheContinentthefirstcompleteEnglish < Bible,basedonTyndale,theVulgate,andLuthersandZwinglistranslations.AsCoverdalewasa (  diplomat,hededicatedthebooktoHenry,andhadnotroublewithEnglishpublication.However,the   CoverdaleBiblewaspopularlyknownastheBugsBiblebecauseofitsreadingofPsalm91:5: Thou   shaltnotnedetobeafraidofanybuggesbynight.Tworevisededitionsappearedin1537,carrying    theKingsmostgraciouslicense.  t   StillanotherBible,morecloselyrelatedtoTyndalespioneerworkthanCoverdales,appeared  ` in1537"theso-calledMatthewsBible.ThisBiblealsoobtainedaroyallicenseandinalargefolio L  editionpublishedin1541,calledtheGreatBible,wasreadinchurches.ButthehouseholdBibleof 8  theEnglishpeoplewastheoneproducedatGenevain1560,mainlytranslatedbyWilliam $  Whittingham,whomarriedCalvinsdaughter.Itspopularitywasdueinparttoitssize"itwassmall t  enoughtohold,whilethechurchBiblesmeasuredmorethanfifteenincheslongandnineincheswide. `  Asidefromitssize,theGenevaBiblefoundfavoramongthefollowersofCalvinandKnox,but L  othersfoundfaultwithitsmarginalnotesandalsowithitswording.ItwascalledtheBreechesBible 8  becauseitsreadingofGenesis3:7was andtheysewedfigleavestogether,andmadethemselves $ breeches.    AtthetimeoftheHamptonCourtmeeting,mostProtestants,especiallythePuritans,stillread  anddefendedtheGenevatranslation.Inslurringit,Jamesmayhavethoughttobalancehisagreement  withRainoldsbynettlingthem.YetatleastonerampantPuritan,HughBroughton,thefamous p Hebrewscholar,hadcalledforanewBible.Asforthebishops,fifteenofthem,asfarbackas1568, \ hadworkedonarevisionintheBishopsBible.In1584theywonroyalsanctionfortheirversion H  [Thefollowingstatementcamefrom TheLearnedMenedition:Theyhadfailed,however, 4 towinroyalsanctionfortheirversion,] P,knownastheTreacleBiblebecauseitaskedinJeremiah   8:22, IstherenottreacleinGilead? t   JamessrealreasonforobjectingtotheGenevaBiblewasrootedinhisneedtofeelsecureon ` hisnewthrone.SomeofthemarginalnotesintheGenevaversionhadwordingwhichdisturbedhim: L theyseemedtoscoffatkings.IftheBiblethreatenedhim,itmustbechanged.Awaywithallmarginal 8  notes!AndindeedifyoureadtheminthefatGenevavolumeyouwillfindmanybasedondogma $! nowoutworn.Jamesmayhavehadsomerightonhisside;hewasfarfromwitless. "   Socleverindeedwashishandlingofthemeetingthat,althoughhegavethePuritanpleaders " nosatisfactionandactuallythreatenedtoharrythemoutoftheland,heappearedtosomeobservers #  toleantowardthem.Indeed,thedeanofthechapelsaidthatonthatdaythekingplayedthePuritan. $p!   FortheirpartthePuritans,withoutwardmeeknessandinnergrumbling,foundgracetoyield %\" enoughtostaywellwithintheChurchofEngland.Yetafterallthetalkended,itseemedtheyhadwon &H # nothing.Indeedtherewasonlyonegain:thenewBible. '4!$   Havingspoken,Jameswentonabouthisroyalbusiness,whichhadnothingtodowith ( "% translatingScriptures.AtRoyston,notfarfromCambridge,hewasconvertingapriorymansionand p) #& twooldinns,setinsixhundredacres,intoaroyalshootingbox.Roystonhecametoesteembeyond \*#' allplacesforthehuntingofhares,rabbits,partridges,bustards,andplovers.Butthekinghuntedat H+$( Newmarkettoo,wherealsotherewashorseracing.Whenhehadtoreturntotownforthefirst 4,%) Parliamentofthenewreign,heoccupiedthenewroyalapartmentsintheTowerofLondonandthere, d intheLionsTower,thekingwatchedthreedogssetuponalion,whichtoretwoofthemapart. P   TimetodecideabouttheBiblehadtobefoundbetweenthesedutiesandpleasures,butthe < kingknewhowtodelegatepower.AssoonasJamesshowedapprovalofRainoldsproposal,the (  ambitiousBishopBancroftsuppressedhisownadversethoughtsandpreparedtocarryouttheroyal   willwithzealanddispatch.RobertCecil,whohadservedElizabeth,servedJamesaswell;James   calledhim mylittlebeagleandmadehimLordSalisbury.WithCecil,BishopBancrofttalkedthings   overandchosethementoworkonaproposal,perhapscasuallybroached,whichtheroyalwillhad  t nowraisedtoasplendiddesign.Tyndalesprayerwasnowansweredinfull:JamesIhadordered  ` whatTyndalediedtodo. L    Ferventforwhathismasterwished,Bancroftwrotetoanaide: I...moveyouinhis 8  majestysnamethat,agreeablytothechargeandtrustcommitteduntoyou,notimemaybe $  oversteppedbyyouforthebetterfurtheranceofthisholywork....Youwillscarcelyconceivehow t  earnesthismajestyistohavethisworkbegun. `   0,%)   l    GXX   CHAPTER2  BishopsMove L  #XX G{#  TheKingJamesBiblecameaboutpartlybecauseforcefulmenthoughttheycouldusethe  n projecttofurthertheirprivateaims.InLondon,whentheplagueabated,oldArchbishopWhitgift  Z caughtcoldgoingfromLambethPalacetoseeBishopBancroftatFulham.Next,diningatWhitehall,  F hehadastrokeandonthelastdayofFebruary,1604,hedied.ThiswasBancroftsopportunityfor  2  promotiontothearchbishopric,andheseizeduponitwitheagerenergies.     OfthewaystowinJamessapproval,thenewBiblemightwellbeone.Thetaskwould   certainlyemploymanyofinfluencewithintheChurch;amongthosepresentatHamptonCourtonthe   dayRainoldsmadehisspeechwerehalfadozen!WilliamBarlow,JohnOverall,ThomasBilson,   ThomasRavis,RichardEdes,andLancelotAndrewes!wellabletograpplewiththework.Good ~  churchmenall,theytoadiedtoJamesyetgotalongwithRainoldsandhisPuritansupporters. j   Inthesummerof1604Bancroftwasbusywritingtotheotherbishopstoannouncethatthe V kinghad appointedcertainlearnedmen...forthetranslationoftheBible,andtoaskthatothers B benominated.ThebishopswererequiredtoinformthemselvesofallmenlearnedintheBible .~ tongueswithintheirdistricts.Thekingwantedtoknowofallwhohad takenpainsintheirprivate j studyoftheScriptures,whocouldclearupplacesthatwereobscureintheancienttexts,andcorrect V mistakesinformerEnglishversions.ThebishopswouldreporttheirfindingstoMr.Lively, our B HebrewreaderinCambridge,ortoDr.Harding,ourHebrewreaderinOxford,ortoDr.Andrewes, . DeanofWestminster.Thusthetranslationwouldhavethehelpof allourprincipallearnedmen  withinthisourkingdom.    Whenlearnedmenhadbeenappointedtothenumberoffourandfifty,itbecamenecessary  tothinkaboutpayingthem.Ofthefifty-four,somehadnopreferredplacesintheChurch,orelsehad   toolittlefortheirdeserts.Sincethekingcouldnot inanyconvenienttimegivethemmore,he z askedBancrofttoinquireaboutanyvacantprebends_ #  2      _Ԁorlivingsworthtwentypoundsayearormore f whichmightbesavedforthelearnedmen.ThekingwouldreserveforoneatworkontheBibleany R  vacantofficewithinhisowngift;theArchbishopofYorkandthebishopsinthemetropolitanseeof >! Canterbury,whichstillhadnoheadsincethedeathofWhitgift,wereaskedtodothesame.Bancrofts *"z rewardwasroyalauthoritytowriteletters,surelyasignofprefermenttocome. #f    Butthekingwantedmorelearnedmen,evenafterhehadnamedthefifty-four,andthe $R! handingoutoflivingsalonewouldnotsufficetopaythem.InalettertotheBishopofNorwich $> " writtenonthelastdayofJuly,1604,Bancrofthadtoproposethattheprelatesandclergysubscribe %*!# tothecostofthenewBible.Theking,hesaid,wasreadytobear fromhisownprincelydisposition &"$ thechargesofsomelearnedmen,althoughitwasonlytoowellknownthattheCrownwashardup. '#% Bancroftprayedhisbrethrenthebishops,andeachsingledeanandchapter,togive. Idonotthink, d hewrote, thatathousandmarkswillfinishthework.Amarkwasabouttwo-thirdsofapound. P   AlthoughBancroftaddedthathewouldacquaintthekingwithhowmucheachgave,the < bishops,deans,andchaptersshowednoquickzealinsendingmoney.Infact,itseemsfairtosaythat (  theschemefellthrough,fornothingfurtherofithascometolight.Bancroftsestimateofcostsmust   havebeenfartoolow.Thescholarsstruggledalongontheirownmeans,thoughOxfordand   CambridgeandWestminsterseemtohavegiventhemfreeboardandroomwhentheywereatwork.     Ofthethreenamedtoreceivethereportsofbishopsanddeansinthesearchforlearnedmen,  t two,LivelyandHarding,wereHebrewscholarsatthetwouniversities.Dr.JohnHarding,therector  ` atHalseynearOxford,hadbeenproctoroftheuniversityandin1608hewaselectedpresident #  3      ׀of L  MagdalenCollegebyaunanimousvote.Theunanimitysuggestedarecommendationfromtheking, 8  asoneoftheawardspromisedtranslators.ButMagdalenhadseethedwithunrestsincethedaysof $  Elizabeth,andthevoteofconfidenceinHardingcouldhavebeenaprotestagainstthepolicyofhis t  predecessor,putinatthequeensrequest toreformlatedecaysanddisorders.Thatelectionhad `  beenfarfromunanimous,inacollegeregardedasa nurseryofPuritansinitsobjectionsto L  vestmentsandritual.HardingselectionmarkedareturnofthePuritanstopower,andduringhistwo 8  yearsofadministrationmany poorscholarswereadmitted,theadmissionofcommonersbeingpart $ ofPuritanpolicy.    EdwardLively,whofornearlythirtyyearshadheldtheregiuschairofHebrewatTrinity  College,Cambridge,wasamanofallwork"hehadtobe,tosurvive.Bornabout1545,hestudied  HebrewatTrinityunderthenotedJohnDrusitus,andmarriedCatherine,daughterofThomasLarkin, p M.D.,whooccupiedtheregiuschairofphysic.Sheborehimthirteenhungrychildren. \   Thenasnow,therewardsofcollegeteachingconsistedlargelyofthefeelingsofwell-doing, H honor,andhope.Tofeedthefamily.Livelyekedouthisearningswithhackwriting;thepublisher 4 SamuelPurchassaidthathewasoneofhisanonymouswritersforhisgreatseriesofHisPilgrims.   In1597LivelysignedandpublishedATrueChronologyoftheTimesofthePersianMonarchy,a p  workwritteninaquaintbuthardlygracefulstyle.Althoughitcontainedarandomspeculationabout \ thenatureofthelocustseatenbyJohntheBaptist,ithadlittleconnectionwiththeBible. H   NotevenbyhiswritingeffortscouldLivelymakealivingforhishousehold.Oncehesoldhis 4  preciousbookstoabishopforthreepounds.Themostforlornofallthelearnedmen,theonefor  ! whomwemayfeelmostsorry,hewasneverclearofsuitsatlaworotherdisquietersofhisstudy.He  " oncehadhisgoodsdistributedandhiscattledrivenoffhisground,likeJobs;he ledalifewhichin " amannerofspeakingwasnothingelsebutacontinualfloodofwaters,andeven hisdeer,beingnot #  sowellabletobearsogreatafloodashe,evenforverysorrow,presentlydied.Clearlyhiswasa $l!  lamentableandruefulcase,thoughsuchwasthelotofmanyascholarinEnglandatthattime. %X"   PerhapsLivelystroublesmadehimpatient;incontrastwithmostscholars,hewassaidtobe &D # ahumblemanwhooftensufferedthefoolishgladly.Bythetimethekingmadehimasortofdrudge '0!$ intheBibletask,hisgreatlyburdenedwifehaddied,leavinghimelevensurvivingoffspring.Surely ("%  @       heneededprefermentinaccordancewiththeplan,andonSeptember20,1604,hemusthavebeen d gratefultogetthelivingatPurleighinEssex,fairlyneartoCambridge. P   Thethirdmemberofthecommitteetosiftrecommendations,andthemostimportant,was < verydifferent;hewastheDeanofWestminster,supremeintheaffairsoftheabbeyandsubjecttono (  higherprelate.Dr.LancelotAndreweshadbeenamongthehighestofthehighchurchmenatthe   HamptonCourtmeeting.Nowhewastobecometherealhead,orchairman,ofallthosechosento   revisetheScriptures.     Andreweswasamanforalltolike,andonewhosefamehaslasted.Thereareoveramillion  t wordsbyandabouthiminprint,andavolumeofhissermonshaslatelybeenreissued.Forthe  ` Anglo-Catholicheisalmostasaint;T.S.Eliotwroteanessay, ForLancelotAndrewes.Amongthe L  churchmenwhoweretotranslatehewasthestrongest,butthemostgracefulandpolite,foiltothe 8  Puritans. $    Andrewes [ Hein TheMenBehindTheKingJamesVersion.]Ԁ wasbornintheparish t  ofAllHallows,Barking,in1555.Acontemporarybiographerwrotethathisfather,Thomas d  Andrewes,wasamerchantwhoformostofhislife usedtheseas.Lancelotwentearlytothe P  CoopersfreeschoolatRatcliff,andthentothewell-knownMerchantTailorsschool. Fromhis <  tenderyears,thebiographertestified, hewastotallyaddictedtothestudyofgoodletters. ( Andrewes studiedsohardwhenothersplayedthatifhisparentsandmastershadnotforcedhimto  playwiththem,alltheplaywouldhavebeenmarred.Asayoungscholarattheuniversity, henever  lovedorusedanygamesofordinaryrecreation,eitherwithindoorsascards,dice,tablechess,or  abroadasbats,quoits,bowls,oranysuch,buthisordinaryexerciseandrecreationwaswalking,either t alonebyhimselforwithsomeotherselectedcompanion,withwhomhemightconferorargue,and ` recounttheirstudies.Onceayear,beforeEaster,hewalkedthethirtymileshometoBarkingfrom L PembrokeCollege,whereSirFrancisWalsinghamhelpedinhissupport.Oneofthefriendswith 8 whomhewalkedandtalkedwasEdmundSpenser. $   DidSpenseraffectatallthewritingstyleofAndrewes,andthroughhimthatoftheKing t JamesBible?Tosuchquestionstherecanbenopresentanswer.WedoknowthatlaterFrancisBacon, ` hisfriendfortwentyyears,askedAndrewesadviceonwriting.Andweknowthatthegreatpoetry L oftheagewasallaroundthescholarsastheyworkedontheBible,wasintheirthoughtandfeeling, 8  andquickenedtheflowoftheirlanguage. $!   ThoughhewasnoElizabethanWordsworth,Andrewesobservedandlovedthetamerkinds " ofnature: Hewouldoftenprofessthattoobservethegrass,herbs,corn,trees,cattle,earth,water, " heavens,anyofthecreatures,andtocontemplatetheirnatures,orders,virtues,uses,wasevertohim #  thegreatestmirth,contentandrecreationthatcouldbe.Thispenchantforcommonnatureshowed $p! inhisownwritingsandperhapsthroughsomeBiblepassagesinwhichhehadahand. %\"   OnhiswalksalongthehighwaysfromBarkingtoCambridgeAndrewesmusthaveseenthe &H # rogueswhohadlongwanderedthere,thetinkersandpeddlers,thewildhomelessboys,therufflers '4!$ orholdupmenandbeggars,theminstrelssingingandsellingcoarseballads,thevagrantformer ( "% soldiers.Aboutthese,pamphletsbyThomasDekkerandothers,mostofthemwithsecond-hand p) #& knowledge,appearedwhiletheworkontheBiblewentonandmayhavehelpedAndrewesandthe \*#' othertranslatorscopewiththescripturalcensuresofevilpeople. H+$(   AfterhefinishedhiscoursesatPembroke,youngAndrewesbecamethecatechist,giving 4,%) lecturesontheTenCommandmentsatthreeoclockonSaturdaysandSundays.Peoplecametohear d himfromothercollegesandfromthecountryroundabout;theymadenotesandpassedthemonto P friends.Thussamplesofhisearlylecturesarestillextant. <   Onthecommandtomakenogravenimages,Andrewessaid, ThoughGodthelaw-maker (  appointedtherepresentationofcherubimandofthebrazenserpent,yetmaynotmanpresumeto   devisethelike;hemusttakesuchresemblancesasGodhimselfgavehim,andnotofhisown   inventionpropoundany.Unlessofcourse,headded,GodshoulddirecthimasHedirectedMoses.     Of ThoushaltnottakethenameoftheLordthyGodinvain,Andrewesspoketodistinguish  t betweenoathsandvows,andbetweenthosenecessaryandthosevoluntary.Hedealtwithswearing  ` inalatersermon.Throughouthislogicwasclever,likethatoftheearlierschoolmen;andtothewords L  ofScripture,thoughofcoursehebelievedthemall,heappliedwhathethoughtwasadivinecommon 8  sense.HeknewforinstancethatcertainworkmustproceedontheSabbath,andmadestrenuouseffort $  toreconciletheDecaloguewiththelawofnaturewhich,hesaid,wastheimageofGod.Thusof t  killinghefoundthatbeastshavenorightofsocietywithus,becausetheylackreason.Itcannotbe `  asintousethemfortheendforwhichtheywereordained:thelessperfectforthemoreperfect,herbs L  forbeastsandbothforman.IntheBibleGodorderedalotofkilling,sotoAndrewesitwouldhave 8  beenfoolishtosaythatGodforbadethetakingofanylife. $   Ofthecommandmenttohonorfatherandmother,hesaidweshouldallknowwhathonoris  andwhereitisdue.Godhadnotmadeallmenalike,butmadesomepartakersofHisexcellenceand  settheminsuperiorplaces,othersafterameanerdegreeandsettheminalowerplace,thatsociety  mightbemaintained.DidGodcreatemenequal?Surelynot. p   AfterPembroke,AndreweswaschaplaintohispatronWalsinghamandtoArchbishop \ Whitgift,andlaterrectorofSt.GilesinLondonsCripplegate.In1586,whenhewasonlythirty-one, H hewasmadeoneofthetwelvechaplainstoQueenElizabeth,wholovedhavingyoungmenaround 4 her.ShefoundAndreweshumane,cordial,gracious,benign,andtookdelightinthegravemannerof   hispreaching.Ofthispreachingtherearevariedreports.Onesaidthathewasanangelinthepulpit. p  T.S.Eliotsaidhetookawordandderivedtheworldfromit,andrankedhissermonswiththefinest \ Englishproseoftheirtimeoranytime.Yetsomeofhiscontemporariessaidhisstylewasjerky,with H toomuchwordplay,toomanyconceits,quirks,puns.Hewaslearnedbutdidplaywithhistextasa 4  jackanapesdoes,whotakesupathingandtossesit.Witty,hewassometimessatirical;yetThomas  ! Fullersaidthathehadaguilelesssimplicitybothofmannerandmind,anunaffectedmodestyanda  " raresenseofhumor. "   WehaveAndrewesonlyonpaper;inactionhemusthavehadacharmofdeliverythatwefail #  tofindintheprintedwords.Abiographerwhohadbeenhissecretary,HenryIsaacson,saidthatGod $l! blessedhispainfulpreachings;painful,inthosedays,meanttakingpains. %X"   BesidespreachingAndreweslovedtomanage.In1589hebecameMasterofPembrokeHall, &D # wherehemanagedtopayoffthecollegedebtsandhaveasurplus.Suchcapabilitywouldbeuseful '0!$ indirectingtheBiblework. ("%   Andrewesalsolovedteachingandwhenin1601ElizabethmadehimDeanofWestminster, l)#& heoftentookchargeoftheWestminsterSchoolinhisownperson.Theyoungstudentswerehis X*#' specialcare. WhatpainsDr.Andrewesdidtakebothdayandnight....Hedidoftensupplytheplace D+$( bothoftheheadschoolmasterandusherforthespaceofawholeweekatatime,andgaveusnotan 0,%) hourofloiteringfrommorningtonight....Hecausedourexercisesinproseandversetobebrought d tohim,toexamineourstyleandproficiency....HeneverwalkedtoChiswickforhisrecreation P withoutabraceofthisyoungfry,andinthatwayfaringleisurehadasingulardexteritytofillthose < narrowvesselswithafunnel.Thriceaweekoroftenerhecalledtheuppermostscholarstohis (  lodgingsfromeighttillelevenatnight,unfoldingtothemtherudimentsofGreekandtheelements   ofHebrewgrammar;hewasanightworkerandsaidtheywerenotruescholarswhocametospeak   withhimbeforenoon.     Allthishedid,theysaid,withoutcompulsionorcorrection; Nay,Ineverheardhimutterso  t muchasawordofausterityamongus.Sowegetglimpsesoftherigid,butonthewholekind,  ` schoolingoftheEnglishdivines. L    AndreweswaswithElizabethwhenshediedandpreachedwhenshewasburied.Thenhe 8  aidedintheAbbeyritesatthecoronationofJames.Thenewkingadmiredhim beyondallother $  divines,notonlyforhistranscendantgiftinpreaching,butforhisexcellencyandsolidityinallkinds t  oflearning.Fullersaid, HisgravityinmannerawedKingJames,whorefrainedfromthatmirthand `  libertyinthepresenceofthisprelatewhichheotherwiseassumedtohimself.YetAndrewessmiling L  faceinaportraitsuggestshisownveryrealsenseofhumor. 8    OneoftherarestlinguistsinChristendom,Andrewesknewfifteenlanguages,andwasso $ skilledinallofthem,especiallytheOrientalones,thatFullersuggestedhemight almosthaveserved  asaninterpretergeneralattheconfusionoftongues.Inwritinghewastireless,usinganamanuensis  onlytotranscribethatwhichhehadfirstwritteninhisownhand.    ManythoughthimmostfittosucceedoldJohnWhitgiftasArchbishopofCanterbury,King p James,undertheeyeofRichardBancroftwhowasalreadyactinginWhitgiftsplace,delayedin \ raisinganyonetothatposition.ThekinglikedAndrewesbuthadtodependmoreonBancroft,who H threwhisweightaboutandwaslesseasygoingwiththePuritans. 4   WhileAndrewesvaluedahighritual,heneverforceditonothers.Hehadthehighestscruples   ingivingprefermentstotheclergy,abhorredsimonyandstrovealwaystofindthefittestmanforany p  placehehadtofill.HehadawideknowledgeofscholarsthroughoutEnglandandgoodjudgmentin \ weighingtheirtalents.Inshort,thisthoughtfulwalkerpossessedthetraitsmostusefulinchoosing H thementomakeovertheEnglishBible,andinweldingthemintoaworkingunit. 4    ScholarsandpreacherswerethenporingoverallportionsoftheBibleandwritingonallthe  ! texts.Thoughthekinghadnamedfifty-fourlearnedmen,heintendedmanymoretoshareinthe  " work.Someliststodaynameonlyforty-sevenbutIhavefoundmorethanthefifty-four,ifweinclude " replacementsforthosewhodied.Thefinalversioncontainscontributionsfromcountlessunknown #  linguists. $l!   Manywhosoughtadvancementbuzzedaroundthenewkingwithservilepraises.Forinstance %X" WilliamThorne,aboutthirty-threeandDeanofChichesterattheendof1601,royalHebrewreader &D # atNewCollege,Oxford,andgreatlyskilledinthesacredtongues,wroteandprintedhisKenning '0!$ GlassforaChristianKingbasedonthetext Beholdtheman.ThoughThomesmirrorforthe ("% perfectmonarchrepeatedthePaulineadviceagainst acceptanceofpersons,ofcourseJameswas l)#& flatteredandmadeThorneoneofthelearnedmen. X*#'   Thomesnamehasneverappearedonthemanylistsoftranslators.Thathebelongedwiththe D+$( restisprovedbyapaper,preservedinThePublicWorksOffice,London,sayingthatMr.Thorne, 0,%) kingschaplain, isnow...verynecessarilyemployedinthetranslationofthatpartoftheOld d TestamentbeingdoneatOxford,andurgingthatthechurchpromotehimfurther,as verygoodand P honest. #  4      ׀Thorne,infact,musthavebeenoneofthescholarsearlychosen. <   Thoughmanysoughttobeconsideredworthy,thenatureofthedesigndemandedmenof (  provedability.Andso,althoughthenewkingwouldgivehisnametothenewBible,itstranslators   wereElizabethansall.    GXX   '0!$ P P  P  CHAPTER3  PuritansProgress $t  '#XX G'#  WhilethehighchurchmenwereaddingtotheirprefermentbyworkonthenewBible,what F  o thePuritanswhohadsuggestedit? 2    Rainolds,whomadetheproposal,wasamongtheforemostscholarsinElizabethanandearly  n StuartEngland.ThosewhoknewhimheldhimtobethemostlearnedmaninEngland,pious,  Z courteous,modest,kind,andwhollyhonest,withavastmemorythatmadehim alivinglibrary,a  F thirduniversity.  2    JohnRainoldswasbornaboutMichaelmas,1549,atPinloenearExeterinDevonshire.The   fifthsonofRichardRainolds,apapist,hewenttoCorpusChristiCollege,Oxford,wherehe wholly   addictedhimselftothestudyoftheHolyScriptures.AsayoungconvertfromtheRomanChurch,   hemusthavehadmanyinnerconflictsasheescapedmoreandmorefrombeliefsinwhichevenas   achildhehadbeenrestive.Othersweregoingthroughthesameexperience;atOxfordaselsewhere ~  itwasastirringtimeofrebirthandreform.Mostpeoplehadgrownupinfamiliesholdingtothe j RomanChurch. V   Soonafterhegothisdegree,RainoldswasnamedGreekreader,andhisfamegrewfastfrom B hislectures.AmongthestudentshetutoredwasRichardHooker,whowastowriteTheLawsof .~ EcclesiasticalPolity,aworkofinfluenceeventoday.RainoldshimselfreadalltheLatinandGreek j fathers,andalltheancientrecordsoftheChurchthathecouldcomeby.HestudiedAristotleand V wroteacommentarythatwashighlypraised.Alsohepracticedastyleofwriting,latercalled B EuphuisticafterLylysEuphues,whichwasbasedonalliterationandclassicpatternsofformal . balance.    In1579hewroteareportoversixhundredpageslongofhisattempt"anassignmentfrom  SirFrancisWalsingham!toturnfrompopishwaysayoungmanconfinedintheTowerofLondon.  TothepoorimprisonedpapistRainoldswaskindafterafashion,sincehehadbeenbornapapisttoo,  butalsofirmandsevere.Thesmalldifferencesbetweenthemhecomparedto smallholesinships z atthewhichagreatdealofwaterwillcomein,enoughtodrowntheshipiftheyhavebeenleftopen f aslongasthesehavebeenintheshipofthechurch.Rainoldssetdownallthatwassaidbyboth R  duringlongsessionsintheTower,inwhichheprayed Godgiveyoubothasoftheartandan >! understandingmindthatyoumaybeablewiselytodiscernandgladlytoembracethetruthwhenyou *"z shallhearit.Alas,thestubbornprisonerspent twentydaysinironsfornotyieldingtoone #f  Rainolds. $R!   In1586RainoldsbeganlecturesfoundedbyWalsing-ham,attwentypoundsayear,toconfute $> " Romishtenets.Manyhearerscamethreetimesaweek,andthosewhobelievedashedidthoughtthat %*!# hewasdoinggreatgood. &"$   Next,in1592,hebegananassaultonstageplays.In1566whenRainoldswasastudentat '#% Oxford,QueenElizabethhadpaidavisittotheuniversity.AtCorpusChristiCollegeaplay (#& composedforherwasacted,withRainolds,thenseventeen,playingtheroleofafemale.Thequeen )$' enjoyedtheperformance,laughingmuchandthankingtheauthorforhispains.Now,nearlythirty v*%( yearsafter,Rainoldscouldnotforgivehimselfforactingthepartofagirl.Nearlyallhispamphlet, b+&)  TheOverthrowofStagePlays,wasabouthowunlawfulitwasformentowearwomensclothing d andforpeopletoseesuchshamefulmake-believe.TohimunlawfulmeantagainsttheBible.Hadnot P thelawofGod,inDeuteronomy22:5,forbiddenamantoputonwomansraiment?Butforsome < yearsmoretheEnglishstagewouldcontinuetopresentboyactorsinwomensparts. (    OftheplaysthemselvesRainoldscomplained, Theymeditatehowtheymayinflameatender   youthwithlove,enticehimtodalliance,towhoredom,toincest,inuretheirmindsandbodiesto   uncomely,dissolute,railing,boasting,knavish,foolish,brainsick,drunkenconceits,wordsand   gestures.LaterthePuritansweretoclosethetheaters,whichwouldopenagaininthereignof  t CharlesII,morecorruptandobscenethanever.  `   AftersomeshowofreasonRainoldswentontoattackotherentertainmentofthetimes. You L  saythatthereisatimeforsports,plays,dances,atimeforearneststudies;themanconsistethnotof 8  onepartalone;hehathabodyaswellasamind.Timeofrecreationisnecessary,Igrant,andthink $  asnecessaryforscholarsthatarescholarsindeed,Imeangoodstudents,asitisforany.Yet,he t  argues, inmyopinionitwerenotfitforthemtoplayatstoolballamongwenches,noratmum `  chanceandmaw[acardgame]withidleloosecompanions,norattrunks[asortofbagatelle]inguild L  halls,nortodanceaboutthemaypole,nortorifle[gamblewithdice]inalehouses,nortocarousein 8  taverns,nortoroborchards.Stoolballwasasortofcricket,anEastergameplayedbetweenmenand $ womenwith,asstake,apuddingoromeletflavoredwithtansyjuiceinmemoryofthePassoverbitter  herbs.    Nowin1592thequeenwasagainatOxford,andasshewasleavingshesentfortheheadsof  housesandothers.Thenshe schooledDoctorRainoldsforhisobstinatepreciseness,willinghimto p followherlawsandnotrunbeforethem. \   YetdespitehisstrictnessRainoldswascreditedwith asweetgiftinpreachingandasharp H andnimblewit.Patientandfullofvigor,heconversedwithyoungstudents sofamiliarlyandso 4 profitablythatwhatsoever,howoftensoever,howmuchsoevermendesiredtolearnfromhiminany   kindofknowledge,theycoulddailydrawitfromhismouth asaneverspringingandneverfailing p  well. \   In1593hebecameDeanofLincoln,andsixyearslaterhechangedplaceswiththetroubled H presidentofCorpusChristiCollege.Therehesetabouttoreducealongturmoilandtorepairand 4  makelovelythechancel,thelibrary,thehall;alsotoimprovethescholarshipsandchaplainships.  !  Ourcommons,hesaidofthecollege, areIconfessinmanyplacesslenderandshortofthatwhich  " ourgoodfoundersmeantforus,whichhathrisenthroughthewantoffaithfulstewards,yetnowhere " isitsoscantasthatweareenforcedtogatherherbstomakepottage,ortofeedonafewbarley #  leaves.Hecomplainedratherofheadswhotookwhatwasmeantforothersanddevouredit, as $l! thoughourcollegesweremeantonlyforheads,notatallformembers.Insuchpleasforthewider %X" spreadingofgoodheshowedhimselfamanofsense. &D #   Indeed,asaPuritandeaninthecollegewherePuritanswerestrong,Rainoldsmellowed.He '0!$ wasgentleandpursuedwhathethoughtarighteousmean,wearingthesquarecapandthesurplice ("% andkneelingwhenhereceivedtheholybreadandwine.Socontentwashethathedeclinedthe l)#& queensoffertomakehimabishop.Hehadgraciouswordsinthesedaysevenforwomen: Think X*#' youthatyourwives,children,andservantshavenosouls,orthattheyaregiventhemonlyforthislife, D+$( insteadofsalt,tokeeptheirbodiesfromputrefying? 0,%)  @         Yet bitterwordsweredailyshotathiminthecontroversyofthetime,andin1602,ashe d walkedinLondon,inFinsburyFields anarrowwhethershotpurposelybysomeJesuitedpapistor P atrandom,felluponhisbreastbutenterednothisbody. <   Suchwastheman,simpleenoughatheart,whomKingJameshadaskedtoHamptonCourt (  asthe foremanofthePuritans,whothereasifonthespurofthemomentaskedthattheBiblebe   renderedafreshinEnglish,themanwhowasnowtohavealargeshareinthetask.Inspirithewas   anElizabethanartistinwordswhoaidednotonlyinfindinghappyphrasesandrhythmsbutinfixing   whatwasgoodintheGenevaversionandothersbeforeit.InhishandstheBiblewouldbesafe.  t   WithhimtoHamptonCourthadgonethebelovedLaurenceChaderton.Chadertonwasborn  ` about1537inLancashire,farfromRainoldsDevon.Hisfamily,likeRainolds,wasCatholic,and L  hisfatherwaswealthyenoughtotrusttheboysearlyeducationtotutorswhoallowedhimtospend 8  histimeincountrysports.Thenanableandlearnedtutorgavehimgoodpapisttrainingandtried,in $  accordancewiththefatherswish,topushhimintolaw.ButbeforetheInnsofCourtcameChrist t  College,Cambridge;therethePuritanswerestrongandyoungChadertonbecameaconvert. `    HisfatherwrotetoofferhimthirtypoundsayeartoquitCambridge: SonLaurence,ifyou L  willrenouncethenewsectwhichyouhavejoined,youmayexpectallthehappinesswhichthecare 8  ofanindulgentfathercanassureyou;otherwise,Iencloseashillingtobuyawallet.Goandbeg. $   WithquietcourageLaurencerefusedthismelodramaticoffer,choosingtogoonasaPuritan,  andobtainingascholarship.Heekedouthismeanswithsometeaching,andhisfathermayhave  helpedhimalittleinspiteofthethreat.    AtCambridgeChadertonstudiedLatin,Greek,andHebrew,learnedFrench,Italian,and p Spanish,andindulgedatasteforbotany.MorerobustthanRainolds,heengagedwithvigorinTown \ andGownfights,yetwasalsograve,learned,andpious,withastrictregardfortheSabbath.Hewas H creditedwithaplainbutcogentwayofpreachingandafirmdislikeofArminianism,whichsetup 4 freewillagainstfreegraceandtaughtthatpredestinationisconditional,notabsolute.AtSt.   Clements,Cambridge,hestartedaseriesofafternoonlecturesorsermonsthatcontinuedforfifty p  years. \   HealsopreachedatPaulsCross,whichlongstoodinthenortheastpartofSt.Pauls H churchyard,intheanglebetweenthechoirandthenorthtransept.HereitwasthattheTyndaleBible 4  wasburned.Youmaylookinvainforthislandmarknow,fortheytoreitdowninthedaysofthe  ! LongParliament.  "   In1576ChadertonhadtochoosebetweenhisCambridgefellowshipandmarriage.He " resignedinordertomarryCecilia,daughterofNicholasCulverwell,thequeenswinemerchant.It #  wasalong,happyunion,withonedaughter.FewofthosewhorevisedtheBibleforKingJameshad $l! wives.Chadertonsdomesticarrangementsincludedservants,towhomhewassaidtobekind;thus %X" heneverkeptaservantfrompublicworshiptocookvictuals,saying, Idesireasmuchtohavemy &D # servantsknowtheLordasmyself.Yetifaservantwasatanytimegiventolyingoranyotheropen '0!$ vice, hewouldnotsufferhertoremaininhishousethoughshedoeversomuchwork.Besidesthis ("% fittingconcernforthesoulsandmoralsofthosewhoservedhim,Chadertonwascreditedwith l)#& showing alivingaffectionforthepoor,whichisacertaintokenofasoundChristian. X*#'   ThePuritansaskedbothwordsandworks,andintheirconflictwiththeEstablishmentover D+$( preachingversusforms,theyhadagreatdesireforapreachingclergyoftheirown.AtSt.Pauls 0,%) Chadertonhadcomplained,asthePuritanscommonlydid,against thosewhoservemortalandsinful d menwithsimony,flatteringwords,andservileobedience,notlawfullytoobtainoneroominthe P vineyardoftheLord,buttwo,three,fourormoreplaces!meaningthoseoftheclergywhoheld < twoormorelivingsatonce.Where,heasked, arethelipso theministerswhichdopreserve (  knowledge,orthosemessengersofGod,atwhosemouthsHispoorpeopleshouldseekHislaw?Nay   rather,wherearenotwholeswarmso idle,ignorantandungodlycuratesandreaderswhoneithercan   norwillgobeforethedearflockofChristinsoundnessofdoctrineandintegrityoflife?     In1583SirWalterMildmay,brother-in-lawofWalsingham,treasurerofthequeens  t household,andadefenderofthePuritansintheirbattlewiththebishops,offeredtofoundEmmanuel  ` CollegeifChadertonwouldbeitshead.TheplanwasforthefellowsofEmmanuelnottostayinthe L  collegeatpeacewiththeirendlessstudies,astoomanydid,buttogooutandspreadknowledgein 8  allpartsofthecountry.Afterthecollegeopened,thequeensaidtoMild-may, SirWalter,Ihearyou $  haveerectedaPuritanfoundation.Hereplied, No,madam,farbeitfrommetocountenance t  anythingcontrarytoyourestablishedlaws,butIhavesetanacornwhich,whenitbecomesanoak, `  Godaloneknowswhatwillbethefruitthereof. L    Chadertonhimselfdeclaredadozenyearslaterthathe neitherpubliclynorprivatelyspake 8  anythingeitheroutofastudyofcontradictionorwithanykindofspeakingevilofanyman,butonly $ publiclytobackanddefendthetruedoctrineoftheChurchofEngland.Thoughhefeltmostfriendly  towardtheextremePuritanparty,hehadnoscruplesaboutthesignofthecrossinbaptismandother  disputedforms,andneverseparatedhimselffromthedisciplinesoftheChurchortheauthorityofthe  law.WhenhighchurchcriticscomplainedthatcommunicantssatduringtheLordsSupperin p EmmanuelCollege,hesaidthatitwasdifficulttokneelbyreasonoftheseatsbeingplacedasthey \ were,butthattheyhadsomekneeling. H   SomeonehadsaidthataPuritanwas aProtestantfrayedoutofhiswits,butsuchmenas 4 RainoldsandChadertonwerenoteasilyfrayed.Iftheycouldnotresolvethedifferencesthatdivided   themfromthosewhoclungtotheoldforms,theycouldfindwaystoworkandpointsofagreement. p  AboutarightEnglishBible,groundedonawiderangeoflearning,therecouldbenorealdispute.It \ couldhelpthemanywithknowledge. H   SuchaBiblewouldhaveroomforallpersuasionsamongthecountlessshadesofstrife,from 4  theBrownistswhomnonedefendedtothosewhounderBishopBancroftwieldedthehugewillful  ! strengthofmenentrenchedinpower.Thestrugglewiththeselastwasthirtyyearsoldandwouldgo  " onuntilsomeofthosewhowantedtocleansetheChurchwouldsailacrosstheseaasPilgrims.But " first,forthenewBible,thestrifebetweenfactionswouldbehealthy.TheBiblehasalwaysthrived #  onturmoil. $l!   ThoughtheirdifferencesliketheirskillswereElizabethan,thoseoftheseveralsideswho %X" joinedintheworkwouldproduceamasterpiecetotranscendtheirage.Withnicebalancetheyput &D # muchofthemselvesandthebackgroundofthetimesintoit,whilealsokeepingmuchofthemselves '0!$ andtheirbackgroundoutofit. ("%   ThatthosewhoworkedonthenewBiblehadvariedpointsofviewwas,then,tobeno l)#& stumblingblockbutinsteadtoinsureitshavingsomethingforall.Wemayregretthatthelearned X*#' translatorsweredividedbynoNwiderdifferences:therewereamongthemnoRomanCatholics, D+$( Jews,orwomen.TheyweremaleProtestants,roughlyorsmoothlywithintheChurchofEngland,and 0,%) Q! Q e Q  assuchtheythoughtincertaingrooves.Themarvelisthattheydidsowell.   GXX    +V&  Ї 0+$ #  v   CHAPTER4 : TheWestminsterGroups ^ q #XX Gq#  Thelearnedmenarrangedtocarryontheirworkoftranslationingroupsconvenienttothe   otherdutieswhich,formanyofthem,camefirst.Thereweresixgroups:twoatWestminster,onefor l  theOldTestamentandonefortheNew;twoatOxford,oneforeachTestament;andtwoat X  Cambridge,onefortheOldTestamentandonefortheApocrypha. D    TheWestminstergroupoftheOldTestamentwasheadedbyLancelotAndrewes,andmetin 0  hispleasantdeanery.ItincludedJohnOverall,DeanofSt.Pauls;HadrianSaravia,JohnLayfield, l  RobertTigue,FrancisBurleigh,JeffreyKing,RichardThomson,WilliamBed-well,andRichard X  Clarke,allHebrewscholars,greaterorlesser.Ishallpresentherethechiefofthesemenandtell D  brieflyoftherestinapostscriptattheendofthisbook. 0    JohnOverall,sonofGeorgeOverall,wasbaptizedinthecloth-makingvillageofHadleigh,  Suffolk,somefiftymilesfromLondon,March2,1560.Withinalittleoverayearheappearstohave  beenanorphan.AttheHadleighgrammarschoolhewasasizar,orpoorstudent,whoservedthe  masterforhisboardandlodging.TwoorthreeyearslaterhemovedonwiththemastertoTrinity  College.Graveandhandsome,hewasin1592vicaratEpping,beyondEppingForest,inEssex.In | 1596herosetotheroyalchairofdivinityatCambridge.Twoyearslater,aftersomeconflictabout h thechoice,hebecame,atthequeensbehest.MasterofCatherineHallthere.Foronewhohadbeen T apoorboyitwasaveryrapidadvance. @   Yetfromthis,advancementwastocome.In1602thequeen,ontheurgingofSirPhilip ,| Sidneysfriend,SirFulkeGreville,madeOverallDeanofSt.Pauls.Heofcourseretainedhispost h atCambridge. T   AtthattimeSt.Paulswasapeculiarproblem,itsstateonefarfromidealgrace.Thenave, @ calledPaulsWalk,hadlongbeenameetingandtradingplaceforallsortsofrough,noisypeople. , Inanuproarlikethatofswarmingbees,menandwomenthrongedtheretoexchangenews,tobuyand  sellhorses,servants,andallkindsofthings,topickpocketsandtoconcoctlawlessschemes.Itwas  aplacewherefopsshowedoffandwomenfromthestreetssought,found,andbargainedwithmen.   ThomasDekkerwroteofthescene: ! 8  Whatswaggering,whatfacingandoutfacing.Whatshuffling,whatshouldering,what d#  justling,whatjeering,whatbytingofthumbstobegetquarrels,whatholdinguppeof P$! fingertorememberdrunkenmeetings,whatbravingwithfeathers,whatbeardingwith <% " mustachoes,whatcastingopenofcloakestopublishnewclothes,whatmufflingin (&x!# cloakestohydebrokenelbows...suchtramplingupanddowne,suchspelling,such 'd"$ halking,andsuchhumming(everymanslipsmakinganoise,yetnotawordtobe (P#% understoode)...footebyfoote,andelbowbyelbow,shallyouseewalkingthe (<$& Knight,theGull,theGallant,theupstart,theGentleman,theClowne,theCaptaine, )(%' theApple-squire(pander),theLawyer,theUsurer,theCitizen,theBankerout,the *&( Scholler,theBegger,theDoctor,theIdeot,theRuffian,theChoater,thePuritan,the +') Cutthroat,theHye-man,theLow-men,theTrue-man,andtheThiefe...whilst d devotionkneelesatherprayers,dothprophanationwalkunderhernoseincontempt P ofReligion.<     IndeeditseemedthatinPaulsWalkalltheevilfolkmentionedintheBiblerambledand   strutted.Therethejostling,theshuffling,theswearing,theconeycatching,thesquealsandshrieks   andguffaws,thewholesmellyhubbub,becamesoscandalousthatShakespeareinHenryIV,PartII,   andBenJonsoninEveryManinHisHumour,makereferencetothisprofanation.  t   PartofOverallsworkasdeanwastocleanupthismessytraffic.Thishedidratherquickly,  ` foratimeatleast,whileherodebetweenLondonandCambridge.Healsoextendedhis L  responsibilitiesbygettingforhimselfthelivingsatAlgarkirkinLincolnshireandClothalin 8  Hertfordshire.HewasoneofthosecondemnedbyChadertonandothersforbeing pluralparsons $  withseveralincomes. t    Nowattheageofforty-four,justbeforehebecameaBibletranslator,hefeltabletosupport `  awife.OnApril16,1604,atMitcham,Surrey,hemarriedthelovelyAnne,daughterofEdward L  OrwellofChristChurch,London.Called thegreatestbeautyofhertimeinEngland,shewasthe 8  mostrecentbrideamongthelearnedmenastheBibletranslationgotunderway.Beforeitwasdone, $ herflightyconductwouldoccasiongossip.    WhyOverallwasplacedintheHebrewgroupatWestminsterisunclear,forheknewlittleof  thatlanguage,beingmainlyaLatinscholar.Fullerwroteofhimthatonhisappointmenttopreach  beforethequeen, heprofessed...thathehadspokenLatinsolong,itwastroublesometospeak p Englishinacontinuedoration.Withnogreatfondnessforpreaching,hewascontenttoquotethe \ churchfathers,andingeneralhisviewsmadehim adiscreetpresserofconformity.Thushewrote, H  Ifanymanshallthereforeaffirmthat...allcivilpower,jurisdiction,andauthoritywasfirstderived 4 fromthepeopleanddisorderedmultitude,oreitherisoriginallystillinthemorelsededucedbytheir   consents,naturallyfromthem,andisnotGodsordinanceoriginallydescendingfromHimand p  dependinguponHim,hedothgreatlyerr.ClearlyOverallhadnouseforanysenseof \ commonwealth,nobeliefthatthepeopleofthemselvescouldevolvegovernment. H   AskedbytheEarlofEssexwhetheramanmightlawfullyenjoyrecreationupontheSabbath 4  aftereveningprayer.Overallthoughtthathemight"thatitwas necessarythatbothbodyandmind  ! shouldhaverecreation,thatamanmaybesotediousandwornoutintheserviceofGodthathemay  " notbefitforGodsservice.Thusthedean,withallhisduties,seemstohavethoughtthatserving " Godmightbewearing.YetwhilehewasvicaratEppinghehadwrittenofacommontheological #  pointwithsimplicityandalmostevangelicalzeal: Iwasrequestedtocomevisitsomeofmyparish $l! thatweresick,andcomingIfoundthemsickerinmindthanbody.Thethingthattroubledtheir %X" minds,sotheysaid,wasthis.TheycouldnotbepersuadedthatChristdiedforthem.Wherein,having &D # bythecomfortsofthegospel,asIthoughtbest,somewhateasedandpersuadedthem,Itookoccasion '0!$ afterwardinmysermon,fortheirsakes,tohandlethispoint...Christdiedforallmensufficiently, ("% forthebelieveronlyeffectually,asthesunthatshinethsufficientlytogivelighttoall,thoughitdoth l)#& iteffectuallyonlytothemthatopentheireyes;aswaterthatissufficienttoquenchallthethirsty,but X*#' dothitonlytothemthatdrinkit;asphysicthatissufficienttocureallmaladies,butdothiteffectually D+$( onlywhereitisapplied.SoChrist,thesumofrighteousness,thewateroflife,theheavenly 0,%) medicine. d   WemaydiscountsomeofthepraiseofOverallbecauseitisofthekindthatthefloridwriters P abouttheseElizabethanworthiesgavefreelytoall.Yethewasaprodigiouslearnedman,theysaid, < learnedandjudicious,withastrongbraintoimprovehisgreatreading,andaccountedoneofthemost (  learned,controversialdivinesofhisday,oneofthemostprofoundoftheEnglishnation.     AsatranslatoritwaseasyforOveralltogofromSt.PaulstoWestminster,atrifleovertwo   miles.HecouldhavegonebyroadorbyThamesriverboat.St.PaulswasunderRichardBancroft,   BishopofLondon.Towhatextenttheambitiousbishopandthesuccessfuldeanwerejealousofeach  t othercanonlybesurmised,butOverallseemstohavebeenenoughintheBancroftpartytorisewith  ` him.Hemadehimselfdeeplyusefultothebishopsbypreparingagreatvolumeofcanons. L    LikeAndrewesandOverall,Dr.HadrianSaraviaapprovedthedivinerightofkingsandthe 8  Augustfunctionsofbishops.KingJamesandBishopBancroftmusthavefoundhimawhollysafe $  man,soundindoctrineandpractice.Hewas aterriblehighchurchman,onetoexudethericherairs t  ofEurope,forhewasamongthefewlearnedmenofforeignbirthandtraining.BorninArtoisin1531 `  andthereforetheoldesttranslator,SaraviahadafatherofSpanishdescentandaFlemishmother. L  BothhadbecomeProtestants,sohehadnopopishchildhoodtooutgrow. 8    AftertrainingfortheChurchintheLowCountries,Saraviatookpartindrawingupthe $ WalloonconfessionoffaithandfoundedtheWalloonchurchinBrussels.Copiesoftheconfession  weregiventothePrinceofOrangeandtoCountEgmont,theleadersoftheLowCountries  Protestants,onbehalfoftheCalvinists.AtLeyden,Saraviawasprofessorofdivinityintheuniversity  andreceivedthedegreeofdoctorofdivinitywhilehewaspastoroftheFrenchReformedChurch p there.NolinkappearsbetweenhimandthePilgrimsorBrownistswhofledfromEnglandtoHolland \ andlatersailedfromLeydentoPlymouth,Massachusetts,afterSaraviahadlefttheLowCountries. H   BeforereachingEnglandSaraviawaspastorofachurchatGuernseyintheChannelIslands. 4 Oxfordgavehimthedoctorofdivinitydegreein1590.There,whileservingasvicarofLewisham   inKent,hewasaprebendofCanterbury,Worcester,andWestminster.HisgreatfriendwasRichard p  Hooker,Rainoldsstudent,whotriedtolessenconflictsandbecameknownastheseekerforthe \ goldenmean.IzaacWaltonwrotethat thosetwoexcellentpersonsbeganaholyfriendshipincreasing H dailytosohighandholyaffectionthattheirtwowillsseemedtobebutoneandthesame....They 4  weresupposedtobeconfessorstoeachother.  !   MuchofSaraviaswritingisinLatin,butinplainEnglishhemaintainedtheauthorityofthe  " bishopsbyapostolicwarrant,andhis TreatiseontheDifferentDegreesoftheChristianPriesthood, " publishedin1590.maintainedthat byapostlesaremeantbishops,withTitusandTimotheusintheir #  turncreatedbishopsbydivinelyauthorizedordination.HewarnedtheclergyofGuernseythatto $l! overthrowthisprimitivepolitywas notsomuchtoreformastodeform,andexplainedthat a %X" soundformofgovernmentdoesnotallowalltohaveequalauthorityforgoverning.Clearlyhewas &D # amanwhodislikedchangeanddistrustednovelty. '0!$   Thus,writingofthegreatvalueoftheuniversities,hesaidthatwithouttheseseminariesof ("% alllearningandvirtue, therefinementsofsocietyandcivilizationgenerallywouldvanish,andleave l)#& mankindtorelapseintothatwildstateofthesavagesofAmerica.Onlythreeofthelearnedmen X*#' seemtohavementionedAmerica,thensovastlyunknown,andSaraviaappearstohavelookedupon D+$( theNewWorldwithdistasteandhorror. 0,%)   AyoungermemberoftheHebrewgroupatWestminster,Dr.JohnLayfield,hadactuallygone d outwiththosedaringmenwhoenlargedEnglandspridebyvoyagetolandsbeyondtheseas. P Layfield,afellowofTrinityCollege,Cambridge,faredforthtotheWestIndiesaschaplaintothe < thirdEarlofCumberland. (    Dr.Layfieldenjoyedtheflauntingcolorsofthetropics,anddescribedwithchildlikedelight   whathesawontheislandswherehelanded.Hisisthesolereallymundanewritingthatwehaveby   anyofthetranslators;hewasearthywherealltherestwerelofty.Hislongaccountofthevoyageto   PuertoRicomaybereadinPurchas,HisPilgrims.  t   Thevoyagewasmadeinaspringlateinthe1590's,somesay1596,others1598.InMayat  ` theislandofDominicaLayfieldwrote: Bytwointheafternoonwewerecomesonearabroadthe L  shorethatweweremetwithmanycanoesmannedwithmenwhollynaked,savingthattheyhad 8  chainsandbraceletsandsomebodkinsintheirears,orsomestrapintheirnostrilsorlips....They $  aremenofgoodproportions,strongandlightlimbed,butfewofthemtall,theirwitsabletodirect t  themtothingsbodilyprofitable....Theyhavewickersplattedsomethinglikeabroadshieldto `  defendtherain,theythatwanttheseuseaverybroadleafforthatpurpose.Theyprovideshelter L  againsttherainbecauseitwashethofftheirredpainting,laidsoonthatifyoutouchityoushallfind 8  itonyourfingers....Theysawtheirwomenasnakedaswehadseentheirmenandalikeattiredeven $ totheboringoftheirlipsandears.Yetinthatnakednesstheydiscoveredsomesparksofmodesty,  notwillinglycominginthesightofstrangeandapparelledmen,andwhentheydidcomebusyto  coverwhatshouldhavebeenbettercovered....    Thoughwecanprovenothingbymerediction,therearemanywordsinthispassagethatare p foundintheKingJamesBible:apparel,attired,discovered,nakedness,boringears,covered, \ profitable.TherhythmsofLayfieldalsomayremindusfaintlyofthoseinthebooksonwhichhe H labored. 4   Thesoilisveryfat,hewrote, eveninthemostneglectedplacesmatchingthegardenplats   inEnglandforarichblackmold;somountainous(certainintheplaceswherewecamenearthesea p  coasts)thatthevalleysmaybetterbecalledpitsthanplains,andwithallsoimpassablywoodedthat \ itismarveloushowthosenakedsoulscanbeabletopullthemselvesthroughthemwithoutrenting H theirnaturalclothes....Thesehillsareapparelledwithverygoodlytreesofmanysorts.Thetall-ness 4  oftheseunrequestedtreesmakesthehillsseemmorehillythanofthemselveshappilytheyare;for  ! theygrowsolikegoodchildrenofsomehappycivilbody,withoutenvyoroppression,asthatthey  " looklikeaproudmeadowaboutOxford,whenaftersomeeruptionThamesisagaincouchedlow " withinhisownbanks,leavingtheearthsmantlemoreruggedandflakythenotherwiseitwouldhave #  been. $l!   OfPuertoRicohewrote: Thesoldierswhichwerefoundtolieabroadinthefields,whenthey %X" awakedfoundasmuchoftheirbodiesaslayupwardstobeverywet....Awolvishkindofwilddogs &D # whicharebredinthewoodsandtheredogoingreatcompaniestogether...liveoffcrabs...an '0!$ animal,alivingandsensiblecreature...thesewoodsarefullofthosecrabs....Parrotsand ("% parakeetsarehere...Ihaveordinarilyseenthemflyinflocks.... l)#&   MorethanLancelotAndreweseven,Layfieldobserveddetailsandsetthemdown.About X*#' plantshewasexactandcharming. D+$(  0,%)  'S@'  o S o S  8  Awoodypineappleisofanexceedingduranceandlasting.Thetasteofthisfruitis d verydelicious,soasitquicklybreedethafullness.ForIcannotlikeitinthepalateto P any(methinks)betterthantoveryripestrawberriesandcream,theratherifaman < hathalreadyeatenalmosthisbellyfull....Itgrowethuponabushlikeanartichoke.(      Aboutdrinks,whichintriguedallElizabethans,hesaid: TheSpaniardhathtwo...sortsof   drink,theonecalledGuacapomadeofmolasses(thatisthecoarsestoftheirsugar)andsomespices;   theotherkind,andusedbythebettersortofthem,iscalledAlowhichisakindofBragget(honey  t andalefermentedtogether)withmanyhotspices....Ofcassavajuicehewrote: Sodden,thereis  ` madeaprettykindofdrinksomewhatlikesmallale.Thisisthewritingofonewhoimbibedallthe L  drinkswithtasteandgoodcheer.ConceivablyhelaterrelishedfixinginEnglishtheBiblepassages 8  aboutdrinking. $    Thestrangeplantainsimpressedhim. Theseplantainsareafruitwhichgrowonashrub t  betweenanherbandatree;butitiscommonlycalledatreeoftheheightofaman,thestemofitas `  bigasamansthigh,thefruititselfofthebignessandshapeofagoatshorn,itgrowethyellowish L  andmellowbeingripeeitheruponthetreeorwithkeeping,andtheneatenraworroasteditisagood 8  meat,comingneartotherelishofanApple-john[anewwordwhenLayfieldwrote]oradusonthat $ hathbeenkepttillitisover-ripe,savingthatmethoughtIstillfoundsometasteofarootinit,themeat  ofitislappedupinathinskin,whichbeingscoredthelongwaywithaknife,deliverethwhatis  withinit....Thatisanearlyrecordofthebanana,awordwhichdatesfrom1597.    TheirYervawillnothavemeforgetit.Thisherbisalittlecontemptibleweedtolookupon, p withalongwoodstalkcreepingupontheground,andseldomliftingitselfaboveahandfulhighon \ theground.Butithathapropertywhichconfoundethmyunderstanding,andperhapswillseem H strangeinthewayofphilosophers,whohavedeniedeverypartofsensetoanyplant;yetthiscertainly 4 seemethtohavefeeling.Forifyoulayyourfingerorastickupontheleavesofit,notonlythatvery   piecewhichyoutouchedbutthatthatisneartoitwillcontractitselfandruntogether,asifitwere p  presentlydeadandwithered,notonlytheleavesbuttheverysprigs,beingtouched,willso \ disdainfullywithdrawthemselves,asiftheywouldslipthemselvesratherthanbetouched,inwhich H statebothleafandsprigwillcontinueagoodwhile,beforeitreturntotheformergreatand 4  flourishingform,andtheysaythatsolongasthepartywhichtoucheditstandethbyit,itwillnot  ! open,butafterhisdepartureitwill....Itmustbemorethansense,whencesuchasullennesscan  " proceed. "   Thatiseasy,zestfulwriting,fairlydirectthoughloose.Compareitwiththesimple,exact,firm #  accountsofthetempleandtabernacleinExodusandIKings.OfDr.Layfielditissaidthat being $l! skilledinarchitecture,hisjudgmentwasmuchreliedonforthefabricofthetabernacleandtemple. #  5      ׀ %X"   In1602Dr.LayfieldbecamerectorofagreatLondonchurch,St.ClementDanes,which &D # standsamidapartingofthetrafficintheStrand.There,nearwherethelearnedmenworkedonthe '0!$ BibleatWestminster,hestayedforyears. d   LikeDeanOverall,notlongbeforethetranslatingbegananddoubtlessbecausehetoohad P achievedagoodliving,Layfieldletromanceintohislife.OnJanuary22,1603,JohnLayfield,aged < forty,waslicensedtomarryElizabeth,widowofJohnBrickett.Sheseemsatoncetohavemeltedinto (  hisbackground,forwehavenofurthermentionofher.WhenLayfieldneededmoremoney,Thomas   Cecil,EarlofExeter,wrotetohishalfbrother,RobertCecil,EarlofSalisbury,askingthatthelatter   givethelivingatGravelytohis wellworthychaplain.Dr.Layfield.Thereisnorecordshowing   whetherhegottheplace.  t   AnotheroftheyoungermenintheWestminsterHebrewgroup,RichardThomson,called  `  DutchThomson,wasborninHollandofEnglishparents.In1587hetookhisB.A.atClareHall, L  Cambridge,andhereceivedhisM.A.degreefrombothCambridgeandOxford.Hislivingwasat 8  Snailwell,Cambridgeshire.LaterhissponsorwasSirRobertKilligrew.Agreatinterpreterof $  MartialsLatinepigrams,hewasalsocalleda grandpropagatorofArminianism,theanti-Calvinist t  wayofthoughtdevelopedinHolland. `    Prynnesaidhewas adebaucheddrunkenEnglishDutchmanwhoseldomwenttobedone L  nightsober.YetRichardMontaguecalledhim amostadmirablephilologer.Fewdivineswere 8  aversetodrinking,andfewwhollyabstainedfromit. DutchThomsonistheonlyoneofthelearned $ mentowhomanyreferredasdrunken.Butifhehadwhatothersmayhavethoughttoomuchbynight,  hearoseinthemorningwithhisheadclearenoughtogoforwardcompetentlywiththedayswork.    WilliamBedwellwasafarmorefamousscholarinEngland,wherehewasthefatherof  Arabicstudies.Arabicheheldtobethe onlylanguageofreligionaswellasthechieflanguageof p diplomacyandbusiness, fromtheFortunateIslandstotheChinaSeas.Bornin1562,Bed-wellwas \ ofTrinityCollege,Cambridge,andtraveledinHolland,wherehewenttoLeydentoseetheArabic H collectionsofScaliger,thefamouslinguist.In1601hewasrectorofSt.EthelburghsinBishopsgate 4 Street,London.NotonlyanOrientalscholar,hewasamathematician,withanotablelibraryofbooks   onmathematicsandastronomy. p    Inahackworkcalled TheSurveyandAntiquityoftheTownsofStamford...and \ TottenhamHighCross,hedescribedthetownofTottenhamas compoundedofaquadrateand H triangle,whichkindoffigureisofEuclidandhisscholarsbothGreeksandLatinscalled 4  trape-soiden.  !   StillodderwritingmaybefoundinhisMahometUnmaskedandhisArabianTrudgman.A  " trudgman,hesaid, signifiethaninterpreter.Butsomeofhisinterpretationsmaybequestioned:thus " hesaidof sarrha,serra,orastheSpaniardsdopronounceitsierra,adesertplace,awilderness. #  Sahara:thestonycountry,thesands;thesamealmostthatsarrais,thatisawildernessofdesert, $l! un-tilledanduninhabited,byreasonthatitisnothingbutrocksandoverspreadwithsand.Would %X" anymodemscholarconnectSaharawithsierra,whichmeansalongjaggedmountainchain,fromthe &D # Latinmeaning saw? '0!$   Amongthelearnedmenofcoursewerepreachersaswellasscholars.RichardClarke,afellow ("% ofChristsCollege,Cambridge,andvicarontheislandofThanet,beyondthemouthoftheThames, l)#& wasoneofthesixpreachersinCanterburyCathedral.Alsohepreachedinthefamousmetropolitan X*#' ChurchofChrist,Canterbury.Hissermonsshowtheshapeofhisthoughtandhispopularstyle: D+$(  Therearetwosortsofatheism,mentalandvocal...Ipardonthemouthatheist.Forhethatshall 0,%) R) R i R  openlysay.ThereisnoGod,willipsofactobethoughtbesidehimself.Orifheseemtohavehiswits,  yettheythathearhimwillabhorhim;theywillstoptheirearsagainsthisblasphemy,theywillhiss  athim,theywillspitathim;hisimpiousassertionshallnotstumbleanyone.Buttheheartatheistthat  saithGodis,butthinksitnot,andlivesaccordingly,ungodlily,unrighteously,unsoberly...hissin t isgreaterthanhishypocrisy. `   TheWestminsterHebrewgroupseemstohavebeenatrulybalancedteam.Itglowedwith L  ElizabethanfirethatranthroughAndrewes,thelinguistwithagoodtemper;Overall,theplugging 8  workman;Saravia,whohadsolidLeydentraining;Layfield,ofthesimplestyle,whohadvoyaged $ t toAmerica;Thomsonthemasterofwordroots;Bedwell,versedinEasterntongues;andClarke,the  ` zealouspreacher.These,withthelessermenofthegroup,couldsitdowninastoneroombythefire  L  anddiscussinplacid,capablefashionthebooksoftheBibletheyweretotranslate.  8    NearlyallthesemenatWestminsterwerefromthesouthofEngland,mostofthemholding $  livingsinornearLondon.Theyneededtobewithinadaysrideonhorsebackfromtheirplacesto   carryonthisspecialworkregularly.     Buttherethelikenessended,forallshadesofopinionweretobefoundamongthem. Dutch   ThomsontheArminiancamenaturallybyhisviews,butSaraviathehighchurchmanhadstudiedat   LeydenandwhatdidhethinkofJacobusArminius?StrictCalvinists,ofcourse,likedevenlessthe p Arminiansofteningofthedoctrineofpredestination,andatthistimetheconformistsintheEnglish \ ChurchwereperhapslessrabidthanthePuritans. H   Yetitisclearthatwhiletheyworkedtogether,atleast,theselearnedmenwithalltheirshades 4 ofdoctrineborewitheachother.IntheWestminsterHebrewgroupwerenonewhofoughtinthe  p open.TheycoulduniteintheirdesiretocontriveagoodandusefulBibleandtoconfirmthemselves  \ inthegoodwillofthekingandofBancroft,thestrongestmovingforceintheChurch.Atthesame H timetheyhadtheirowninnerurgestowardrewards"betterlivings,honors,addedmoney.How 4 couldtheyaffordtofightamongthemselves?     TheGreekgroupatWestminstertranslatedtheEpistles.TheirheadwasWilliamBarlow,   DeanofChester,whoseaccountoftheHamptonCourtparleyisourmainsourceforwhattookplace  there.AsChesterisalongwayfromLondon,Barlowmustoftenhavestayedawayfromhisduties  asdean.    WilliamBarlowhadstudiedatSt.JohnsCollege,Cambridge.HewasafellowatTrinityHall l in1590,andgrantedadegreeofdoctorofdivinityin1599.Meanwhilein1597hewasrectorofSt. X  DunstansintheEastinLondon.ChaplaintoArchbishopWhitgift,healsopreachedbeforethequeen D! asoneofherchaplains.Shepraisedhissermonontheplow,saying, Barlowstextmightseemtaken 0"  fromthecart,buthistalkmightteachallthecourt.Atthe1601convocationhepreachedafamous #l!  barleyloafsermonthatthePuritansmisliked.AtHamptonCourtheshowedthathemislikedthe $X" Puritans. $D #   AnimportanteventofhiscareerbeforehebegantotranslatetheBiblewashisroleatthe %0!$ executionoftheEarlofEssex,February23,1601.Threechaplains,ofwhomBarlowwasone,heard &"% thecondemnedlordrecitetheCreedonthescaffold,Essex,sotall,soyouthful-looking,soblond,clad '#& inscarlet,laydownandafteramomentgavethesignfortheendbythrustingouthisscarletarms.The (#' mightyaxemanthriceraisedtheaxeinamightycurveandthricesmasheditdown.Hewasso )$( frightenedthathefirstslashedtheearlthroughtheshoulder,thenthroughthehead,andatlastthrough |*%) theneckinafashionmostgrisly.Stooping,heliftedthebloodyhead,heldithighforalltosee,and h+&* roaredaswashisfinalduty, GodsavetheQueen! d   Aboutkingsandqueens,Barlowwasalwayssound.Thushewrote: Itistheprudenceofa P princewhichswayeththescepterasthesternguidestheship.Thekingsbody,hesaid,is sacred < byholyunction.Sacredprovidence,hedeclared, istokeepkingspersonsandtheirauthority (  sacred;thatis,freefromtouchofdisgrace,ordismayofterrorbyanyhumanpower.KingJames   greatlyapprovedofhim.     OthersinthisNewTestamentgroupwereJohnSpenser,RogerFenton,RalphHutchinson,   MichaelRabbett,ThomasSanderson,andWilliamDakins.  t   JohnSpenserhadmanylivings.SonofJohn,gent.,hewasborninSuffolkin1559.In1577  ` heearnedhisB.A.degreeatCorpusChristiCollege,Oxford,wherehereceivedhisdoctorofdivinity L  degreein1602.HewasrectorofAveleyandArdleigh,Essex,ofFeversham,Kent,ofSt.Sepulchres, 8  Newgate,andofBroxtourne,Hertfordshire,allcloseenoughtoeachotherforrelativelyeasytravel. $  HiswifewasasisterofGeorgeCranmer.AnotherclosefriendofRichardHooker,hewrotethe t  forewordtoHookersmostfamouswork.LawsofEcclesiasticalPolity.Spensersflowingstyle `  carriedfiguresofspeechtogreatlengths.InhissermonatPaulsCross, GodsLovetoHis L  Vineyard,heelaboratedonthecomparisonoftheChurchtoavinerootedinChrist,warningthe 8  Churchinelaboratemetaphorswhichrangedfromhorticulturetoclimate,fromfencingtoirrigation. $   RogerFenton,oneofthebrightyoungmenamongtheBiblescholars,wasborninLancashire  in1565andbecameafellowofPembrokeHall,Cambridge.In1601hewasrectorofSt.Stephens  Walbrook,andin1603rectorofSt.Benets,Sherehog.Sincein1604hewasalsochaplaintoSir  ThomasEdgerton,theLordChancellor,heappearstohavebeenfavoredbytheeliteofthestate.As p hasbeenobserved,manyofthetranslatorshadpatronsinhighplaces. \   FentonsmainprintedworkwasATreatiseonUsury,inwhichhedescribedwhathecalled H  theusuryofnature,thatmostimportantandprimitiveincreasewhichtheearthyieldethinfruitsunto 4 manforhisseedsown.Withthismanmustnotmeddle.Usuryintermsofinterestonloanswas   anothermatter;Fentondoubteditsvirtueevenforthebenefitofwidowsandorphans.Yet,thoughhe p  deploredthemultiplyingconeysofthisbranchoffinance,Fentonbecamethe painful,pious,learned \ andbelovedrectorofChigwell,inEssex"alivingmaintainedbythosewhoknewenoughtoinvest H wisely.Inotherwaysalsotheravenscameandthemannafellforhim,becausehehadfriendsamong 4  thelofty.  !   Whilethesermonsoftheseworthiesgatherdustontheirshelves,theEnglishBible,forusthe  " wordofourGod,standsforever.HowcouldsuchmenasBarlow,Spenser,andFentonhaverisento " theliteraryheightsreachedbytheKingJamesversion?Wemaysayinaweandinthewordswhich #  theysomiraculouslymanagedtochooseforSt.Paul, Iampersuaded,thatneitherdeath,norlife,nor $l! angels,norprincipalities,norpowers,northingspresent,northingstocome,norheight,nordepth, %X" noranyothercreature,shallbeabletoseparateusfromtheloveofGod,whichisinChristJesusour &D # Lord. '0!$  0,%) C+ C  C   GXX   CHAPTER5  TheOxfordGroups $t  #XX G#AtOxfordtheHebrewgroup,whichworkedontheMajorandtheMinorProphetsandon F  Lamentations,washeadedbyDr.JohnHarding,whohadjustrisentoberegiusprofessorofHebrew. 2  WithhimwereJohnRainolds,ThomasHolland,RichardKilby,MilesSmith,RichardBrett,William  n Thorne,andDanielFairclough.ThegrouphadfrequentmeetingsinRainoldsquartersatCorpus  Z ChristiCollege.  F   AmericansoftenfinditdifficulttounderstandthecollegesystemofOxfordandCambridge  2  universities.InthetimeofKingJames,andforlongbefore,eachcollegehaditsowndistinct   philosophyandwasnotmerelyaplaceforstudentstolivebutaunitinwhicheachonewithhis   specialleaningsmightfeelfairlyatease.Collegesdifferedinwayoflifeaswellasthought.Ahead   suchasRainoldsatCorpusChristimightsetthetone,butperhapsevenmoreheexpressedtraditions   longpresent,ordevelopingtrends. ~    Howthetranslatorsmayhavedifferedbecauseoftheircollegetiesisbeyondpresentseeking, j butwhatofOxforditself?Notlongbefore,theuniversityhadnurturedSirPhilipSidneyandSir V WalterRaleigh,andsuchnotableElizabethanwritersasJohnLyly,SirHenryWotton,Francis B Beaumont,andJohnDonne.GeorgeChapmanworkedatOxfordonhisHomer.AtChristChurch .~ College,since1599,youngRobertBurtonhadbeenwritinghismassive,magicAnatomyof j Melancholy.HowmuchdidOxfordsliteraryairinspirethetranslators? V   OnewhomayhavebeensoinspiredwasDr.ThomasHolland,whowasatonceurbaneand B hidebound,athoroughCalvinist,yetaprodigyinliterature.BorninShropshireabout1538,Holland . wasoneoftheoldertranslators.HetraveledabroadbuttookhisdegreeatExeterCollege,ofwhich  hebecamemasterin1592.Althoughheoftenrefusedtoactinaccordwithformsandrules,he  opposedanynoveldoctrinesorwaysofworship.Inpublichemaintained"incontrastwiththeviews  ofDr.HadrianSaraviaandofBishopBancroft"thatbishopswerenodistinctorderfrompresbyters  (eldersorclergyofasecondrank)andnotatallsuperiortothem.Butthebishopslethimalone,as z justDr.Hollandandharmless"arenownedoldcodgerwhomallOxfordloved. f   OfHollanditwassaidthathewas sofamiliarlyacquaintedwiththefathersasifhimselfhad R  beenoneofthem,andsoversedintheschoolmenasifheweretheseraphicdoctor,and so >! celebratedforhispreaching,reading,disputing,moderating,andallotherexcellentqualificationsthat *"z allwhoknewhimcommendedhim,andallwhoheardofhimadmiredhim.Evenwhilehelabored #f  ontheBiblehegavemuchtimetoferventprayersandmeditations,withanever-growingardorfor $R! heaven.Hisfarewelltohisfellows,whenhewentonanylongjourney,was!inLatin! Icommend $> " youtotheloveofGod,andtothehatredofpoperyandsuperstition. %*!#   RainoldsthePuritan,whomwealreadyknowasthefatherofthenewBible,wouldhavehad &"$ littleuseforLylyorBeaumontoranyOxforddramatist.Wehaveseenhowherepudiatedhisown '#% youthfulplayacting.AnotherseriousscholarwithhismindonsermonswasRichardKilby,whoalso (#& soughttoescapetheerrorsofhispast.KilbywasbornofhumbleparentsatRatcliffeontheWreake, )$' inLeicestershire.HewenttoLincolnCollege,Oxford,wherehebecameafellow,thenrectorin1590, v*%( andadoctorofdivinityin1596.Herepairedthelibrarythere,makingnewshelving,andgaveitmany b+&) ofhisownbooks.In1601hewasaprebendofWestminsterAbbey. d   Inhissermonon TheBurdenofaLoadenConscience,Kilbyimpliedthathehadlikedto P sin,andhadthecommonprideathavingbeenasinner,likeamodernreformeddrunkard.Speaking < ofwhathecalledhis reprobateheart,whichbeingutterlyhardenedinsin,andvoidofrepentance, (  causethmetoheapwrathuponwrathandvengeanceuponvengeancetotheincreasingofmine   over-lastingtormentsinhellfire,hepleaded, allmannerofpeople,youngandold,takeheedbyme.   HavenomoreGodsbutone.     For,hecontinued, ConsiderwellwhatHehathdoneforyou.Hemadeyouatthefirstlike  t untoHimself,inwisdomandholiness,andwhenyouwerebysinmadelikethedevil,andmust  ` thereforehavebeencondemnedtohelltorments,GodsentHisonlysonwhotakinguntohimabody L  andsoul,wasamanandsufferedgreatwrongandshamefuldeath,tosecureyourpardon,andtobuy 8  yououtofthedevilsbondage,thatyemightberenewedtothelikenessofGod...totheendyemight $  befittokeepcompanywithallsaintsinthejoysofheaven.TodayKilbywouldbepreachinga t  revivalistgospel. `    Inthesamesermonhequotedhisownbedtimeprayer,inwhichheabasedhimselfandatthe L  sametimeseemedconfidentthathewouldbeallright: OmostmightyandmostgraciousLordGod, 8  I,wretchedman,theworstoftheworld,docryThymercyforallmysins,whichthisdayoratany $ timehavecomeoutofmyheart,bywayofword,deedorthought.IheartilythankTheeforallthe  blessingswhichThouhasgraciouslyandplentifullygivenme....Heendedwithablanketpetition:   Bemerciful...untoallthoseforwhomIoughttopray.    Kilbyalsoleftussomeverses,whichyouwillfindinnovolumeofgreatElizabethanpoems: p   Withtruth,repentanceandrightfaith H Mineheartandsoulfulfil, 4 ThatImayhateallwickedness,   AndcleavefasttoThywill. p  gYetthereissomegroundforthinkingthatKilbywasamongthemoreprecisetranslators,astickler H fortherightword,therightphrase.Hisplain,directprosestylemayhaveservedthoseOldTestament 4  prophetswhoinEnglishneededsomethingofhissimpleglow.Wemaythinkofhimas  ! well-equippedtorenderthedirgesintheLamentations,withtheiroccasionalwordstoliftusoutof  " despair. ItisgoodthatamanshouldbothhopeandquietlywaitforthesalvationoftheLord.... " ThoudrewestnearinthedaythatIcalleduponThee;Thousaidst.Fearnot. #    MilesSmithofthisOxfordgroupwasperhapsthemostusefulofallthelearnedmen.Inthe $l! endhewentoverthewholeBibleasaneditor,takingthegreatestpainsfromfirsttolast.Hewrote %X" theprefaceonceprintedinallKingJamesBibles,whichdeservesmorereadingtodayandoughtto &D # beboundintocurrenteditions.YetSmith wasneverheardtospeakoftheworkwithanyattribution '0!$ tohimselfmorethantherest,andhewroteofhisfellowtranslators, Thereweremanychosenthat ("% weregreaterinothermenseyesthanintheirownandthatsoughtthetruthratherthantheirown l)#& praise. X*#'   LikeJohnRainolds,SmithwasaCalvinistwhoconformedenoughtomeettheChurchof D+$( Englandhalfway.WecouldhardlycallhimaPuritan.Hemadestrongobjectiontosycophancy,but 0,%)  -j@-  $ j $ j  wroteinfavorofchurchmensacceptanceoftheirlawfulfees.Afterhisownascenttoahighplace, d heremainedhumble,andbrokeoffamostseriousdiscoursetoseeapoorministerwhowishedto P speakwithhim,saying, Buthemustnotwait,lestweshouldseemtotakestateuponus. <   Becausehewasthefinalcriticwholookedforflawsandsmoothedoutthewholetranslation, (  thereisperhapsmoreofDr.MilesSmithintheKingJamesversionthanofanyotherman.Some   criticssaidthathisownstylewasheavy,involved,rough.Yetsomeofhiswritingshowedasuccinct   grace,andclearlyhehadagoodeditorssenseofunitedeffortwhenhewrote,incommenton   Ephesians5:18, Asintheplayoftossingtheball,itisnotenoughforoneoftheplayerstobe  t cunninginthrowingofit,buttheotherplayersalsomusttakeit...handsomely,firmly,orelsethe  ` ballwillgodown.Smithtook handsomelyandfirmlywhattheotherswrote;forthatatleasthis L  literaryskillsufficed.Asonesaidofhim, He...setforththenewandexacttranslation....He 8  deliveredtheScriptures...toEnglishmeninEnglish. $    AttheheadoftheGreekgroupinOxfordwasThomasRavis,DeanofChristChurch.His t  colleagueswereRichardEdes,DeanofWorcester;SirHenrySavile;JohnPerin;RalphRavens;John `  Harmer;GilesThomson;andGeorgeAbbot,DeanofWinchester.TheirportionwastheFour L  Gospels,theActs,andtheApocalypse. 8    OfallthelearnedmenonlyGeorgeAbbotreachedthesummitofanEnglishchurchmans $ desiresonearth.Hewasalsotheonlyoneofthetranslatorswhoeverkilledaman.    ThomasRaviswashaughtyandharsh;attheHamptonCourtmeetinghespokeatsomelength  againstthePuritans.BorninOldMaiden,Surrey,about1560,hewenttotheWestminsterschool.In  1575,sponsoredbyWilliamCecil,LordBurghley,heappliedtoChristChurch,Oxford,acollege p foundedbyCardinalWolseyandfamousforitsGothichall.Therethedeanandchapterdeclinedto \ admityoungRavisforlackofroom,andonlyastrongletterfromBurghleygothimin.Twentyyears H laterhebecameadoctorofdivinity,andin1596deanofthecollege.Hewasthefirstfromthe 4 Westminsterschooltobecomeadean,and alwayscontinuedbothbyhiscounselandcountenance   amostespecialencouragerofthestudiesofalldeservingscholarsbelongingtothatfoundation. p    MeanwhileRavishadpreachedinornearOxford withgreatliking.RectoratMerstham, \ inSurrey,andofAllHallowsBarking,hewasin1593aprebendofWestminster.Thushewasofthe H innercirclesamongchurchmen,amongthefastesttoriseintheChurch,andasharpfoiltothePuritan 4  RainoldsoftheHebrewgroup.AschaplaintoArchbishopWhitgift,hehaddealtsharplywiththe  ! PuritanleaderCartwright.  "   WhileDeanofChristChurch,Ravishadadministrativetroubleswhenhecompelledthe " membersofthecollegetoforegotheir allowanceofcommons,thatis,thecustomarymealsatthe #  collegetables,inexchangefortwoshillingsaweek.Somewhoopposedthechangeheexpelled, $l! othershesentbeforethecouncil,andothersheputinprison. Agraveandgoodman,hewasable %X" atgettingworkdoneandconsideredamodelforlesserfolktorevere,butclearlynotamanwithout &D # choler.Inretrospectwemaythinkhimanoddchoiceforchairmanofthegrouptoworkonthewriting '0!$ thatcontainstheheartofChristianteaching. ("%   ThemosthandsomeofthetranslatorswastallSirHenrySavile,whohadafair,clear,rosy l)#& complexionasfineasanyladys.Hisportraitshowsmoreroundfleshthanaccordswithournotion X*#' ofahandsomeman.Hewasbornin1549atOverBradleynearHalifax,Yorkshire,ayoungerson D+$( withoutasquarefootofland.AfterhisstudiesatBrasenoseCollege,Oxford,hetraveledin1578 0,%) throughEurope,wherehegainedageneralacquaintancewiththelearnedmenandthroughthem d obtainedanumberofrareGreekmanuscripts.ForatimehewastutortoQueenElizabethinGreek P andmathematics.Shelikedhimverymuch. <   ThenhewasDeanofCarlisleandProvostofEton.ThemostlearnedEnglishmaninprofane (  literatureofQueenElizabethsreign,Savilewasthoughtbysometobe toomuchinflatedwithhis   learningandriches.AsWardenofMertonCollegehewasaseveregovernor,oppressedhisyoung   scholarsgrievously,andwasdulyhatedbythem.Inadifferentsphere,hewasskillfulwithgardens   andcherishedanorchardandanurseryofyoungplants.  t   Oddly,inviewofhisliteraryappreciation,Savilecouldnotabidewits.Whenayoungscholar  ` wasrecommendedtohimasagoodwit,heexclaimed, Outuponhim;Illhavenothingtodowith L  him;givemeaploddingstudent.IfIwouldlookforwits,IwouldgotoNewgate;therebethewits. 8  Ifhepreferredploddingtowit,hewaswiseinhisowneyesandwhollycorrectinchurchdoctrines. $  LikeSaraviaafriendoftheseriousHooker,hetranslatedthehistoryofCorneliusTacitus,gave t  learnedlecturesonEuclid,andeditedtheworksofSt.Chrysostom.Aboutthelatterworktherewas `  tobearatherunseemlyrowbetweentwootherBibletranslators. L  OnSeptember21,1604,SavilewasknightedbyKingJamesatanEtonCollegebanquet.Under 8  Jamesknighthoodwasnogreathonor;heawardedhonorsinlargenumbers,charginghighfeesina $ sortofroyalracket.ArarergiftcamefromSavilehimself;hepresentedanearlyeditionofthe  GospelsinRussiantothenewOxfordlibrarynamedforSirThomasBodley.Alsohefoundedtwo  professorships,inmathematicsandastronomy.    AboutGilesThomson,DeanofWindsor,littleisknownbeyondthefactthathewasafellow p studentofLancelotAndrewesattheMerchantTailorsschool.Andreweshadawideknowledgeof \ thescholarsthroughoutEnglandandgoodjudgmentinweighingtheirtalents. H   PassingoverforthepresentthoseofthisOxfordNewTestamentgroupaboutwhomweknow 4 little,wecometoGeorgeAbbot,thetranslatorwhoinafteryearskilledaman.HewasbornOctober   29,1562,atGuildford,Surrey,sometwentymilesfromLondon,asonofMauriceAbbot,aclothier, p  andhiswifeAliceMarch.BothwerestaunchProtestants,goodpeople,perhapshumdrum,butwith \ longingsforsomethinggrander. H   WhenAliceMarchwaspregnantin1562,shehadaportentofwhatwastocome.She 4  dreamedthatifshecouldcatchandeatajackorpike,herchildwouldprovetobeason,nota  ! daughter,andwouldrisetotheheights.Craftyasshedrewwaterfromtheriverhardby,sheentrapped  " ayoungpikeinherpitcher.Bypromptlycookingandeatingthefishshefulfilledherdream;God " musthavegiventhepiketoher.Thebirthoftheboywasaholyevent,amarveltothegoodgossips #  ofthetown.PersonshearingofAlicessuccess,thatshehadimprovedtheomen,offeredtosponsor $l! theboyandaidedinhisschooling.AtsixteenGeorgeenteredBalliolCollege,Oxford. %X"   In1597hewasadoctorofdivinityandMasterofUniversityCollege.Manyattendedhis &D # sermonsatSt.Marys,Oxford.Soonhewasvice-chancelloroftheuniversityandDeanof '0!$ Winchester.Amanofmorosemannersandasouraspect,hewasprosy,pious,devout,ahardworker, ("% alwaysreadytoassertfirmlywhathebelieved,butnarrowofmindandfullofrancor,inmarked l)#& contrasttoLancelotAndrewes,whowashisfriend.SeekingtowinthePuritansbysometimes X*#' preachingCalvinisticorAugustiniandoctrines,heyetmaintainedthefixedorderoftheChurchand D+$( wasdoggedinupholdingtheruleofthebishops. 0,%) k/ k  k    Abbotpublishedin1599ABriefDescriptionoftheWholeWorld.Inthisworkhewrote: In  verymanypartsofthesenortherncountriesofAmericathereisveryfitandopportunefishingsome  prettywaywithinthesea....AhugespaceofearthhathnothithertobyanyChristiantoanypurpose  beendiscovered,butbythoseneartheseacoastitmaybegatheredthattheyallwhichdothereinhabit t aremenrudeanduncivil,withouttheknowledgeofGod.YetonthenorthwestpartofAmericasome ` ofourEnglishmengoingthroughthestraitsofMagellanandpassingtothenorthbyHispanaNova L  havetouchedonacountrywheretheyhavefoundgoodentertainment,andtheKingthereofyielded 8  himselftothesubjectionoftheQueenofEngland,whereupontheytermeditNovaAlbion.,..They $ t aremarvellouslyaddictedtowitchcraftandadorationofdevils,fromwhichtheycouldnotbe  ` persuadedtoabstainevenintheverypresenceofourcountrymen.  L    In1599therehadbeenaflurryaboutwitchcraft,moreinScotlandthaninEngland.King  8  Jameshadpublishedhisbook,Demonology,in1597,theyearinwhichhestoppedtheworstofthe $  Scottishwitchhunts,whichhadbeenrampantsince1590.Theclamoraboutwitchcrafthadalready   lessenedinEngland.Untilcomparativelymoderntimeswitchcrafthadbeenrifeinallagesandinall   places;theOldTestament,asweknow,hasmanyreferencestoit.Abbotsmentionofwitchcraftin   Americaindicatesthat,likemostpeople,hebelievedinitsexistenceandwasagainstit.Whatseems   tohavestirredhimaboutitaspracticedbysavagesinAmericawasthattheyhaddaredtogoahead p withitinthepresenceofenlightenedEnglishmen. \   ThereisnothingtobefoundinAbbotsbookmorelivelythanthepassagequoted.Whathe H wrotewassecondhand,andhisstylewasdull,thoughitsufficedforwhathehadtosay.Onemore 4 sentencehascontemporaryinterest: Themannerofgovernmentwhichoflateyearshathbeenused  p inRussiaisverybarbarousandlittlelessthantyrannous.  \   AtUniversityCollegein1600hegave AnExpositionupontheProphetJonah,oneof those H lectureswhichwithgreatsolemnityarekeptbothwinterandsummerontheThursdaymorningsearly, 4 wheresometimesbeforedaylightthepraisesofGodaresoundedoutinthegreatcongregation.In   thishesaid: Theyrowedtobringtheshipbackuntotheland.Thewordwhichisusedhere...inthe   Hebrewdothsignifytheydiddig,eitherbecausemendothrustintowaterwithoarsasindiggingthey  dowithotherinstrumentsontheland...orbecauseasmenindiggingdoturnthiswayandthatway  andstirandmovetheground,sotheystirreduptheirwitsandbeattheirbrainsandthoughtstofree  him(Jonah)fromthedanger....Godhathsocoupledallcreaturestomankind,withachainofstrong l dependence,thatthebeingofthemismuchsuitabletotheflourishingorfadingoftheother. X    DidtheOxfordgroups,infaithanddevotion,digandstirtofreetheBiblefromobscurity? D! ItmaybehardforustodiscerningruffRavis,sternSavile,anddullAbbottalentsenoughtoconvey 0"  tousallthatweknowoftheloving-kindnessofChrist. #l!  h+&* Ї GXX    *$' F1 F  F  CHAPTER6  TheCambridgeQroups #XX G]W# $t W  AtCambridgetheHebrewgrouphadaschairmanEdwardLively,thefatherofthirteen F  children,whosewealandwoewehavediscussed.TheotherswereJohnRichardson,Laurence 2  Chaderton,FrancisDillingham,ThomasHarrison,RogerAndrewes,brotherofLancelot,Robert  n Spalding,andAndrewBing.ThisgroupdealtwiththebooksfromIChroniclesthroughEcclesiastes.  Z Toit,therefore,weareindebtedforthePsalms.  F   CambridgehadgivenitsdegreetoChristopherMarlowe,thefree-thinkingdramatistsaidto  2  havebeena scornerofGodsword,towhom Moseswasbutajuggler,Protestants hypocritical   asses.Men,hesaid,mostneeded nottobeafraidofBugbears.OtherfamousCantabrigiansofthe   erawereFrancisBacon,EdmundSpenser,ThomasCampion,JohnFletcher,RobertGreene,Thomas   Lodge,andThomasNash,whomCambridgeexpelled.TheirlyricsfillthebooksofElizabethanverse.     Campions CherryRipebegins: ~  8  8   8m  x xThereisagardeninherfaceVm m  8  8   8m  x xWhererosesandwhiteliliesblow.Bm m  Yethecouldwritealsosacredversesstillreadtoday: j 8  Neverweatherbeatensailmorewillingbenttoshore.B   8  Nevertiredpilgrimslimbsaffectedslumbermore,.   8  Thanmyweariedspiritnowlongstoflyoutofmytroubledbreast;   8  Ocomequickly,sweetestLord,andtakemysoultorest!   OneofThomasLodgesfamouslyricsbegins:  8  Liketotheclearinhighestspheref   8  Whereallimperialgloryshines,R    8  Ofselfsamecolorisherhair,>!   8  Whetherunfoldedorintwines.*"z   8  Heighho,fairRosaline...#f    8  Heighho,wouldsheweremine.$R!     ThelovepoemsoftheSongofSongs,whichthisCambridgegroupputintoEnglish,arefar %*!# morelushandconcrete. &"$   ThepoetryoftheBiblehasnorhymes,butiswhatwemightcallfreeverse,withbalanced '#% lines,mainlyincouplets.ThusinPsalm23Cambridgegaveus: (#& 8  Surelygoodnessandmercyshallfollowmeallthedaysofmylife.v*%(   8  AndIwilldwellinthehouseoftheLordforever.#b+&)   #ЇTheGenevaBibleread: d 8  Doubtlesskindnessandmercyshallfollowmeallthedaysofmylife.<   8  AndIshallremainalongseasoninthehouseoftheLord.(    ComparelikewisetheKingJamesBibles,   8  Iwillliftupmineeyesuntothehills. t   8  Fromwhencecomethmyhelp, `   withtheGenevaBibles, 8  8  Iwillliftmineeyesuntothemountains.t    8  Fromwhencemyhelpshallcome.`      TheCambridgeHebrewgrouphadagoodlyknackwithEnglishwordsandsounds. 8  OnefactthatstandsoutaboutJohnRichardsonofCambridgeisthathewasfat.Thoseofanother  persuasioncalledhima fatbelliedArminian.AssuchhemighthavefoughtwithLaurence  Chaderton,thePuritan,butthereisnorecordofconflict.Thesescholarsboreandforebore.Thin,  acridmenalonecouldhardlyhavedoneovertheBibletosuitthefullyfed. p   JohnRichardsonwasbornatLinton,sevenmilesfromCambridge,about1564,Theplaceand \ thedateattestoncemorethattheselearnedmenwerenearlyallyoungishorofmiddleage,andcame H fromtheregionsaboutLondon,Oxford,andCambridge.Theywereacrosssection,notoftheEnglish 4 peopleorevenoftheEnglishclergy,butofthescholarswhohappenedtobeathandfortheventure.   RichardsonwenttoClareHall,Cambridge,wherehemusthaveknownwellRichardThom-son, p   DutchThomson,theotherArminian,withthereputationfordrink.In1595hebecamerectorof \ Upwell,Norfolk,andtwoyearslaterwasadoctorofdivinity.AforemostHebraist,hewasalsoa H populartheologian.Heseemstohavebeenoneofthosefatmenwhommostpeoplelike. 4    FrancisDillinghamwasbornatDeane,Bedfordshire,wenttoChristsCollege,Cambridge,  ! andwasagoodlinguist.Thoughhenevermarried,hebelievedstronglyinmarriageforotherclerics,  " andwrotemuchonasubjectthenthethemeofargumentintheEnglishChurch.In1603justbefore " hestartedworkontheBible,hepublishedAQuartronofReasons,ComposedbyDr.Hill,, #  Unquartered,andProvedaQuartronofFollies.Dr.HillhadrailedagainstProtestantministers $l!  beingsomuchoccupiedaboutwooing,wenching,andwiving,takinguponthemtobedoctorsof %X" divinityandhusbandstoo.Dillinghamcountered: Papiststeachthatministersmaynothavewives. &D # Isthiscatholic?ManyhundredyearsafterChristpriestshadwives. '0!$   QueenElizabethhadallowedtheclergyoftheEnglishChurchtomarry.Howeverfellowsof ("% thecolleges,iftheymarried,stillwererequiredtoresign.Dillinghamfelthehadamessageforthose l)#& whofellintotroublousthoughtsaboutmarriage.SohepublishedAGoldenKeyOpeningtheLock X*#' toEternalHappiness.Itisanearnestoftheguidestogoodthinking,topeaceofmind,soulandbody, D+$( inourday.Tobehappyamanshouldsimplykeephiswifesubjectuntohim. 0,%)  !3T@3 ! r T! r T    Itisaprincipleinnature,Dillinghamwrote: marrywiththyequals.By...unequal d marriages,howmanymenhavebecomesubjecttotheirwives?...Maynotmennowadaysseewives P onhorses,andhusbandswalkingasservantsontheground?NoEnglishmanwithself-respectshould < standthat. (    Thatamanmayobtainawifethatwillbeinsubjectionuntohim,hewenton, hemust   chooseaprudentandwisewife,forprudenceandwisdomrespectethpersons,place,andmannerof   doingathing..,.Prudenceteacheththewifethatherhusbandisherhead,andsosubjectethherself   untohim.Nomarvelthenthoughmanymenhavenottheirwivesinsubjection,fortheyhavemarried  t foolswhichknownottheirplace....Awisewoman,saithSolomon...buildeththehouse,butthe  ` foolishdestroyethitwithherownhands.TheKingJamesversion(Proverbs14:1)says: Everywise L  womanbuildethherhouse,butthefoolishpluckethitdownwithherhands. 8    Dillinghamwenton: Hethatwillhaveawifeinsubjection,lethimmatchwithareligious $  woman,forreligionteachethhersubjection.Benotunequallyyoked,saithSt,Paul,IICorinthians t  6:14,withinfidels.(TheKingJamesBiblesays, yokedtogetherwithunbelievers.) Amanof `  religion,saidDillingham, thatmatchethwithanirreligiouswomanisunequallymatched,and L  thereforehisyokeneedsbeheavy.Ahousedividedcannotstand.Howshouldthathousethenstand 8  wheremanandwifearedivided,onedrawingthisway,anotherthatway?...Themiseryofthisage $ isthat...meninquireafterwealth,notafterreligioninawoman.Henceitisthatsomelive  discontentedly,andcomeintheendtogreatmisery,    Thiswasallsoundadvicefromayoung,wifelessman,whoknewnothingofourmodern  equalrightsforwomen.TheviewpointofDillinghamisoftenclosetothatoftheProverbsand p Ecclesiasteswhichhehelpedtotranslate.Whathehimselfpublishediswhollyinaccordwiththe \ malenatureoftheBibleandwiththethoughtofhisownage.ThoughDillinghamdoubtlesshoped H hissermonswouldchangethewaysoflove,unwise,lucklessmenhavegoneonwooingandwiving 4 foolishfemalestothisday.     Thoughhearguedinprintwithhighchurchmen,itwouldbewrongtothinkofDillingham p  asaPuritan,forheconformedstrictlytotheChurchofEngland.HewasatypicalElizabethanexcept \ thatheneverindulgedinprofanelove. H   ThomasHarrison,whowasindeedaPuritan,wasborninLondonin1555,andwenttothe 4  MerchantTailorsschool,wherehewassecondinlearningonlytoLancelotAndrewes.Agraduate  ! ofSt.JohnsCollege,andMasterofTrinityCollege,Cambridge,hehadexquisiteskillinHebrewand  " Greekidiom.TherenownedDr.Whittaker,fortheexcellenceofhisverses,calledHarrisonhispoet. " SuchamanwouldhavebeenofmuchserviceintheworkonthePsalms.Therewasatleastonepoet #  amongthetranslators,thoughnoneofhispoemshavesurvived. $l!   AndrewBingwasatall,smilingyoungman.BorninCambridgein1574,hewentto %X" Peterhouse,andthenbecameprofessorofHebrewinTrinityCollege,Cambridge.Laterhewas &D # subdeanofYorkformanyyears.OnlythirtywhenKingJameschosehimtoworkontheBible,he '0!$ outlivednearlyallhisfellowworkers. ("%    TheNewTestamentgroupatCambridge,headedbyJohnDuport,includedWilliam l)#& Branthwaite,JeremyRadcliffe,SamuelWard,AndrewDownes,JohnBois, #  6      ׀andasecondmannamed d  Ward,Robert.IttranslatedtheApocrypha,andinthelongrunmighthaveseemedinconsequential, P exceptthatoneofitsmembers,JohnBois,wasamanfullyworthknowing,whoplayedanimportant < partinthefinalrevisionoftheentireBible. (    JohnDuport,sonofThomasDuport,Shepshed,Leicestershire,wasafellowofJesusCollege,   Cambridge,andthenmaster.Heearnedhisdoctorateindivinityin1590,andin1595became   precentorofSt.Pauls.Hiswife,doubtlesswellsubjecttohimifhiscolleagueDillinghamspokefor   him,wasRachel,daughterofRichardCox,BishopofEly.Byherhehadtwosons,oneofwhomwas  t alsoanotedscholar.Dr.DuportwasalearnedmanofhighstandinginEngland.  `   WilliamBranthwaitetookhisB.A.atClareHall,Cambridge,in1582,andhisD.D.at L  EmmanuelCollegein1598.HewasMasterofGonvilleandCaiusCollege,Cambridge.Anextant 8  letterfromBranthwaitetoSirThomasWilson,whohadtheearofalordlypatron,beginswith $  concernforthehealthoftherecipient,Branthwaitewishedthat mylettersmightbearbezoaror t  unicornorsomeothermoresovereigncordialeithertocureyourmaladyortocomfortagainstthefits `  andencountersthereof.Bezoarstonewasasortofcharmagainstpoisons,andthoughtherearenone L  ofthesestonesintheBible,theywere,asBranthwaiteshows,inthethoughtoftheage.Themythical 8  unicornisfoundinnineBibleverses.Itshorn,ifonecouldhavegotit,wouldhavebeenusedtocast $ outpoisons;thepracticeofdoctorsinthosedayswasstilllargelymagic.    Therebethreephysicians,Branthwaitewenton, whichthestateofyourbody(ifImistake  not)requiresshouldalwaysattendyouandtheyareasgoodfellowsandfriendsasphysicians...Dr.  diet,quiet,andmerryman....UnderdietIalsocomprehendthoseotherthingswhichtheartand p languageofphysiciansexpresstherebyaschangeofair,moderateexercise,andproportionablesleep, \ andtherest.Forthefirstmethinksitshouldbeveryconvenientforyoubothtorefreshspiritsandto H confirmandcontinuehealth,especiallysomelittleremoveoutofLondonnowandtheninthehot 4 monthsofJulyandAugust....Manytimesitfallethoutthatastrongmindendangerethaweak   body.InthisletterBranthwaitewasseekinganadvanceforhimselfandaidforhiscollege,inthe p  bestfawningmannerofscholarsofthetime. \   SamuelWard,sonofJohn,ofDurham,wasatimidyoungPuritan,earlyintentonputting H downhisownsins.Hewasbornin1577,wenttoSt.JohnsCollege,Cambridge,andwasfellowat 4  SidneySussexCollegein1599.In1603hewastownpreacheratSt.MarysleTowerinIpswich.The  ! nextyearhemarriedDeborahBolton,awidow,ofIsleham,Cambridgeshire.Atcollegehekepta  " diary,stillextant,whichremindsusabitoftheyoungBoswell.Apparentlyhewastheyoungestof " thetranslators. #    OnMay13,1595,inhisdiaryhecondemnedhimselffor Mydesireofprefermentover $l! much.Oftenheaddressedhimselfinthesecondperson.Thusthatsamedayhewrote, Thy %X" wanderingregardinthechapelatprayertime.May17, Thygluttonythenightbefore.May23, &D #  Mysleepingwithoutrememberingmylastthought,whichshouldhavebeenofGod.May26, Thy '0!$ dullnessthisdayinhearingGodsword.,.thysinofpride...thyby-thoughtsatprayertimesame ("% evening.June14, Mynegligence...insleepingimmediatelyafterdinner...inhearinganother d sermonsluggishly.June12, Mytoomuchdrinkingaftersupper.June22, Myimmoderate P dietofeatingcheese.June27, Mygoingtodrinkwine,andthatinthetavern,beforeIcalledupon < God.July8, Myimmoderatelaughterinthehall.July15, MyincontinentthoughtsatHobsons. (    ThenextyearyoungWardwrote,July19,1596, Mygluttonyineatingplumsandraisinsand   drinkingsomuchaftersupper.July23, Foreatingsomanyplums,althoughthouheardthatmany   diedofsurfeits.August6, MylongingafterdamsonswhenImademyvownottoeatinthe   orchard.August13, Myintemperateeatingofdamsons,alsomyintemperateeatingofcheeseafter  t supper.August21, Mylongsleepinginthemorning.  `   Asaneaterofdamsonplumsandcheesehemayendearhimselftomanyofus,aswellasfor L  hissluggishhearingofsermons.Thisyoungwould-bedivinewashumanandloving,withoutany 8  reallymortalsins.Ofhimonesaid, HewasaMosesnotonlyforslownessofspeech[hestuttered] $  butotherwisemeeknessofnature. t    AtthetimehebeganworkontheBible,hesadlytoldhimselfinhisdiary: Remember,on `  WednesdayJanuary18thwasthedaywhenthesurplicewasfirsturgedbythearchbishoptobe L  broughtintoEmmanuelCollege.Godgrantthatworsethingsdonotfollowthesostricturgingofthis 8  indifferentceremony.Alas,welittleexpectedthatKingJameswouldhavebeenthefirstpermitter $ ofittobebroughtintoourcollegetomakeusaderisiontosomanythatbearusnogoodwill.  DoddridgesaidofSamuelWard, Hislanguageisgenerallyproper,elegant,andnervous,witha  mixtureoffancyinhiswritings.    Fromhimwegetglimpsesoftheunsurestatusofmanyoftheclergy.Theywereoftenshaken p menamidshakingforces.TheBibletaskwassolid,whilethechurchesswayedwithfearsasthewinds \ ofclashingdoctrinessweptaroundthem. H   ThevigoranddaringthatyoungSamuelWardlacked,AndrewDownespossessed.Heappears 4 tohavebeentheonlyoneofthelearnedmenwhogotanymoneyoutofKingJames.Hewasborn   about1549,andwenttogrammarschoolinShrewsbury.AtSt.JohnsCollege,Cambridge,Downes p  wasdistinguishedforhisGreekscholarship.OnewhoheardhislecturesonDemosthenessaidthat \ hewasusheredintothepresenceofatall,long-faced,elderlypersonwithruddycomplexionand H brighteyes,whosatwithhislegsonthetable.Downesatoncegavehislong,learnedtalkwithout 4  stirringhisfeetorbody.Hewasoneofthefewwhoquarreledwithhisfellows.Hewassureof  ! himself.  "   JohnBois(orBoys)wasinsomewaysthemostvividofthetranslators.Atanyratewehave " moreabouthisprivatelifeandhiswaysofdoingthanwehaveofothers.Hisgrandfather,alsoJohn, #  wasaclothierofHalifax,Yorkshire.Theson,William,fatherofourJohn,wasbornandbroughtup $l! there,studiedmusicandsurgery,wenttoCambridge,andthoughtoftheChurchuntilhebrokewith %X" Rome.ThenhesettledonafarmatNettlesteadnearHadley;until,onjoiningtheChurchofEngland, &D # hebecamerectoratWestStow.HemarriedMirabelPooley. '0!$   JohnBoisthetranslatorwasbornJanuary3,1560.HisfathertaughthimHebrewwhenhewas ("% fiveyearsold.Later,JohnwalkedfourmilesadaytoschoolatHadley,whereheknewJohnOverall, l)#& thefutureDeanofSt.Pauls,andlikewiseatranslator.AtlengthhewenttoSt.JohnsCollege, X*#' Cambridge,whereAndrewDownes,thechieflecturerinGreek,readtohisstudentstwelveofthe D+$( hardestGreekauthors. 0,%) ЇWhenBoiswaschosenafellowofMagdalene,hewaslyingillofsmallpox.BecauseDowneswas d carefulforthenewfellowsseniority,hehadBoiscarriedonhissickbed,wrappedinblankets,tobe P entered.Boishadmeanttostudyphysicandhadboughtmanybooks inthatfaculty.Hewenttothe < universitylibraryatfourinthemorningandstayeduntileightatnightwithoutanybreaks.Inreading (  thebooksonphysic, Hewasconceitedthatwhatsoeverdiseasehereadof,hewastroubledwiththe   samehimself.BywhichsicknessofthebrainitpleasedGodtocurethechurchofthewantofsogood   amemberasheafterwardsproved,FortenyearsBoiswaschiefGreeklecturerinthecollege,   readinghislectureinhischamberatfourinthemorningtomanyfellowsandothers.  t   HesucceededhisfatherasrectoratWestStowin1591,butresignedthatlivingwhenhis  ` motherwenttolivewithherbrotherPooley.UptothistimeJohnseemstohavebeenhismothers L  boy,marriedtohisthoughts,butromancewasthrustuponhim.AMr.Holt,rectorofBox-worthnear 8  Cambridge,whenabouttodielefttheadvowson,orrightofpresentation,tothatliving inpartofa $  portiontooneofhisdaughters.Heaskedsomeofhisfriendsthat, ifitmightbebythemprocured, t  Bois mightbecomehissuccessorbythemarriageofhisdaughter.Boiswenttolookheroverand `  soonafter, theytakinglikingeachoftheother,hereceivedtheliving,andwas institutedbymy L  lordsgraceofCanterbury,whowasthenWhitgift.Themarriageoftenvexedhisspirit,butat 8  thirty-sixBoiswasoldenoughtoknowhisownmind. $   Beforehewasmarried, thathemightbeaswellclearofthesuspicionasthefaultofhaving  awifeandafellowshipatonce,hedesiredthreefellowsofhisowncollegetopublishthebannson  matrimonyonthreeSundaysinhisownparishchurch.Thecollege,whenhehadtoresignasfellow,  gavehimahundredpounds. p   Thoughforsomeyearshehadarupture,Boiswasrobust.Anearlybiographerdescribedhim \ ashavingan able,activebodyforwalking,riding,and,inhisyouth,forswimming.Oftenhe H walkedoutofhiscollegeinthemorningtodinewithhismotherinSuffolktwentymilesaway.While 4 walkinghetookabooktoread,ifhefellintocompanyhelikednot.Onhorsebackheusedbytheway   tomeditateondoubts,whereinhemight,propoundingthem,requiresatisfactionofhislearnedfriends p  inCambridge.Thereisalegend,too,thathedidsomeoftheBibleworkonhorseback.Amidallthis \ studyhefoundtimetobegetfoursonsandtwodaughters. H   Whenhebegantoknowhisneighborsinthecountry,theymetFridayafternoonstodiscuss 4  andresolvetheirscholarlydoubts.Asahusbandandfather,hekeptsomeyoungscholarinhishouse  ! aswellfortheteachingofhisownchildrenandthepoorersortsofthetownpeople,also because  " manyknightsandgentlemenofqualitydidimportunehimtotaketheirchildrentoboardwithhim " andtotakesomecareintheirtraining,aswellforlearningasmanners.ThusBoiswastheonly #  translatorwhotookinboarders. $l!   Butasbythismeansthescaleofhislivingwassunkdailylowerbythegreatnessofthe %X" weight,sothatofhisestatewasbytheemptinessbecomeaveryunequalcounterpoise.Forhe, &D # mindingnothingbuthisbook,andhiswife,throughwantofageandexperience,notbeingable '0!$ sufficientlytomanagethingsaright,hewas,erehewasaware,fallenintodebt.Theweightwhereof ("% (thoughitwasnotgreat)whenhebegantofeel,heforthwithpartedwithhisdarling(Imeanhis l)#& library)whichhesold(consideringwhatitcosthim)Ibelievetonighasmuchlossashisdebt X*#' amountedto,forthedischargewhereofhesoldit. D+$(  0,%) m7 m h m    Neverabletokeephiswifesubjecttohim,asFrancisDillinghamhadadvised,perhapshe  thoughtoftenofPaulslettertoTimothy: Letthewomanlearninsilencewithallsubjection.Paul  alsodeclaredthatifawomanwilllearnanything,letheraskherhusbandathome.ClearlyMrs.Bois  wasathorninherhusbandsflesh. t   Theregrewsomediscontentbetwixthimandhiswife,insomuchthatIhaveheard(butnever ` fromhimself)thathedidonceintendtotravelbeyondtheseas.Butreligionandconsciencesoongave L  thosethoughtsthecheck,andmadeitbewithhimandhiswifeaschirurgeonssayitswithabroken 8  bone:ifoncewellset,thestrongerforafracture.Soafterthisstrainorfracturehewentonletting $ t hiswifehandlethemoneyasbefore.  `   Amostexactgrammarian,Boishadreadsixtygrammars.Hehadonlytwomeals,dinnerand  L  supper,betwixtwhichheneversomuchasdrank,unless,upontroublewithwind,somesmall  8  quantityofacquavitae(brandy?)andsugar.Aftermeathewascarefulalmosttocuriosityinpicking $  andrubbinghisteeth,esteemingthataspecialpreservativetohealth,bywhichmeanshecarriedto   hisgravealmostaHebrewalphabetofteeth.Thenheusedtositorwalkanhourormoretodigest   hismeatbeforehewouldgotohisstudy.Hefastedsometimestwiceaweek,oronceinthreeweeks.   Laterheneverstudiedbetweensupperandbed,butspenttwohoursatleastwithfriends,hearingand   tellingharmlessdelightfulstorieswhereofhewasexceedinglyfull.Hestudiedstanding,exceptwhen p heeasedhimselfuponhisknees;butheneverstudiedinthedraftfromawindow,andneverwentto \ bedwithcoldfeet. H   Respectfulofsuperiors,hewaslovingofequals,familiarwithinferiors,thoughhumilitymade 4 himthinknotmanybelowhimself.Hegaveandforgave,beinghospitabletostrangers,realtofriends,  p ajustkeeperofhispromises.Prudentlyherefrainedfrommeddlinginothermensmatters.Amost  \ careful,affectionatefather,ifdispleasedhedeniedthechildrenhisblessingmorningandevening H whentheyrequestedit,sometimesontwodaysforreasonsbestknowntohimself.Asamostloving 4 husbandhehadsuffered,buthestillcommittedthewholegovernmentofthehousetohiswife,never   encroachinguponthewomanspartineconomicdiscipline.     Inhispietyhealwayskneltwithhisfamilyonbarebricks.Oftenheprayedwhilehewas  walking,forheapprovedoffrequent,ratherlongprayers.Amostdiligent,attentivehearerof  sermons,heendeavoredwhenhepreachedtoberightlyunderstoodevenofhismeanestauditors.    TherewehaveasketchofadevoutBible-maker,withhisvirtuesandhiscrotchets,hiswind l andhisfirmness,hislikingfordetails,andhisreservesofstrength.Throughallhishouseholdstraits, X  abouthiswife,aboutmoney,aboutallsortsofjunctures,hepreparedhimselftoforwardtheBible D! inEnglish,fortheBibletakesupthosetroublesandaffordscomforttothedistraught.Theselearned 0"  menweremorethanaloof,cloisteredsaints.Thoughversedintongues,theywerealsojustfolks. #l!   Thesixgroupsformedakindofloosecongressorcouncil,meetinginthethreeplaces, $X" Westminster,Oxford,andCambridge.Allwerestaunchlyagainstthepapists,butbeingallagainst $D # somethingisnotenoughtounitepeople;theymustuniteinbeingforsomethingrealtothem.These %0!$ learnedmenwereforafreshBible,andasscholarstheywerealsoforHebrew,Greek,andEnglish, &"% foraworkingunionoftongues.Sometimesjealousofeachother,inthemannerofscholarsatall '#& times,theykepttheirconflictssubjecttotheirbasicaims,whichwerebroadlyatone.Andthough (#' theybroughttotheprojectvariedpointsofview,theyultimatelyhadtochoose. )$(  h+&* Ї GXX    +&%$  "9G9 " n G" n G  CHAPTER7  StartingtheWork $t  #XX G#  Thetranslatorswenttoworkwithzealandforethought,hereslowlyandtherefast.Edward F  LivelyatCambridgewasanorganizerandplanneronwhomalltheHebrewgroupthere,andothers 2  too,coulddepend.LancelotAndrewes,DeanofWestminster,wasardentandbusy.Thesetwowere  n foremostamongthedirectors.  Z   JohnOverall,theprosyDeanofSt.Paulswhohadawifeonwhomhemustkeepaneye;  F HadrianSaravia,themoststrictofthehighchurchmen;LaurenceChaderton,thegravePuritan,and  2  JohnRainolds,thePuritanfatheroftheKingJamesBible;WilliamBarlow,DeanofChester,who   wroteoftheHamptonCourtmeeting,andMilesSmithwhosawtheworkthroughfromfirsttolast;   JohnLayfieldwhohadbeentotheNewWorld;RichardThomsontheArminianwhodrankhisfill   daily;FrancisDillinghamwhoknewwhatawifeshouldbethoughheneverhadone;sternThomas   RavistheDeanofChristChurch;handsomeplumpSirHenrySavilewhomhisstudentsdisliked; ~  GeorgeAbbotthedullplodderwhorosebeyondalltheothersbecausehismothercaughtandatea j pike,andSamuelWardthePuritansinnerwithremorseofconscience;AndrewDowneswhowas V forthrightandfullofvigorbutjealous;andJohnBoisthemanofallworkwhohasshownushow B theyallconferred"thesewereamongthetranslatorswhostoodout. .~   Yetwemustsuspectthatmanyoftherest,aboutwhomweknowtoolittle,mayhavegiven j muchtotheKingJamesversionasitstands.Theywereweaversofatough,pliantfabric,fullof V figures,conceits,andsubtleshadings,whichhadtowithstandthewearandtearofages.Eachinsight B counted.Theabstractandtheconcretehadtoblendintheoneimmensedesign. .   Whenthethreegroupsmetattheirrespectivecenters,theyhadasetofguidingprinciples  whichBishopBancroft,withadvicefromothers,hadpreparedoratleastapproved.Wemustcredit  thevaliant,ambitiousBancroftwithbeingabletochooseandmanagefirmly.Alllookeduptohim,  eventhosewhodeploredhimandwincedathismethods.Hedoubtlessconsultedagooddealwith  Dr.Andrewes,describedassweetandsmiling,whowasdirectlyunderhimtohandledetails. z   TheruleswhichthepowersofChurchandstatecomposedwereasfollows: f 1.0  TheordinaryBiblereadinchurch,commonlycalledtheBishopsBible,tobefollowedand >! aslittlealteredasthetruthoftheoriginalwillpermit.*"z(#(# 2.0  Thenamesoftheprophetsandtheholywriterswiththeothernamesofthetexttoberetained $R! asnighasmaybe,accordinglyastheywerevulgarlyused.$> "(#(# 3.0  Theoldecclesiasticalwordstobekept,viz.theword churchnottobetranslated &"$  congregation.(TheGreekwordcanbetranslatedeitherway.)'#%(#(# 4.0  Whenawordhathdiverssignifications,thattobekeptwhichhathbeenmostcommonlyused )$' bymostoftheancientfathers.v*%((#(#  b+&) 5.0  Thedivisionofthechapterstobealteredeithernotatalloraslittleasmaybe.d(#(# 6.0  Nomarginalnotesatalltobeaffixed,butonlyfortheexplanationoftheHebreworGreek < words,whichcannotwithoutsomecircumlocutionbesobrieflyandfitlyexpressedinthetext.( (#(# 7.0  Suchquotationsofplacestobemarginallysetdownasshallserveforthefitreferenceofone   scripturetoanother. (#(# 8.0  Everyparticularmanofeachcompanytotakethesamechapterorchapters,andhaving  ` translatedoramendedthemseverallybyhimself,wherehethinkethgood,alltomeettogether L  toconferwhentheyhavedone,andagreefortheirpartswhatshallstand.8 (#(# 9.0  Asanyonecompanyhathdispatchedanyonebookinthismannertheyshallsendittothe t  rest,tobeconsideredofseriouslyandjudiciously,forHisMajestyisverycarefulinthispoint.` (#(# 10.0  Ifanycompanyuponthereviewofthebooksosentdoubtordifferuponanyplace,tosend 8  themwordthereofwiththeplace,andwithalsendthereasons;towhichiftheyconsentnot, $ thedifferencetobecompoundedatthegeneralmeetingwhichistobeofthechiefpersonsof  eachcompanyattheendofthework.(Thusintheendtheyallhadtoagreeenoughtoletall  readingspass.)(#(# 11.0  Whenanyplaceofspecialobscuritybedoubtedof,letterstobedirectedbyauthoritytosend \ toanylearnedmaninthelandforhisjudgmentofsuchaplace.H(#(# 12.0  Letterstobesentfromeverybishoptotherestofhisclergy,admonishingthemofhis   translationinhand,andtomoveandchargeasmanyasbeingskillfulinthetonguesand p  havingtakenpainsinthatway,tosendhisparticularobservationstothecompany,eitherat \ Westminster,Cambridge,orOxford.(Thisindicatesthatmanymusthaveaidedinthework.)H(#(# 13.0  ThedirectorsofeachcompanytobethedeansofWestminsterandChesterforthatplace,and  ! theKingsprofessorsintheHebreworGreekineitheruniversity. "(#(# 14.0  ThesetranslationstobeusedwhentheyagreebetterwiththetextthantheBishopsBible! #  Tyndales,Matthews,Coverdales,Whitchurchs(GreatBible),Geneva.$l!(#(# 15.0  Besidesthesaiddirectorsbeforementioned,threeorfourofthemostancientandgrave &D # divinesineitheroftheuniversities,notemployedintranslating,tobeassignedbythe '0!$ vice-chancellor,uponconferencewiththerestoftheheads,tobeoverseersofthetranslation, ("% aswellHebrewasGreek,forthebetterobservationofthefourthruleabovespecified.l)#&(#(#   Somehistorianshavesaidthatnothingcameoftheplanforoverseers.Butaletter,datedApril D+$( 19,1605,fromThomasBilson,BishopofWinchester,toSirThomasLake,secretarytotheking, 0,%) referstoDr.GeorgeRyves, wardenofNewCollegeinOxfordandoneoftheoverseersofthatpart d oftheNewTestamentthatisbeingtranslatedoutofGreek.Thekinghadsaid,aswehaveseen,that P anyvacantlivingworthmorethantwentypoundsayearshouldbereservedforatranslator.Bishop < Bilson,himselfoneofthosewhoreviewedthetranslatorsworkandmadefinalrevisions,askedthe (  kingtopermitRyvesandNicholasLove,schoolmasterofWinchester,toexchangesomelivings   withinBilsonsgift, Sothattheymaylaymoretogether.ThisimpliesthatbothRyvesandLove,   thoughnotofthetranslators,hadaclearlydefinedassignment. Themen,Bilsonsaid, arebothof   goodreport,theoneemployedintheoversightofthetranslation,andtheothertakesnosmallpains  t indoinghisduty.GeorgeRyves,bornin1569,wasasonofJohnRyvesofDamoryCourt,near  ` Blandford,Dorset,andElizabeth,daughterofSirJohnMerwynofFonthill,Wiltshire.Hehadbeen L  Warden,orhead,ofNewCollegesince1599.Inhismid-thirties,hewashardlyoneofthe most 8  ancientdivines,thoughancienthadawidemeaning.PerhapshisworkontheBiblewaspartlygoing $  fromonelearnedmantoanother,tokeeptheminformedoftheworkoftheirassociatesandtoprod t  them. `    Otherwritershavestressedthattheworkwasslowinstarting.Onthispointthereisaletter L  ofLancelotAndrewes,datedthelastofNovember,1604,toaMr.Hartwell: Butthatthisafternoon 8  isourtranslationtime,andmostofourcompanyarenegligent,Iwouldhaveseenyou;butno $ translationshallhinderme,ifonceImayunderstandIshallcommitnoerrorincoming.Thuswesee  thattheworkatWestminsterbeganpromptly,thoughsomeoftheHebrewgrouptherewere  unpreparedorhadstayedawaywhentheyshouldhavemetanddiscussed.    Understandabledelay,asinmanyliteraryundertakings,musthaveoccurredwhenotherduties p intervenedbecause,aswehaveseen,translationwasapart-timejobwithoutregularpay.Yetaside \ fromprovidingthemwithfixedfeesorsalaries,thekingwasasgoodashiswordinaidingtheselect H divines.ToEdwardLively,theroyal HebrewreaderatCambridge,who,havinglosthiswife,had 4 elevenchildrenleftoutofthirteen,hegave,Septemberlo,1604,thelivingatPurleigh,Essex,afew   milesfromCambridge.AmonthlaterheurgedthatThomasRavis,DeanofChristChurch,beBishop p  ofGloucester.In1605therewasadecreeofthechapteratYorktokeeparesidentiarysplacefor \ AndrewBing.HewassubdeanofYorkforforty-sixyears. H   WilliamBarlow,DeanofChester,in1605also,rosealittletobeBishopofRochester.As 4  Rochesterwastheleast,thepoorest,ofthedioceses,hechoseforhisseal,withforlorn,brave  ! meekness,aLatinmottowhichmeant setdowninthelowestroom.ThatyeartoothegoodLancelot  " Andrewes,whohadrefusedQueenElizabethsoffertomakehimabishop,becameBishopof " Chichester,southwestofLondon.LaterAndrewesbecamethekingsalmoner,andreceivedagrant #  toretainhisplaceasprebendofSt.PaulsandallhisemolumentsuntilOctober2,1607,onaccount $l! ofthepovertyofhisChichesterbishopric.Thusdidthekingrewardhispreferredtranslator. %X"   OnJuly12,1605,BancroftmadeJeffreyKingvicarofHorsham,Sussex.TheEarlofExeter &D # onAugust19wrotetoSalisbury(Cecil)askingthathischaplain,Dr.JohnLayfield,whohadsome '0!$ yearssincereturnedfromhisvoyageofromancetotheWestIndies,bemadeparsonatGravely. ("%   Therewereothercasesinwhich,afterappealsandwanglingbythemightyandlesserfolk, l)#& learnedmenroseabitinthecomplex,sacredscalesoftheChurchandreceivedrewardsforadded X*#' duties,withoutdirectgrantsfromtheking.Yettheextraappointmententailedadditionaldutieswhich D+$( hadnothingtodowiththeworkoftranslation.OnNovemberI,1606,SirHenrySavile,theplump 0,%) translatorwhowastheunpopularMasterofMertonCollege,wrotetoSirThomasLakeaplaintive d letterwhichshowedhowmanyothermattersatranslatormighthavetokeepinmind. Ihavesentthe P bearermyman,hewrote, tounderstandwhetheryouhavemovedHisMajestyforsometimbertrees < forhispoorandancientcollegeofMerton,Oxford.Theworkwillbegreatandcost 3000;300trees (  willnotfurnishus...butIdarenotpresentapetitionformorethan100whichIhopewillnotbe   denied.     Besidestheinterruptionofoutsidelabors,thelearnedmenhadalso,almostfromthe   beginning,theinterruptionofdeath.Dr.RichardEdes,DeanofWorcester,diedNovember19,1604,  t perhapsbeforehecoulddoanyworkontheBible,thoughhemayhaveleftsomenotesofusetohis  ` colleagues. L    Thentothedismayofallconcerned,EdwardLively,oneofthechairmentowhomthedivines 8  andscholarsweretosendtheiradvice,tooksickwith anagueandasquinsey,diedinfourdays,and $  wasburiedatSt.Edwards,Cambridge,May7,1605,onlysevenmonthsafterhehadreceivedthe t  goodlivingatPurleigh,Essex.Itwassaidthat tooearneststudyandpainsaboutthetranslation `  hastenedhisdeath.Thoughheleftelevenorphanswithoutmeansofsupport,theysurvivedanddid L  well,andtherearedescendantsofEdwardLivelyintheUnitedStatestoday.Thereisastatementthat 8  hisdeathdelayedtheotherswhohadbeguntoamendtheScriptures,yettheytookthelossintheir $ strideandwentforward.    Earlyintheyear1606diedRalphHutchinson,theWestminstertranslator,agedabout  fifty-seven.HeleftafewnotesaboutphrasesintheNewTestament.JohnBoisusedthese,whichstill  existincopy.Theyshowhowearlythemostpainfulre-examinationoftheBibletextbegan,andhow p thefinalproductcamefromjointefforts. \   Othersreplacedthosewhodied,butwhoreplacedwhom?Theaccountsarecloudedand H conflicting.OnereplacementwasDr.JohnAglionby,bornabout1566,fellowofQueensCollege, 4 Oxford,achaplaintoQueenElizabeth,principalin1601ofEdmundHall,Oxford,andachaplainto   KingJamesassoonashecametothethrone.Punningonhisname,theycomparedhimtoaneagle p  ! Hewasofanaquilineacumen.ThentherewasLeonardHutton,whowasbornabout1557, \ receivedhisearlytrainingattheWestminsterschool,wasastudentatSt.JohnsCollege,Oxford,and H wasvicarofFloors,Northamptonshire,in1601.In1592forQueenElizabethsvisittoOxfordhe 4  wroteaplayinLatinaboutawarofgrammarbetweentworivalkings,verbandnoun.HisLatin  ! versesaretobefoundtodayatOxford.HebecamesubdeanofChristChurch,andafterRobertBurton  " settledthere,thetwomusthaveknowneachotherwell.In1600Huttonengagedinasolemn " disputation,worthyofBurton,aboutwhetherintherebirthconcupiscenceisasin.HemarriedAnne #  Hamden,andhadadaughter,Alice. $l!   Sofarwehavemetforty-seventranslatorsoutofthekingsoriginalfifty-four,allthatare %X" namedonthechiefliststhathavecomedowntous.TotheseshouldbeaddedthenameofWilliam &D # Thorne,forwhomthereisampleevidence. '0!$   In1606fourteenbishops,amongthemBilsonofWinchesterandRavisofGloucester,both ("% translators,signedwithmanyaflourishaformalplea: AttherequestofDoctorThorne,hismajestys l)#& chaplain,wewhosenamesarehereuntosubscribedhavethoughtitequalandjusttomakeknownunto X*#' all,whomitappertaineth,thathehathformanyyearsreadthepublicHebrewlecturewithverygood D+$( recommendationintheUniversityofOxford,thatheisnowlikewiseverynecessarilyemployedin 0,%) p= p  p  thetranslationofthatpartoftheOldTestamentwhichisremittedtothatuniversity,thathedoth  governinthechurchofChichesterwhereheisdeanwithjudgmentanddiscretion,andthatintheone  andtheotherplacehehatheverbeenandnowisofverygoodandhonestreputation.Inregard  whereofouropinionandhopeisthathewillapprovehimselfworthyoffurtherpromotioninthe t church.Despitetheloftycommendation,Thornefailedtobepreferredmuchmore,butheearnedthe ` nameoftranslator. L    AdditionalnamesofwhichmentionmaybefoundbesidesthoseofLeonardHutton,John 8  Aglionby,andThomasBilson,alreadyreferredto,wereDanielFeatley,bornFairclough,ArthurLake, $ t JamesMontague,whobecameBishopofBathandWells,ThomasSparkewhohadbeenatHampton  ` CourtbutismentionedasatranslatoronlyinalifeofKingJamesonwhichonecanhardlydepend,  L  andWilliamEyre.SomeauthoritiessaythatDanielFeatleywastooyoungtoshareinthework;others  8  thathehadsomethingtodowithit,andheisontheBritishMuseumlistoftranslators.Perhapsmany $  ofthesenamesarefalseleads.Proof,onewayortheother,ismostdifficult.Thesurmisethatmany   aidedinthetranslationunofficially,seemsjustified.Manymusthaveofferedadviceonverses,helped   solvehardproblems,andqueriedreadingsonwhichthechosenlearnedmenagreed.HughBroughton,   therabidPuritan,wasangryatbeingleftout,buthisfriendsamongthetranslatorsmayhave   consultedhimandusedsomeofhisphrasings. p   Thelivesofthelearnedmenwerequiet,exceptfortheirmanymundaneduties.Yearslater \ JohnSeldenwroteinhisTableTalk, ThetranslationinKingJamestimetookanexcellentway. H ThatpartoftheBiblewasgiventohimwhowasmostexcellentinsuchatongue(astheApocrypha 4 toAndrewDownes)andthentheymettogether,andonereadthattranslation,therestholdingintheir  p handssomeBible,eitherofthelearnedtongues,orFrench,Italian,Spanish&c.Iftheyfoundany  \ fault,theyspoke;ifnot,hereadon.AndrewDownesdealtwithmanyotherbooksthanthoseofthe H Apocrypha,forhewaslearnedintheGreekoftheNewTestamenttoo. 4   Whatancient-languagetextsdidtheyworkwith?TheyhadtheComplutensianPolyglotof   1517,publishedatComplutum,nowAlcaradeHenares,Spain,andtheyhadtheAntwerpPolyglot,   1569-72.ThesegaveHebrewandGreektextswithversionsinothertonguesadded.Ofcoursethey  hadtheLatinVulgate,thoughthatwassuspectbecauseitwaspopish.Withsomefragmentsofearly  scrolls,theyhadcountlesscommentsbytheearlychurchfathersandancientscholars.Oftenthey  referredtoSt.Chrysostom(347-407A.D.),whoseworksSirHenrySavilehadbeguntoedit,with l helpfromAndrewDownesandJohnBois.AnotherreferenceauthoritywastheGenevascholar, X  TheodoreBeza(1519-1605). D!   SincethetimeofKingJamesotherBiblemanuscriptsandfragmentshavecometolight, 0"  thoughnone,saveperhapstheIsaiahoftheDeadSeaScrolls,goesbacktoearlyChristiandays,let #l! alonetoitsoriginalwriter.Thevariousmanuscriptsandfragmentscontainthousandsofvariant $X" readings,throughout.WhattheKingJamesmenhad,andwhatwehavetodayingreatervariety, $D # consistsofcopiesderivedfromformercopiesandsoonbackward.Thetextasitstandsinany %0!$ scholarlyeditionmust,bytheverynatureoftheproblem,beinmanyrespectscorrupt.Wecanonly &"% trustthatwhatwehaveisareasonablyaccuratetextofthesixty-sixbooks,whichthroughtheages '#& thechurchescametoacceptastheHolyScriptures.Itshouldbeobvious,therefore,thatnoEnglish (#' renditionis,orcanbefromanyliterarystandpoint,theprecisewordofGod. )$(  h+&* Ї  D+$( $? $  $   GXX   CHAPTER8   KingsPleasure $t " #XX G"#  WhilethescholarswerebusywiththeBible,theirroyalpatronwaspursuinghisusual F  interests.TwiceaweekatWhitehalltherewerecockfights,andinNovemberof1604thekingwas 2  muchatRoyston.  n   Royalvisitswereanexpensehardtobebornebythecountrysidesohonored.Onedaya  Z favoriteamongthekingshounds,Howler,wasmissing.ThenextdayinthefieldHowlercamein  F amongtherestofthehounds.Theking,gladofhisreturn,spiedapaperabouthisneck: GoodMr.  2  Howler,weprayyouspeaktotheKing(forhehearsyoueverydayandsodothhenotus)thatitwill   pleaseHisMajestytogobacktoLondon,forelsethecountrywillbeundone;allourprovisionis   spentalready,andwearenotabletoentertainhimlonger.Unperturbedbythisplainspeakingfrom   thelocalfarmerswhohadtosupplyhisretinue.KingJamesstayedonforafortnight.     OnDecember4theEarlofWorcesterwrotefromRoyston, Inthemorningweareon ~  horsebackbyeight,andsocontinueinfullcareerfromthedeathofoneharetoanotheruntilfourat j night...fivemilesfromhome. V   AllthiswaswhileBancroftwastakingofficeasArchbishop,andLancelotAndreweswas B faithfullysettingasidehisdaysfor translationtime. .~   AttheChristmasseason,1604,SirPhilipHerbertmarriedLadySusanVereinthekings j presence.ThebrideandgroomlodgedinthecouncilchamberatWhitehall,wherethekinginshirt V andnightgownconductedareveillematinbeforetheywereup,evenlollingonthebed.Insuchcoarse B doingsJamesbehavedasiftheBiblehadnoeffectonhim.Yethecontinuedtoshowinterestinthe . newtranslationandintimegaveprefermenttothetranslatorsonebyone.    ThedaybeforeTwelfthNight,JamesmadeyoungPrinceCharlesDukeofYork.ForTwelfth  NighttherewasBenJonsonsMasqueofBlackness.Thequeenwassixmonthspregnant,butagain  sheandherladies,thistimewithblackenedfacesandarms,appearedintheplaywiththeirhairdown  andworerichgauzydraperieswhichshockedtheguests.Courtiersinthemasqueweredressedas z Moors,ridingseahorsesandotherfrightfulfishes.Atthebanquet,guestssowildlyassailedthekings f provisionsthattablesandtrestleswentdownbeforeanycouldtouchthefood,andjewelsandgold R  chainswerelostinthescramble.Thekingjoinedinthegamingafterwards. >!   Suchroyalroutscostthousandsofpounds.ThelearnedmenwhorevisedtheScriptureswere, *"z meanwhile,gettingnothingexcepttheirroomsandcommonswhiletheywereawayfromhome. #f  Weeklytheyreturnedonhorsebackorafoottotheirchurcheswheretheyhadtoconductmanya $R! service.AttheNewYearthoseofthemwhowerebishopssentthekingfromtentothirtypoundsin $> " gold. %*!#   OnFebruary8therewasaplay,TheFairMaidofBristol,atWhitehall.Twoweekslaterthe &"$ kingwenttoNewmarket,whichwasstartingitslongsportingcareerinhorseracing. '#%   Forthequeenslying-intherewasmuchclamoraboutwhoshouldcarrythewhitestaff,hold (#& thebackofthechair,keepthedoor,rockthecradle,andsuchservices,allmoreorlessfixedby )$' custom.ThebirthoftheprincesswasonApril8.Shelivedonlyalittleovertwoyears. v*%(   Continuingtheirroyalrevels,onJune3thekingandhispartywentagaintotheLionsTower. b+&) Theretheywatchedlivecocksthrowntomaleandfemalelionsandtorntopieces.Butwhenthe d keeperloweredalivelambintothecage,thelionsmerelysniffedatitandletitalone.Alas,thelions P hadnorealchancetoliedownwiththelamb,foratthispointthekeeperslifteditoutsafely. <   Presumablytheworkoftranslationcontinuedpeaceablyamidthecourtactivitiesinsports, (  gaming,andamateurtheatricals,butduringthenextyearoneroyalpastimeinevitablydisturbedthe   translators.ThiswasthevisitofKingJamestoOxford,August27,1605.CorpusChristiCollegehas   preservedthechargetoheadsofhousesoveramonthbeforethisroyalprogress:   1.0  Alldoctorsandgraduates,scholars,fellowsandprobationerstoprovidebeforethefirstday  ` ofAugustnextgowns,hood,andcapeaccordingtothestatutesoftheirhousesandordersof L  theuniversity,andthatallcommonersandhalliersdowearroundcaps,andcolorsand 8  fashionsintheirapparelasthestatutesdoprovide.$ (#(# 2.0  Thatwhosoevershallbeseenbythevicechancellororprotectorsorotheroverseersappointed `  bythedelegatesinthestreetoranypublicplace,duringtheKingsMajestysabode, L  otherwiseapparelledthanthestatutesoftheirhousesortheuniversityappointfortheirdegree, 8  shallpresentlyforfeittenpoundsandsuflEerimprisonmentatthediscretionofthesaid $ officers,thesaidforfeittobeleviedbythevicechancellororwhomheshallappoint.(#(# 3.0  ThatuponthedaywhentheKingcometh,allgraduatesshallbereadyattheringingofSt.  Mariesbelltocomeintheirhabitsandhoodsaccordingtotheirdegrees,andallscholarsin p theirgownsandcapsshallstandquietlyinsuchorderasshallbeappointed,untilhismajesty \ bepassedintoChristChurch,andthetrainbeingpassed,everyonemayreporttohisown H college.4(#(# 4.0  Thatallscholars,bachelors,andmastersdodiligentlyfrequenttheordinarylecturesduring p  thetimeofhismajestysabode.\(#(# 5.0  ThatnoscholarofwhatdegreesoeverpresumetocomeuponthestateinSt.Maries,upon 4  painofonemonthsimprisonmentandfortypoundsfine,andthatnomasterofartspresume  ! tocomewithinthecompassoftherailorstagebelow,wherethedisputerssit,butwithhis  " hoodturnedaccordingtohisdegree,andnonebutmastersofartsandbachelorsoflawshall " presumetocomeintothatplace.# (#(# 6.0  Thatthescholarswhichcannotbeadmittedtoseetheplaysdonotmakeanyoutcriesor %X" undecentnoiseaboutthehall,stairs,orwithinthequadrangleofChristChurch,uponpainof &D # presentimprisonmentandanyotherpunishmentaccordingtothedirectionofthevice '0!$ chancellorandproctors.("%(#(# 7.0  ThattheywarntheircompaniestoprovideversestobedisposedandsetuponSt.Maries,or X*#' tootherplacesconvenient,andthatthoseversesbecorrectedbythedeansorsomeothers D+$( appointedbythehead.0,%)(#(# Ї8.0  Thatashortorationbeprovidedateveryhousetoentertainhismajestyifhispleasurebeto d visitthesame,andversessetup.P(#(# 9.0  ThatUniversityCollege,AllSouls,andMagdalenCollegedosetupversesathismajestys (  departure,uponsuchplacessoastheymaybeseenashepassethby. (#(# 10.0  Thatthefellowsandscholarsofthebodyofeachhousebecalledhomeandnotpermittedto   goabroadtillafterhismajestybegonefromtheuniversity,andthattheymaybeathomeby  t thefirstofAugust. `(#(#   Thevice-chancellorinchargeofallthiswasDr.GeorgeAbbot,thetranslatorforwhomthe 8  futurepromisedsomuch.AsactingheadofOxfordhewastocollectthefines,seethattherewasa $  fullturnoutinfancydress,andmakesurethatnowickedstudents!mostofthemteen-aged,like t  collegeboystoday!spoiledthesolemndisplay.Hehadamonthtoprepare,andmanyoftheOxford `  translatorswhowouldotherwisehaveusedthesummermonthsforstudyoftheBibletextsmusthave L  hadtohelphim. 8    ForthekingsvisitOxfordpavedstreetsandsweptthemwell.Itnewlypaintedallrails,posts, $ barsofwindows,casements,andpumps,andnewlytrickedallarms.OnAugust27thekingcame  ridinghorseback,withthequeenonhislefthand.PrinceHenrybeforethem.Becausetheyhadcome  byeasystages,stoppingnightsatgreathouses,theywerefreshenoughtolookregal.The  vice-chancellor,GeorgeAbbot,translator,madehisspeechonhiskneewithgoodgraceandaclear p voice. \   ThepartywentontoSt.JohnsCollege.AtCarfaxDr.JohnPerin,Greekreaderanda H translator,madehisoration ingoodfamiliarGreek.Thekingheardhimwillinglyandthequeen 4 gladly,becauseshesaidshehadneverheardGreek.Dryassuchaprogrammayseemtoustoday,to   thescholars,andeventotheroyalgroup,suchspeecheswerealiveandofintenseconcern,partly p  becausetheyalllookedwithrespectonheavenandhell.Whowasgoodenoughtoregardthefuture \ withpeaceofmind? H   ThepartyprogressedtoChristChurch,andonthesecondday,August28,fromteninthe 4  morninguntilonetheywatchedatiresomelightplay.Butthesermons,lectures,disputes,and  ! speechesofthetranslatorsandtherestwentonandoninaccordwiththeschedule.TheLatinverses  " bythestudents,goneoverbythedeans,wereallupinplace.Hereandtherethegraciousking, " twiddlinghisfingersaswashiswont,gaveafewwordsofpraise,ofteninLatin.Vice-chancellor #  AbbotsentDr.Aglionbyaroundwiththeking,whosealertvigoramazedall.Thereisnosuggestion $l! thathedranktoomuch.Thiswasafairoflearningonahighplane,witheventheyouthfulscholars %X" lessnoisyandrowdythanwastheirhabit,andthedoctorsofdivinityarrayedinscarletgowns,faced &D # downtothefeetwithvelvet,inthehotAugustweather. '0!$   ThatsummerappearedthefirstcatalogueofthenewOxfordlibrarytowhichtheyearbefore ("% KingJameshad,bypatent,giventhenameofitsfounder.SirThomasBodley.Itlistedamongthe l)#& thousandsofbooksinits655pages,BibliaLatinapulcherrima,twovolumes,apresentfromDr. X*#' GeorgeRyves,WardenofNewCollegeandanoverseerofthetranslation,andotherbooksthatwere D+$( giftsfromtheKingJameslearnedmen.TodaytheBodleianhashundredsofpapers,aswellasbooks, 0,%) byandaboutthetranslators. d   Thoughhislifebeliedit,KingJamesseemedsincereenoughinposingasaloverofbooks. P WhenhereceivedhisdegreeatOxford,hewentintotheBodleian,wherechainsboundallthebooks < totheshelves.Lookingaroundwithalongingmien,hesaid, Iwouldwish,ifeveritbemylottobe (  carriedcaptive,tobeshutupinthisprison,tobeboundwiththesechains,andtospendmylifewith   thesefellowcaptiveswhichstandherechained.JamestrulyadmiredtheBodleian.     TodayitmaybeaskedwhetherthelearnedmenofOxfordadmiredtheking.Nowhewasthe   guestofsomewhohadbeenhisguestsatHamptonCourt;Dr.JohnRainoldswasone,onaprogram  t ofsermonsandlecturesinLatinandEnglish.AlthoughRainoldslecture_  #  7      _Ԁhasnotbeenpreserved,it  ` seemssafetoassumethathewasmorepolitetohiskingthanJames,attheconference,hadbeento L  him. 8    InfactRainoldsthePuritanwasfindingitpossibletoconformtosomeofthemostdifficult $  ofthechurchclaims.InaletterdatedJune3,1605,twomonthsbeforethekingsvisit,hemaintained t  thatthebishopsandclergysinceHenryVIIIssplitwiththeRomanChurchhadbeenrightlyordained, `  andeveninsomecasesconfirmedbythePope.ManychiefdoctorsoftheRomanChurchhadtaught, L  hesaid, OutofSt.Augustine,groundingontheScripturethathereticalbishopsmaylawfully 8  ordain.Thereforeinthisletter,stillamongtheCorpusChristipapers,RainoldsjoinedBancroftand $ thekinginarguingthattheChurchofEnglandhadwhollycorrectdescentfromSt.Peter,andits  clergywereinthedirect,sacredlinefromthefirstChristianbishops.    Rainoldsmadenomentionatthistimeofthedivinerightofkings,butyearsbefore,inanother  letter,hehadwrittenaboutdivinity. Siththatdivinity,theknowledgeofGod,isthewateroflife,the p vesselmustbecleansedthatshallhaveGodsholyspiritnotonlyaguestbutalsoacontinualdweller \ within.Godforbidthatyoushouldthinkdivinityconsistsofwords,asawooddothoftrees.Divinity H withoutgodlinessdothbutcondemnconsciencesagainstthedayofvengeance,andprovidethewrath 4 ofthemightyLord,andmakemoreinexcusablebeforetheseatofjudgment....Truedivinitycannot   belearnedunlessweframeourheartsandmindswhollytoit.Hehadthenurgedstudyoftheword p  ofGodintheHebrewandGreek, notoutofthebooksoftranslation,andhadapprovedstronglyof \ painfultravailinCalvinsworks.Now,stillforCalvin,hewasalsoforthetranslationthatwas H Jamessbestclaimtodivineguidance. 4    AndindeedtheBiblemenwerefortheking,themasteroftheirtask.ThoughtheKingJames  ! versionasitcamefromtheirhandsandmindscontainedmuchagainstkings,preacherscouldanddid  " concludethatitstoodfordivinerightofthecrown.Amongthetranslators,LancelotAndrewes,whom " thekingheardpreachandgreatlyapproved,said: Thedutiesofakingarefirsttoacknowledgehis #  powertobefromGod....Anotherdutyofthepeopleistobearwiththeinfirmitiesofthismildking, $l! andtobeasmeektowardhimincoveringhisuncomeliness,ifanybe.WasJamesthusmildand %X" meek?OrwasAndrewesjustholdingupbeforehimastandard? &D #   InanothersermonthegentleAndrewesutteredwhatwemaynowseeasawarning,though '0!$ WC W n W  surelyitwasnotsomeantorunderstood.Ofkingshesaid: Ifreligionmakethemnot,heresywill  notunmakethem.YetthestrugglesofJamesandtheHouseofCommonsovertaxesandother  mattersgoingonaroundthelearnedmenastheyworked,couldonlyconfirmtheirreligious  convictionsandmakethemthemoreeagertofinishtheirspecialtask.Letotherwriters!asfor t instancePericlesinShakespeare!raisepoliticalissues: ` 8  Kingsareearthsgods;invicetheirlawstheirwill,8    8  AndifJovestray,whodaressay,Jovedothill?$ t     Atouchykingmightwelldislikesuchquestions,andfortheprogressoftheBibleworkitwas  L  littleenoughtoassurearoyalpatronofhisvirtueandsafety.Inthelongrunabright,pureBiblecould  8  helpallmentostandequalbeforethemercyseatofheaven. $    AnotherrebelinattendanceduringtheroyalvisitwasDr.ThomasHolland,thetranslatorwho   hadconformedinoutwardthingsthoughheremainedinwardlyagainstthebishops.Asafeatureof   theroyalentertainment.Dr.Hollandtookpartinanargumentonthetheologicalquestion.Dothe   saintsandangelsknowthethoughtsoftheheart?Thoughanappropriatechoiceformenofmany   minds,allontheirgoodbehavior,thevirtueofthequestionwasthatnoonecouldanswerit.Itwas p thereforeaperfectsubjectforaheateddebate,adrillinwhatpassedforlogic,inthemannerofthe \ schoolmenoftheMiddleAges.Accordingtocustom.Dr.JohnAglionby,atranslator,upheldoneside H andthreeothertranslators"Drs.Holland,GilesThomson,andJohnHarding!arguedinopposition. 4 ThemoderatorwastobeThomasBilson,BishopofWinchester,anothertranslator,ifhecouldcome;  p ifnot,thenthevice-chancellor!GeorgeAbbot,atranslatortoo!wouldtakehisplace.  \   Althoughsomemayhaveenjoyedtheirrolesinthecelebration,forDr.Rainolds,primemover H inamoreimportantproject,thedaysoftheroyalvisitmusthavebeenanordeal.Hehadlongbeen 4 lessthanrobust.Coughingmorethanheliked,hesufferedfromwhatheandthedoctorsthoughtwas   gout.Rainoldsarousedhimselftolecturebeforetheking,beingpresentatallthestodgypomps,   wearingtheheavyemblemsofhislearning,andthenwentbacktohisCorpusChristidutiesandhis  study,wherehetookextremepainsinporingovertheBiblesourcesandchoosingEnglishphrases.  NormallythetranslatorsmetinhisquartersonceaweektodiscusstheBibleworknowputaside.    Whenthekingleft,hispartyandthedivines,plumpandlean,withallsortsofotherpeople l crowdedthehighways.Men,women,andchildrenrodeinajinglingtrafficofgaycolors.Sedate X  translatorsreturnedtotheirlivings.Inthestreammanywerewalking,andtherewerecartsforluggage D! andvariedgoods.TrafficconvergedonOxfordtoo,turningoutandwaitingasadvanceriderswarned 0"  thattheroyalprogresswascoming.OnthefaceofEnglandtherehadbeenfewchangessincethetime #l! ofChaucerspilgrims.TherealchangeswouldcomewhenreadersofthenewBiblelearnedto $X" overturnwhatJamesthoughtandurged,andtoreadintohisBiblewhathemoststronglyopposed. $D #  h+&* Ї GXX    +.%( HE H  H  CHAPTER9  HolyWar #XX G"t# $t Dt  Afterlongdelays,ParliamentwastomeetonNovember5,1605.GreatBritainstillobserves F  thatdatewithbonfires,andboysdressingup,puttingonmasks,goingaroundbeggingforpennies, 2  andshoutingaraggedlittlerhyme.OnthatdayallwhoapproachedWhitehallandtheoldpalaceof  n Westminsterfoundthestreetsbarredbysoldiers.Londonseethedwithalarm,awe,andrumors,  Z ill-foundedandwell-founded.WhenitappearedthatParliamentwastoconvenestilllater,thecrowd  F atlengthdispersed.  2    Thetroublehadbegunlongbefore.FromBrussels,March17,1604,anewsletterhadsaid: It   isalsoreportedthatallCatholicsaretoleaveEnglandonpainofdeath.Shouldanyoneofthisreligion   bemetwithinthefuture,allhispropertyandfortunearetogotohisnearestfriend.Itisasubtle   schemeforonefriendtodenouncetheother,wherefromitistobegatheredwhatistobeexpected   fromthisking. ~    Insecret,itisnowsupposed.QueenAnnehadbecomeapapist.Sheandthekingwereoddly j unsureofeachother,thoughwithoutanopenbreak.JamesmeantinthemaintopreservetheChurch V ofEnglandasitwas,solongasithelpedpreservehiskingship.Thus,angryatareportthathehad B becomeaconvertofRome,Jameswasputtinginforcewithdoubledvigortherevivedpenallaws .~ againstthepapists.ThosewhobelongedtotheRomanChurch,manywithfamousoldnames,were j enragedorindespair. V   Abandofthem,mainlykinsfolk,hadbeguntoplotsomesixmonthsbefore,aboutthetime B acuckooflewoverthepulpitofPaulsCrossandcriedout"thisatthetimewasseenasanomenof . somethingdiretocome.Thestoryistooinvolvedtogiveindetailhere,butonOctober26,theLord  Chamberlain,Monteagle,receivedanunsignedletterbegginghimtostayawayfromParliamenton  thedayitopened.HetookthelettertoRobertCecil,whoonNovember1showedittothekingata  midnightmeeting.Thekingshrewdlysurmisedagooddealofwhatitmeant.    Monday,November4,anagentoftheroyalpartyfoundinacellarbeneaththeHouseofLords z aman,namedGuyFawkes,disguisedasaservant,besidepilesoffaggots,billetsofwood,and f massesofcoal.Theagentwentaway.ShortlyMonteagleandoneothercameandtalked,butgaveno R  heedtoFawkes,whowasstillonguard,untiltheywereabouttogo.Hetoldthemhewasaservant >! ofThomasPercy,awell-knownpapist.Stilllater,atmidnight,soldiersfoundFawkesbootedand *"z spurredandwithalanternoutsidethecellardoor.Hehadtakenfewpainstoconcealhisactions.They #f  draggedhimintoanalley,searchedhim,andfoundonhimatinderboxandalengthofslowmatch. $R! Inafurynowtheymovedthefaggots,billets,andcoal,andcameuponbarrelafterbarrelofpowder, $> " thirty-sixbarrelsinall.FawkesthenconfessedthathemeanttoblowuptheHouseofLordsandthe %*!# king. &"$   OnNovember6,Percy,withothers,rushedintoaninnatDunchurch,Warwickshire,withthe '#% newsthatthecourtwasawareoftheirplan.Bytheeighththewholeattempthadclearlyfailed.When (#& Parliamentmetaweekafterthestatedday,theking,calm,gracious,andsplendid,toldwhathad )$' happenedandthenadjournedthemeeting.AtfirstFawkesrefusedtonameanyexceptPercy,who, v*%( withothers,waskilledinthecourseofachase.Intimehegavethenamesofall,whowouldhave b+&) blownuptheHouseofLords ataclap. d   GuyFawkeswasbaptizedatSt.MichaelleBelfrey,York,April16,1570,sonofEdward P Fawkes,aproctorandadvocateinthechurchcourtsofYork.Thefatherdiedandthemothermarried < apapist.In1603GuyFawkeswenttoMadridtourgethatPhilipIIIinvadeEngland.Thushewasa (  confirmedtraitor,thougheggedonandusedbymoreastuteplotters.     SomeofthesemenhadbeeninvolvedintherisingoftheEarlofEssex.Anumberwere   formermembersoftheChurchofEngland.Mostofthemhadsomelandandwealth.Theywereall   highlydisturbedbeings,throw-backs,whomeanttosubvertthestateandgetridofKingJames.  t Churchandstate,theyweresure,mustbeatone,withfealtytothePope.  `   InWestminsterHall,January27,1606,therewasatrialafterafashionwithnorealdefense. L  SirEdwardCokesimplyoutlinedthecaseandaskedsomequestions.Fornearlyayear,theplotters 8  hadbeendiggingatunnelfromadistance,buthadfoundthewallundertheHouseofLordsninefeet $  thick.Theyhadthengotaccesstothecellarbyrentingabuilding.Theyhadplannedtokilltheking, t  seizehischildren,stirupanopenrevoltwithaidfromSpaniardsinFlanders,putPrincessElizabeth `  onthethrone,andmarryhertoapapist.Thoughallbutone.SirEverardDigby,pleadednotguilty, L  thecourt,suchasitwas,condemnedthemalltodeath.Thatsameweektheywereallhanged,four 8  inSt.Paulschurchyard,whereJohnOverall,thetranslator,couldhavelookedon,andfourinthe $ yardoftheoldpalace.AmongthelatterwasGuyFawkes,tall,brown-haired,andwithanauburn  beard.Hewassoweakfromtorturethatguardshadtohelphimuptothescaffold.Percyandthree  othershadbeenkilledbeforewhiletryingtoescape,andonehaddiedinprison.    Threemonthslatercamethetrialo HenryGarnet,aJesuit,thoughttobeheadoftheJesuits p inEngland,BroughtupaProtestant,heknewoftheplotbuthadshrunkinhorrorfromit,thoughhe \ leftthechosenvictimstotheirfate.Thecourtcondemnedhimalsotodie. H   AllthisconcernedthemenatworkontheBible.AtGarnetshanging.May3,inSt.Pauls 4 churchyard,JohnOverall,DeanofSt.Pauls,tooktimeofffromhistranslatingtobepresent.Very   gravelyandChristianlyheandtheDeanofWinchesterurgeduponGarnet atrueandlivelyfaithto p  God-ward,afreeandplainstatementtotheworldofhisoffense;andifanyfurthertreasonlayinhis \ knowledge,hewasbeggedtounburdenhisconscienceandshowasorrowanddetestationofit. H Garnet,firminhisbeliefs,desiredthemnottotroublehim.Soafterthemenassignedtothegruesome 4  dutyhadhanged,drawn,andquarteredthevictim.DeanOverallreturnedtoSt.PaulsandhisBible  ! task.  "   Thatyear,1606,Overallwasalsowritinghisconvocationbookofcanons.Thiswasintended " tobeacodeforthefaithful.Apartofitupheldthedivinerightofkings.Yet,Overallargued,ifany #  upsetbyforceoccurredandanewrulesucceeded,thistoointurncouldpleadforitselfadivineright, $l! andinsistthatthepeopleobeyit,thustodotheirdutytowardGod.TotouchyJamesthiswasfalse %X" doctrine.Sohesuppressedthewholebookofcanons,whichcameoutonlyafter1688,whenJames &D # IIwasforcedtoleavethecountry. '0!$   TheGuyFawkesplotinspiredmanysermons.Ofthetranslators,RavispreachedatPauls ("% Cross,BarlowatWestminster,andAndrewesatWhitehall.FromthenonAndrewespreachedtenGuy l)#& Fawkessermonsbeforetheking,oneayear,derivingawfullessonsfromthehorridscheme. X*#'   WilliamBarlowalsopreachedatPaulsCrossontheSundayaftertheplotcametolight.His D+$( textwasPsalm18:50: GreatdeliverancegivethHetoHisking,andshewethmercytoHisanointed, 0,%) toDavid,andtohisseedforevermore.OfGuyFawkesBarlowsaid: Tomakehimselfdrunkwith d thebloodofsomanyworthies...suchheapshehadlaidinofbillets,faggots,largestones,iron P crows,pickaxes,greathammerheads,besidessomanybarrelsofgunpowder...notmanliketokill < butbeastliketo...tearparcelmealthebodiesofsuchpersonages...thiswhirlingblastwouldhave (  beenuntooursacredking...asthewhirlwindandfierychariotofElias,tohavecarrieduphissoul   toheaven.     ThefirstGuyFawkessermonbyLancelotAndreweswasonPsalm118:23,24: Thisisthe   Lordsdoing;itismarvellousinoureyes.ThisisthedaywhichtheLordhathmade;wewillrejoice  t andbegladinit.HeimpliedthatGodlettheplottersproceedsothatHecoulddestroytheminsignal  ` fashion,togivethepublicagoodlesson: Wehavethereforewelldone...bylawtoprovidethatthis L  dayshouldnotdie,northememorialthereofperish,fromourselvesorfromourseed,butbe 8  consecratedtoaperpetualmemory,byayearlyacknowledgmenttobemadeofitthroughoutall $  generations.... t    OthersermonsfollowingtheFawkesattemptwereaimeddirectlyatthepapistparty,now, `  naturallyinevenlessfavor.TheChurchofEnglandhadmaintained,andmaintains,thattheCatholic L  Churchis,asthetermmeans,thechurchuniversal.ThattheRomanChurchcouldbethatchurch 8  universalseemedabsurdtosuchdivinesasthetranslator,thestodgyGeorgeAbbot.Yethe,like $ otherstothisday,confusedoneness,thebeliefthattherecanbebutoneChristianChurch,withplaces  andnumbersofpeople.Thushewrotewithrighteousscorntoapapist, Whatsayyoutothesouth  continent,whichissohugeacountrythatifthefirmlanddoholduntothepole,asitcommonlyis  receivedandbelieved,itverynearequalethallAsia,Africa,andEurope,andwhatpartinallthat p worldisthoroughlydiscoveredasyetbyanyChristian?...Ifwelookuntothenorthernandcolder \ partsofAmerica,whicharenotsofitforthebreedingofgold[howwronghewasaboutthatI]... H whathugecountriesbethereofincomparablebignesswhichhavenothingofChristianityinthem? 4   Inotherwords,unlesstheChurchofRomehadspreadtoallpartsoftheworld,howcouldit   claimtobetheonechurchforall?HedisdainedthepapistsmentionofGoa, asifitweresomehuge p  region,whereasitisbutacity.Asheargued,hecontradictedhimself,forhealsowrote, Youare \ misinformedthattheProtestantsdogloryintheirgreatnumber;theyknowthattruthistruth,beitin H moreorfew.Thepapists,withsubduedfuryaboutthenewBible,andtheChurchofEnglandkept 4  onpushingforthemselves,andagainsteachother.Thetranslatorsworkedoninthisstormyair.  !   NorwasthecontroversylimitedtotheCatholicclaims.Inthesummerof1606fourdivines  " preachedbeforethekingonhowtoreducesomePresbyterianScotstoarightfeelingtowardthe " ChurchofEngland.AmongthemwereAndrewesandBarlow. #    MeanwhileayoungmaninHollandwasstirringupquestionswhichlongafterinvolvedDr. $l! AndrewesandGeorgeAbbot.BorninEssexabout1575,BartholomewLegatehadnocollege %X" training,but,afterbeingadealerinclothlists,hepreachedamongthe Seekers,anoffshootofthe &D # MennonitesinZeeland.HesoonfoundthatMennonitetenet,thatourLordsbodycamefromheaven, '0!$ an execrableheresy.By1605hewasteachingthatJesusChristwasamereman,butbornfreefrom ("% sin.TheScriptures,hesaid,termhimGod,notfromhisessencebutbecauseofhisoffice.Thiswas l)#& morethananystablechurchmencouldendure.Thecaseofthisboldminorfigurewastobeasevil X*#' asthatofGuyFawkes.TriedbytheLondonconsistory,withGeorgeAbbotpresidingandLancelot D+$( Andrewesamember,Legatewascondemnedtodeath. 0,%) Ї  AftertheGunpowderPlotfailed,thereligiousconflictenteredalessexplosivestage,butone d involvingmanydifferencesofopinion.TheEstablishedChurchinEngland,asinRome,foughtall P divergencesasheresy.In1607ThomasRavis,theOxfordtranslator,becameBishopofLondon < succeedingthemanwhohadreplacedRichardBancroftwhenthelatterbecameArchbishopof (  Canterbury.Ravis,alwaysgrim,atoncebegantoharassthosewhowouldnotsubmitfullytothe   Church. BythehelpofJesus,heannouncedwithhaughtysurenessthatJesuswaswithhim, Iwill   notleaveonepreacherinmydiocesewhodothnotsubscribeandconform.Whileheworkedonthe   Bible,hewashighlyactiveasahatedscourge.Writing OfUnityinReligion,Andrewesfriend  t FrancisBaconsaid, Lukewarmpersonsthinktheymayaccommodatepointsofreligionbymiddle  ` ways,andtakingpartofboth.Thebishopsamongthetranslatorswerefarfromlukewarm.Theyhad L  nouseformiddleways. 8    OnJuly3thekinghaddeclared: Weadviseconformityespeciallyofministers,whohave $  beenthechiefauthorsofdivisions,andhopetheywillnotomitsubstantialdutiesforshadowsand t  semblanceofzeal.Iftheyareintractable,theymustbecompelledbytheauthoritywhichweare `  compelledtouseforpreservationofthechurchsauthority.Suchashavebeencensuredfor L  disobediencemayhavetill30Novembertobethinkthemoftheircourse,andtheneitherconformor 8  disposeofthemselvesinotherways,asafterthat,proceedingwillbetakenagainstthem.Though $ thekingwascompetenttoexpresshimself,wemayassumethatheusedghostwriters,amongthem  nodoubtBancroft,RobertCecil,andSirThomasLake.    Onemainpinchwasthatalltheclergyhadtoacceptallthoseofthethirty-ninearticlesthat  dealtwithritesandceremonies.Fromamodempointofviewthoseweretheshadows,notthe p substance,ofworship.ButattheHamptonCourtmeeting,aswehaveseen,therehadbeen \ controversyovermakingthesignofthecross,andthereweremanyothermattersindispute. H   Increasingconflictmadeitcertainthatthemenaddedtothelistoftranslatorswouldbestanch 4 supportersoftheestablishedchurch.ThiswastrueofLeonardHutton,chaplaintoBishopBancroft.   AtOxfordin1605HuttonpublishedAnAnswertoaCertainTreatiseoftheCrossinBaptism.This p  headdressedtoRichardBancroft,ArchbishopsinceNovember.Initheopposedastatementthat the \ signofthecrossbeingahumanordinanceisbecomeanidolandmaynotlawfullybeusedinthe H serviceofGod.Thishecounteredwithapleathat theconsignationofachildsforeheadinbaptism 4  wasoneofthemostancientceremoniesofChristianity.Somemadeadifferenceoftheplaceforthe  ! sign,inbaptismonthecrown,inconfirmationontheforehead.Manyusedthesignofthecrossinall  " sortsoflowways,asontheirbreastsandforeheadsindiceplaying,tobringthemluck. "   Huttonwenton, Howmuchbetterwereittoturntheseforcesthatarespentuponourselves #  againstthecommonadversarywho(aslamentableexperiencehathtaughtus)makeththisstrifeof $l! oursafitoccasionandinstrumenttooverthrowourcommonfaith.Thaturgingofcommonsense %X" andonenessmeant,alas,thatallthePuritansshouldaccepthispointofview.Itneveroccurredtohim &D # thatthosewholikedthecrossinbaptismmightuseit,andthatthosewhodislikeditmightrejectit. '0!$   Thesethingsandmanyothergrievoussinsandworksofdarkness,thatblushnot...toshow ("% themselvesintheopenday,couldnotthusswarmamongstusasdailytheydo,ifwealltrulyintended l)#& thesamething,ifwecouldfaithfullyandunfeignedlygiveoneanothertherighthandoffellowship, X*#' andseriouslydotheLordsworkwithoneconsent.Againthisheartystandingforthatoneconsent D+$( meantthatallshouldconsenttowhatHuttonbelieved;stopallthissillyfighting,andagreewithwhat 0,%) 'I '  '  Itellyou!Hewrotefurther: ThatwhichIwouldnowsayis,todesirethetreatiserandhisfriendsthat  theywouldfirstreformthemselves.Whatcouldbemorewithinreason?Itmayseemtoustodaythat  hewaswritingnotreallytopersuadethoseontheothersideofthewordycontest,buttopleasehis  master,Bancroft,headoftheChurchundertheking. t   Lovingpeaceonhisownterms,Huttonhadatranquillife,whilethePuritanswaxedmore ` potentaroundhim. Ifyoufearacurse,hesaidgrandly, youfearwherenocauseoffearis.A L  stainedglasswindowatChristChurchbearsthearmsofthistranslatorandtwootherOxonians,Edes 8  andRavis. $ t   Astheconflictscontinued,thepowerofthebishops,anissueatHamptonCourt,became  ` stronger. Theoccasionwhichcausedtheapostlestoappointbishops,Andrewessaid, seemethto  L  havebeenschisms.Againhesaid, ThewholeministryoftheNewTestamentwasatthefirst  8  investedinChristalone.Heistermed...bishop,IPeter2:25. $    BishopBarlowpreachedontheantiquityandsupremacyofbishops,usingashistextActs   20:28, Takeheedthereforewithyourselves,andtoalltheflockoverwhomtheHolyGhosthath   madeyouoverseers,tofeedthechurchofGod,whichhehathpurchasedwithhisownblood.Itwas   cleartoBarlowthatoverseersmeantbishops.Yettothisdayscholarsincommentariesarguewhether   theGreekwordrenderedinEnglishasbishopmeantwhatwemeanbybishopatall.Giventhetimes p andthenumberofbishopsamongthelearnedmen,thenewBiblewascertaintosustainthecultof \ bishopswhereverthechancearose. H   Ofthebishopsoneatleastwastobehighlyuseful.ForThomasBilson,BishopofWinchester, 4 withMilesSmith,attheendrevisedallthattheresthaddone.Hewasoneonwhomthekingandhis  p trustedchurchmenrelied.Wemaywellaskhowhisstylefittedhimtoburnishthewholefinaldraft,  \ butifweusethiscriterionwemayaskinvain.BishopBilsonwasforthemostpartadullwriter.So H aremanyfirst-rateeditors. 4   HewasborninWinchesterin1547,thesonofGermanparents.Hisfather,Herman,wasason   ofArnoldandperhapsadaughterofadukeofBavaria.AtNewCollege,Oxford,ThomasBilson   becameadoctorofdivinityin1581,andwasraisedtoBishopofWinchesterin1597.Inmanyways  hecarriedontheholywarfareoftheChurch;atNewCollegein1599,wherethePuritansweregetting  stronger,hehadtoinsistonthewearingofsurpliceandhoodwiththesamefirmnesswithwhichhe  forbadetakingmeatfromthekitchenandbreadfromthebutterybetweenmeals.Likingphilosophy, l physics,anddivinity,thebishopwasalsofondofpoetry.Inthatfondnesswemayfindacluetohis X  skillwiththeBibleworktowardtheend.Butmainly,beingverywellawareofthechurchconflicts D! thathadalwaysbeenrampant,Bilsonwascorrectindogma,asafemantosteadythekingsnew 0"  EnglishBible.OnesaidofBishopBilsonthathe carriedprelatureinhisveryaspect. #l!   On theperpetualgovernmentofChristschurch,Bilsonsaid: Thesecondassuredsignof $X" episcopalpowerisimpositionofhandstoordainpresbytersandbishops,foraspastorsweretohave $D # sometoassistthemintheircharge,whichwerepresbyters,soweretheytohaveotherstosucceed %0!$ themintheirplaceswhichwerebishops.Andthisrightbyimposinghandstoordainpresbytersand &"% bishopsinthechurchofChristwasatfirstderivedfromtheapostlesuntobishopsnotunto '#& presbyters. (#'   ThushewasreadytosquelchthePresbyteriannonsensewhichthekinghated.Theword )$(  presbytersappearsonlyonceintheKingJamesBible,buttheGreekwordthusrenderedisinmany |*%) otherplacestranslated elders.ThePresbyterianshavesurvivedallthewould-besquelchingsby h+&* Bilsonandothers.Thegoodbishophimselfcommentedondifferencesofopinionasinevitable: d 8  Whodothmarvelthatamongstsomanythousandsofbishopsasthewholeworld < yieldedinsomanyhundredyearsthereshouldbesomecontentiousandambitious (  spirits....WerethepastorsbutofEngland,France,andGermanytomeetinafree   synod,Iwillnotaskyouwhentheywouldagree,butiftheirtonguesbeliketheir   pens,therewouldbemoreneedofofficerstopartthefraysthanofnotariestowrite   theacts. t     TheBibleonwhichthetranslatorsworkedwasbornamidvividandruthlesscontroversy.Yet L  outwardlyatleastthelearnedmenmadetheirpeacewithauthority.OnDecember20,1606,Dr.John 8  Duport,thetranslatorwhowasmasterofJesusCollege,Cambridge,declaredthatallofthathouse $  conformedtothedoctrineanddisciplineoftheChurchofEngland.BythenallthePuritantranslators t  hadconformedenoughtoescapebeingbanishedordirelypunishedinotherways.Thatmonth `  ArchbishopBancroftbegantoproceedagainstanyPuritanclergywhowerestubborn,andinayear, L  somehistorianssay,gotridofthreehundred,thoughotherssayfewer. 8    In1607anumberofthesemenfoundanalternative:theysailedtoVirginia.Induecoursethe $ PuritanswonEnglandforatime,andthenlost,whiletheylongtriumphedinAmerica.    D+$( IK I  I   GXX  CHAPTER10   PrivateFortunes $t  #XX G#  OnEleventhandTwelfthNights,1606,justbeforethehangingofthegunpowderplotters,the F  MasqueofHymenbyBenJonsoncheeredtheweddingofRobertDevereux,EarlofEssex,andLady 2  Frances,daughteroftheEarlofSuffolk.ThisEssex,sonoftheEssex wholosthishead,wasaboy  n offourteenandhisbridewasagirlofthirteen.Yearslatertwoofthetranslatorshadtodosomething  Z furtheraboutthemarriage.  F   NowLancelotAndrewes,whilehetranslated,wasinthethickofevents,bothgayandgrave.  2  Bydispositionandtrainingitwaseasyforhimtoturnhisthoughtsfromthedivinetothesecular,   fromthescholarlytotheworldly.AtWestminsterhesawtotherepairofthedeanslodgings,and   whenhewenttoChichesterasbishopherepairedthepalace.Oftenhewaswiththekingat   Newmarketforthehorseracingandthebloodiersports.Wemaysurmisethathissermonsservedto   makethekinglesstrying. ~    AsBishopofGloucesterThomasRavisspentlavishlyonsocialaffairs,andit-^v-assaidthat j he insoshortatimehadgainedthegoodlikingofallsortsthatsomewhocouldnotbrookthename V ofbishopwerecontenttogive(orrathertopay)himagoodreport.Healsoconstructedconduitsto B bringwaterintohisbishopspalace,builtmuchofitanew,andimprovedthepaving. .~   AstheprogressandadvancementofthetranslatorscontinuedJeffreyKing,ofAndrewes j WestminsterHebrewgroup,afellowofKingsCollege,becameroyalprofessorofHebrewat V Cambridge. B   BishopBarlow,thetranslator,hadtoofficiateataroyalfuneral.ThePrincessSophiawasborn . atGreenwichonJune22,1606,anddiedthenextday.Abargecoveredwithblackvelvetconveyed  hertothechapelroyalatWestminster.    Then,inFebruary,1607,anothertranslatordied!WilliamDakins,professorofdivinityat  GreshamCollege,London.    AndnowtheworstslingoffortunesofarstruckthelearnedmenengagedontheBible.Dr. z JohnRainolds,illashethoughtwiththegout,hadlongreceivedhisfellowworkerswhilelivingon f apalletinhisstudy.OnApril1,1606,hehadbeensickenoughtomakehiswill.NowatlastonMay R  21,1607,hedied,notofgoutbutofphthisis. Hislastsickness,onesaid, wascontractedmerely >! [ merelythenmeant wholly]byexceedingpainsinstudybywhichhebroughthiswitheredbody *"z toaveryskeleton.HisdeathcameonlyabitoverthreeyearsaftertheHamptonCourtmeetingat #f  whichhehadproposedthenewBible. $R!   HiswillmaybeseenatCorpusChristiCollege,towhichhegaveahundredofhisbooks.To $> " theBodleianhegavefortybooks,andtoothercolleges,Queens,Mer-ton.New,University,Oriel, %*!# Exeter,Trinity,andBrasenose,hegavemanymore.OneofhistreasureswashisRegiaBibleineight &"$ volumes.TherewasaspecialbequestofbookstoSirHenrySavile,hisausterefellowtranslator,the '#% highchurchman. (#&   TotheonewhowouldsucceedhimasheadofCorpusChristiCollegehelefthismapof )$' England,hislinenand woolenbeddingandlesserhouseholdthings,andhisnotebooksaboutthe v*%( college.Thoughwemayhavethoughtofhimasamanalone,hemadebequeststohistwobrothers b+&) andtohissister.Totwofriendshegavehisprivatenotebooks,papers,letters,andwritings,tomake d awaywiththosewhichcoulddonogood,andtopublishonlythoselectureswhichhehadfinished. P   Thereareearlylettersfromhisfriendandcomradeinthetranslation,RalphHutchinson,who < haddiedtheyearbefore.TheyshowagainhowabsorbedthesemenhadalwaysbeenintheirBible (  studies.ThusHutchinsonwroteofcommentariesmentionedbyoneman, Thecommentaries...Ican   assureyoutobemereemptynames.ForexceptthosewhichareintheVeniceBible,letanymanin   ChristendomshowmesomanyashespeakethofuponthebookofEsther,andIdaremakemyself   hisbondman.AndevenforthoseintheBombergeditionoftheBible,IknownotwhetherEzraand  t Salomebejoinedthereornoinanyofthoseeditionswhicharehis.Oneproblemofthelearnedmen  ` wastorejectfakesmadebypseudoscholars. L    ThelistofRainoldspossessionsfillsalongpage.Therewerebooksvaluedat774pounds, 8  10shillings,alargesumforthosedays.MapsofEngland,Europe,Asia,Africa,andAmericawere $  worth8pounds,8shillings.HisearlymapofAmericabeforeVirginiaorPlymouthwassettledwould t  beworthagooddealtoday. `    Amonghisotherpreciousthingswereasilverbottle,awatch,asignet,apairofbellows,some L  sugarandginger(perhapsforuseinhissickness),apenknife,waxpapers,andclothes.Hehadgowns 8  withhoodsfacedwithvelvet,twelvepairsofstockings,arugandablanket,twelvefinetowels,two $ pairsofsilkgarters,amuff,somegloves,andothermaybestrangerobjectssetdowninwritingtoo  difficulttoread.Thereisnosurpliceonthelist,thoughhehadconformedenoughtowearone.Insum  theywerethesimple,usefulgoodsofaneminentbutquiet,devoutscholar,wholivedinmuchmore  comfortthanElderWilliamBrewsterandotherAmericanPilgrimfatherssomedecadeslater.Atthe p endofhiswillRainoldsgentlyquoted, Givenoneoffence,neithertotheJews,nortotheGrecians \ [ GentilesintheKingJamesversion],nortothechurchofGod. H   CorpusChristiCollegechosetosucceedhimaspresidentJohnSpenser,afellowtranslator 4 oftheAndrewesgroup,thepreacherwhohadwarnedofhowtheChurchasitprospersmaybecome   laxandcorrupt.InthecollegestatuesthefigureofRainoldsstandswithaclosedbook,theOld p  Testamentwhichhehelpedtranslate,andthefigureofSpenserstandswithanopenbook,theNew \ Testament,onwhichheworked. H   May22,1607,thedayafterDr.JohnRainoldsdied,amasquebyBenJonsonwasperformed 4  beforethekingatTheobalds.LikeotherJonsonmasques,itplayeduptoJames.Thefinalcouplet  ! was.  " 0  0 (#(#0m  (# (#0 m (#m (#Sogentlewindsbreedhappysprings,#  (# (# 0  0 (#(#0m  (# (#0 m (#m (#Anddutythrivesbybreathofkings.$l! (# (#   OnthatdayJamesobtainedfromtheEarlofSalisbury,inexchangeforthemanorofHatfield, &D # themansionofTheobaldsinHertfordshire,wherehehadoftenhadgoodtimes.Builtbytheearls '0!$ father,WilliamCecil,ithadcuriousbuildings,lovelywalks,andpleasantconceitswithinand ("% without.Nevertheless,itwassaidthattheshrewdearlgainedbythebargainwiththecanny,grasping l)#& James. X*#'   WithParliament,whichwasgrowingmorePuritan,Jameswaseverinconflict,muchofthe 0,%) timeaboutmoney.Thekingwasspendingmoreandmoreonthecostlytrappingsofthestateaswell d asforhispublicandprivatepleasures.Acourtcasehadatlengthgivenhimthelong-withheldright P tolevycustomsdutiesashepleased,since,asitsaid,allaffairsofcommercebelongedtothekings < power.Whilehedelayedthelevies,hisdebtsgrew.ItwasnowonderthathecouldpayhisBible (  translatorsonlythroughtheassignmentoflivingsandminorincomeslargelyendowed.     TheearlyyearsofJamessreign,likethetimeofElizabeth,sawmanystirringventureswhich   wouldindueseasonhelpEnglandtoprosper.In1607adozenrough,eagerseadogs,theircaptain   amongthem,receivedtheLordsSupperatSt.Ethelburghs,Bishopsgate,London.Thetinyshopof  t agloverwascoopedupinitsporch.Nearbyweretaverns,theAngel,theFourSwans,theQueens  ` Head,andnarrow,crookedalleys,suchasthosenamedWormwoodandPeahen.Therectorwasthe L  BibletranslatorandArabicscholar.Dr.WilliamBedwell,whowasthenhardatworkalsoonhisgreat 8  Arabiclexicon.Thecaptainwithhisseamen,abouttosetoutontheirvoyageintheHopewelltosail $  astheythoughtacrosstheNorthPole,wasHenryHudson. t    InandaroundLondononDecember8,1607,ahardfrostsetinandlastedforsevendays,to `  impedemovement.Afterapartialthaw,thefrostgotworseonthetwenty-second.TheThames was L  sothicklycoveredwithicethatitbecametheplaceforpublicfun.Coachesdroveovertheriveras 8  ifitweredryland.Manysetupboothsandstandingsofsundrygoodstosellupontheice.On $ February1theiceatlastbegantobreak,thepressurebreakingupmanyquaintwoodenbridges,while  floodwatersdestroyedmuchwildfowl.fish,andherbageingardens,suchasartichokesand  rosemary.OnlyinAprildidthefreezingcease.NodoubtinLondon,thenasnowill-equippedfor  wintertemperaturesnearzero,thetranslatorsatWestminstercouldhardlyholdtheirbooks,papers, p andpens,unlesstheyhoveredclosetofireplaces. \   ThenextyearthereweretwomoremasquesbyBenJonson,thequeensmasqueonJanuary H 14,1608,andinFebruarythemasqueatLordHadingtonsmarriage.Thereisnocomplaintofflimsy 4 clothesatthese.Butiv-henQueenAnnesbrother,thekingofDenmark,cametoEnglandforastate   visit,hefoundladiesofthecourttoodrunktodance.TheyneededbutgavenoheedtoBiblical p  sermonsaboutwineasamockerandstrongdrinkasraging. \   Teemingwithcommerceandpopulationgrowth,London-wasundergoingasortofbuilding H racket. Theitchofbuildingcontinuingindefianceofthelawsinbeingandthelateproclamation, 4  hismajesty,lookinguponthegreatincreaseo buildinginandaboutLondonasaricketydistemper  ! intheheadofthekingdom,whichoccasionsafluxofhumorsanddiseasestoapproachthecourt,and  " mightintimebringtheplaguetoWhitehall,didwiththeadviceofhiscouncilagainstrictlyprohibit " theerectingbuildingsuponnewfoundationswithintwomilesofthecity,uponpenaltyofhaving #  themdestroyed.EventheWestminstertranslatorslivedinfearoftheplague,whichmanynow $l! supposedcamepartlyfromovercrowdingandbadbuildings.Abouthowtodisposeofsewageand %X" otherrefusepeopleknewnexttonothing. &D #   In1608therewassomedifficultyaboutmakingDr.JohnHarding,theOxfordtranslation '0!$ chairman,presidentofMagdalenCollege.ThusDr.ArthurLakewrote,February24,1608,tohis ("% elderbrother,SirThomasLake,thekingssecretary, IhavebeentotheBishopofWinchesterwho l)#& willdohisbesttoforwardDr.Harding,butthereisagreatconspiracytoexcludehim.Thetwo X*#' Lakeswrotetothevice-presidentandfellowsofMagdalenCollegeinDr.Hardingsbehalf.Atlength D+$( Dr.Hardinggottheplace,butlastedonlyalittleoverayear.ThenDr.RichardKilby,another 0,%) translator,replacedhim. d   InDecember,1608,WilliamEyre,EmmanuelCollege,Cambridge,whosoundsasifhewere P atranslator,wrotealettertoJamesUssherinDublin,Ireland._# #  8      _ԀEyrementionedthepestilencein < Cambridge,whichmusthavealarmedthetranslatorsthere,andtheillnessofScaliger,thefamous (  scholarandtraveler, withadropsyandnotliketoescapedeath.EyreaskedthatUssher,because   thenewtranslationoftheBiblewasbeinghastened,returntohimthecopyofthepartwhichhehad   lenttoUssherforaDr.Danielsuse.Thelettershowsthattherewasanorderfromthekingthrough   theArchbishopofCanterbury,Bancroft,thatthetranslationoftheBiblebe finishedandprinted.  t Thatendwasstillalongwayoff.  `   DuringthissameyearthereescapedfromEnglandtoAmsterdamsomeofthosewhowereto L  becomethePlymouthPilgrims,amongthemElderWilliamBrewster,perhapsWilliamBradford,and 8  pastorJohnRobinson,whoneverreachedAmerica.BrewsterandRobinsonhadbeenincollegewith $  someofthetranslators.RobinsonmusthaveknownwellJohnOverallandLaurenceChaderton. t    Thelearnedmenkeptonrisingintheirchurchworld.OnApril18,1608,ArthurLake, `  youngerbrotherofthekingssecretary,becameDeanofWorcester.Ayearlater,May27,1609, L  GeorgeAbbot,theprosy,doggedtranslator,becameBishopofLichfieldandCoventry.OnDecember 8  14ofthatyeardiedthestringentbutsociabletranslator,ThomasRavis,BishopofLondon,whohad $ beenDeanofChristChurch.BeforeGeorgeAbbotcouldgetusedtoLichfieldandCoventry,he  becameonFebruary12,1610,BishopofLondon,thirdinlinefromRichardBancroft,whoforsix  yearshadbeenArchbishopofCanterbury.AllbecauseAbbotsmothercaughtandateayoungpike  whileshewaitedforhisbirth,hisadvancetoglorywassteadyandsure. p   Meanwhilethekinghadmanyroyalmattersonhismind.Hehadtoproclaimagainst hunters, \ stealers,andkillersofdeerwithinanyoftheKingsMajestysforests,closes,orparksatHampton H Court.HavingbuiltanewbanquethouseatWhitehall,hehadcelebratedwithJon-sonsMasqueof 4 Queens.Twelvewomeninthehabitsofhagsandwitchesspokesuchlinesas,   0  0 (#(#0m  (# (#Theowlisabroad,thebatandthetoad\m (#m (# 0  0 (#(#0m  (# (#Andsoisthecat-a-mountain.Hm (#m (# 0  0 (#(#0m  (# (#Theantandthemolesitbothinahole.4 m (#m (# Oldfuriesaboutwitcheshaddieddownforatime;therehadevenbeenreprievesandpardons.In  " 1608theEarlofNorthamptonasWardenoftheCinquePortsinducedtheMayorofRyetoadmitto " bailawomancondemnedtodeathforaidingawitch.Herhanginghadbeenstayed;itwasfearedthat #  shemightsuccumbintheloathsomeprison.ThatyearalsoSimonReade,adoctorandcunningman $l! ofSouthwark,waspardonedafteritwaschargedthatheconjuredandinvokeduncleanspirits.For %X" thetimebeingwitchesweremoretoamusethantoscarepeople. &D #   ThemagicalEastIndiaCompany,firstcharteredbyQueenElizabethin1600,nowreceived '0!$ fromKingJamesacharterwithoutlimitoftime.Thesewereyearsforandofbrilliance.CaptainJohn ("% )O ) . )  SmithwasoffinVirginia.CaptainHenryHudsonwasabouttosailupthelordlyriverthatgloriesin  hisname.Jamestookhisqueen,Anne,andthechildrentotheTowertoseeatreatofthelionssingle  valoragainstagreatfiercebearwhichhadkilledanotherbear.Sotheromanceandtrivialityofroyal  lifewentonwhilethetranslatorsslowlyapproachedtheendoftheirlabors. t   NowwereverttothetranslatorJohnOverall,DeanofSt.Pauls,whostruggledwiththe ` profanationsinPaulsWalk.Whenhewasmorethanfortyhehadmarriedagreatbeauty,Anne L  Orwell.Theyseemtohavegotontogetherforatime.IsaacCasaubon,whostayedwiththeOveralls 8  inthedeanshouse,wrotelettersmentioningMrs.Overallinvaguebutkindlyterms.Atlengthofa $ t suddensheranawaywithamannamedSirJohnSelby.Hisnameisallweknowabouthim.  ` Someone,oranumberofmen,chasedtheloversalongaroadfromLondonandbroughttheladyback  L  toherhusband.WhattheconflictsoftheOverallswereorhowthecouplemadeoutastheylivedon  8  inholydeadlockaftertheladythuselopedandgotcaughtweknownot.Otherwivesoftranslators $  worriedtheirhusbandsalmostbeyondbearing.Notallofthelearnedmenprofitedbytheadviceof   theirfellowtranslatorFrancisDillingham,who,thoughhenevermarried,setforthhowtokeepawife   inpropersubjection.    h+&*  Ї   GXX +.%( JQ J ( J  CHAPTER11  TheGoodWord $t  %#XX G!%#  Inatimeofintenseconflictwithinandwithoutthechurches,theworkontheBibledidnot F  escape.OnewhoinangeropposeditwasthegreatPuritanHebraist,HughBroughton.Broughton 2  himselfhadurgedarevisedversionandhadhopedtobeamongthosechosenforthework,butwas  n leftoutbecausehewassoacridinhishumors.  Z   BroughtonsfirstconflicthadbeenwithEdwardLively,theCambridgetranslator,over  F LivelystimeschemefortheBible.NowhewasbitteragainstArchbishopBancroftandBishop  2  Bilsonaboutthelattersthesis,thecommonbeliefofmanychurchestoday,thatthesoulofJesuswent   forashorttimetohell.     Bancroft,hesaid, isadeadlyenemytobothtestamentsandunallowableinthiscoursetobe   ateacherortoruleinlearning.InapamphlethewentonwiththeattackonBancroft,whohadno   loveforhim. Tellhismajesty,hewroteamongotherthings, thatIhadratherberenttopieceswith ~  wildhorsesthananysuchtranslationbymyconsentshouldbeurgeduponpoorchurches.The j statementagainstBancroft,thechiefprelateinwhatwasstillBroughtonschurch,wasaddressedto V theHouseofLords.Now,inthereactionagainstthePuritans,Broughtonwasindanger,while B BancroftfirmlymanagedthenewBible. .~   AmongthepapersofJohnRainoldsaresomeBroughtoncommentsandadvicesetdownwith j respectforhislearning.BroughtonmadehisownpartialversionoftheBiblefromwhichtheKing V Jamesmenappeartohavetakensomewordings.Speakingofwildhorses,Broughtonsaidofthe B horse,inJob39:19, Canstthouclothehisneckwiththunder?TheKingJamesBibleasks, Hast . thougiventhehorsestrength?Hastthouclothedhisneckwiththunder?TheEnglishRevised  Versionhasit, Hastthougiventhehorsehismight?Hastthouclothedhisneckwiththequivering  mane?NodoubtthislastconveysmoreoftheHebrewmeaning.TheKingJamesmenwereworking  with,amongotherversions,theBishopsBible.Thatsaysoddly, Hastthougiventhehorsehis  strengthorlearnedhimtoneighcourageously?Thisseemstobejustaleapingguessatwhat z appearedobscure.YetallthesewordingsproclaimthepowerofGod,andeachhasitsrhythmand f delightforus.Thunderisafigureforthatwhichquivers;whatasplendidphraseweloseifweobject R  to clothedhisneckwiththunder.WecanthankrabidHughBroughtonforhisinspiredword. >!   AndastheworkwentonevenHughBroughtonwassofteningsomewhathisthoughtsabout *"z thenewversion.In1609hewrote, Noneshouldbearswayintranslatingbuttheable.Butheadded, #f   Thekingscaretohavethelawandgospellearnedlytranslatedhathstirredmuchstudyand $R! expectationofgood,andalltrueheartedsubjectswillbereadyforforebearance. $> "   Itwas,asweallknow,atimeoflambentEnglishwritinginotherfields.Whitehallmayhave %*!# hadShakespearesOthelloonNovember1,1604.KingLearseemstodatefrom1605.EvenMichael &"$ DraytonwaswritinghisAgin-court! FairstoodthewindforFrance!andhisringingsonnet, '#%  Sincetheresnohelp,comeletuskissandpart.SamuelDaniel,alongwithhismasquesandother (#& poems,wrotethelovely,expertsonnet, Look,Delia,howwestemthehalf-blownrose.Raleigh, )$' intheTower,andBaconwere,aswriters,intheirprime.Thebloomingofeventheminor v*%( Elizabethansappearedatitsbestwhilethetranslatorslabored,andmayhavegiventheirheartsand b+&)  mindssomeofitslushness.YettheBibleandthoseflamingElizabethansexistedinrealmsapart. d   ShakespeareseldomquotedormentionedtheScriptures,Thereare,ofcourse,words,phrases, P andimagescommontobothhisplaysandtheBible.IntheearlierplaysthepromiseofDeuteronomy < 32:2, Mydoctrineshalldropastherain,hasaparallelinPortiasdescriptionofmercythat (   droppethasthegentlerainfromheaven.Therhetoricalquestion, Whatisman,thatthouart   mindfulofhim?foundinPsalm8:4,andquotedinHebrews2:6,wasechoedagaininHamlets    Whatapieceofworkisaman!Butthesearesimilesandideasinevitablyoccurringinworksof   suchmagnitudeasthecombinedOldandNewTestamentsandthecollectedplaysofShakespeare.  t   IfwecomparetheworkdoneatthesametimewefindthatwhileBois,Downes,andtherest  ` wereshapingupthenewBible,Shakespearewaswriting,hadjustwritten,orwasabouttowriteThe L  WintersTale,Cymbeline,andTheTempest.Therearenocompletedthoughtsinthesethreeplaysthat 8  appearintheBibletoo.AlmostneverinthemdoesShakespearesomuchasarrangetwowordsinany $  exactlikenesstoaBiblephrase.InTheWintersTalethereisaBiblicalallusionintheline myname t  beyokedwithhisthatdidbetraytheBest.Inthesameplayoneclausereads liftupyour `  countenance,invitingcomparisonwiththeBibles liftuphiscountenance.Thisisprobablyjust L  achancelikeness.TheWintersTalealsocontainsatopicalreferencetoaPuritanwhosingspsalms 8  tohornpipes,butthisshowsmainlythatShakespearedidnottakethePuritansseriously. $   IndeedmuchwritingoftheageseemedopposedtotheBible.ThoughGeorgeChapman,for  instance,oftenquotedtheScriptures,healsowroteinBussyDAmbois,1607,    Naturelays p ?@0  0 (#(#0m  (# (#0 m (#m (#Adealofstufftogether,usebyuse,\ (# (# 0  0 (#(#0m  (# (#0 m (#m (#Orbythemerenecessityofmatter,H (# (# 0  0 (#(#0m  (# (#0 m (#m (#Endssuchawork,fillsit,orleavesitempty4 (# (# 0  0 (#(#0m  (# (#0 m (#m (#Ofstrengthorvirtue,errororcleartruth,  (# (# 0  0 (#(#0m  (# (#0 m (#m (#Notknowingwhatshedoes.p  (# (# TheBibleandthepreachershadtodotheirutmostagainstsuchblasphemoustalk,implyingthat H nature,ormatter,couldevolveitselfwithoutdivinepurpose.Becauseofsuchspeculationsthe 4  translatorshaddistrustforthewritingofplays,lyrics,andprofanepiecesofmostkinds,eventhough  ! thekingenjoyedthem.  "   Theagehadcountlesscontestsbetweenthelovelyandtheugly,andthekingspoorgrandeur " couldfurthertheworstandthebest.BenJonson,whomadesomanymasquesfortheking,couldbe #  vulgarintheextreme.Hecouldalsowrite, Drinktomeonlywiththineeyes.ThomasCampion, $l! whowroterathertawdrymasques,wrotealso Themanoflifeupright.DidShakespearehaveclean %X" handsandapureheart?Hisplays,especiallyinthebloodierandbawdierpassages,castdoubtonthat. &D # Innerconflicts,orthoseincontemporarysociety,maybegoodforartistsinwords. '0!$   Yetthelearnedmen,thoughtogethertheymadeamasterpiece,werenotprimarilyartistsor ("% menofletters,andthequestionremainshowfiftytosixtymenofasmanymindsachieved,inone l)#& greatjointundertaking,theverbalfelicitiesoftheKingJamesversion.Thekingandhisbishopswho X*#' assignedthetaskapparentlyactedontheassumptionthattheworkwouldbehandledlikeanyother D+$( churchlytask,proceedingunderauthorityfromthelowesttothehighest,ateachstagetobeapproved 0,%) bythenext-rankingsuperioruntilitshouldreachtheCrown.Suchaplanallowedlittleleewayfor d individualartistryinexpressionorevenforinspiration. P   Whentheywenttowork,thetranslatorsthemselvesoutlinedamoredemocraticprocedureby < which,aftereachhadtranslatedassignedpassages,theproposednewversionshouldbereadaloud (  andlistenedtobythewholegroup,eachhearerholdingadifferentversionofthepassagefor   comparison.Howwellthisplanofworkwasadheredto,afterthestart,itisdifficulttosay.     Yetwecandiscoveragooddealaboutthewaythelearnedmenactuallyworked,andhow   carefully"theywouldhavesaidpainfully"theytriedeachwordbeforesettingitdown.This  t knowledgeweowetonotesmadebyJohnBoisofCambridge.  `   Beginningprobablysometimein1609,andcontinuingdailyforthree-fourthsofayear,John L  Bois,AndrewDownes,andfourotherswentdailytoStationersHallinLondontorevisethefirst 8  draftoftheBibleasitcamefromthegroupsintheuniversitiesandatWestminster. $    StationersHallwasaplainstructureofbrick,withsquarecasementwindowsandovalsabove t  them.Anironrailingenclosedthecourtbeforethebuilding.Aflightofstonestepsinacircleledup `  tothegrandentrance.Insideweregoodhallsandroomslargeandsmall.Theplacehadafeelingof L  placidworth.Thereforhundredsofyearsnearlyallwhowouldbringoutbookshadto enterthem, 8  andthusobtaincertainrights"thebeginningoftodayscopyrightlaws"topreventpirating.Oddly, $ inthepublishedlistsofStationersHallthereisfoundnoentryforthe1611Bible,towhichRobert  Barker,theKingsPrinter,alonehadanytitle.    AmongthesixmenwhowentoverthefirstdraftsoftheBiblemanuscriptatStationersHall,  besidesBoisandDownes,wereprobablyArthurLakeandJohnHarmer.ArthurLake,brothertothe p kingssecretary,wasbornatSt.Michaels,Southampton,inSeptember,1559,asonofAlmericLake. \ HewenttoWinchesterCollege,andwasafellowatNewCollege,Oxford,wherehebecameadoctor H ofdivinity.May16,1605.InJuly,1607,hewasanarchdeaconinSurrey,andin1608Deanof 4 Worcester.Anearlywrittenlist,partlyofqueries,atLambethPalacementionshimamongthe   translators.TheBoisnotesontheirworkreferhereandtheretoAL,whichoftranslatorsinitials p  couldbeonlyArthurLake.Conceivablythetwolettersstood,instead,foraliusoralii, oneother \ or theothers.However,inthenotesforPhilippians4:1wefindaliispelledout,allinsmallletters. H SoArthurLakemayhavebeenoneofthesixmenatStationersHall. 4    JohnHarmer,whomBoisnames,wasborninNewbury,Berkshire,about1555.TheEarlof  ! Leicesterwashispatron,andin1569gothimintoSt.MarysCollege,Winchester.In1572he  " transferredtoNewCollege,Oxford,wherehehadascholarship,beingoflowlyparents.Therehe " becameamasterofartstenyearslater.Then,aidedbyLeicester,hewentabroadandhelddisputations #  withgreatdoctorsoftheRomishparty.In1585LeicesterhadhimmaderegiusprofessorofGreek $l! atOxford.From1588to1596hewasheadmasteratWinchester.Thenextyearhesettleddownfor %X" lifeaswardenofSt.Marys.MeanwhilehewasalsorectoratDroxford,Hampshire.Wellreadin &D # patristicandscholastictheology,hewasamostnotedLatinistandGrecian.HerenderedintoEnglish '0!$ CalvinssermonontheTenCommandments.ClearlyhewasqualifiedtositamongthelearnedBible ("% men. l)#&   JohnBois,orBoys,hadbeenastudentunderAndrewDownes.OnthenewBiblebothworked X*#' firstinCambridgeo^theApocrypha,aswehaveseen,withJohnDuport,WilliamBranthwaite, D+$( JeremyRadcliffe,andthetwoWards.Whenallthetranslatorshadpreparedtheirversions,aloneand 0,%) ingroups,BoisandDowneswiththefourothersbegantheirninemonthsworkonthewholeinthe d dailymeetingsatStationersHall. P   AnearlyaccountoftheworkatthisstageisfoundinalifeofBoiswrittenbyhisfriendand < admirer,AnthonyWalker._% #  9      _Ԁ WhenitpleasedGod,Walkerwrote, tomoveKingJamestothat (  excellentwork,thetranslatingoftheBible,whenthetranslatorsweretobechosenforCambridge,   he(Bois)wassentforthitherbythosethereinemployed,andchosenone.Someuniversitymen   thereatrepining(itmaybenotmoreable,yetmoreambitioustohaveashareintheservice)and   disdainingthatitshouldbethoughtthattheyneededanyhelpfromthecountry,forgettingthatTully  t wasthesameatTusculumthathewasatRome.ThusevenatCambridgesomewerejealousofBois,  ` whohadhislivingoutsidetheuniversity. L    SureIam,Walkerwenton, thatpartoftheApocryphawasallottedtohim(forhehath 8  showedmetheverycopythathetranslatedby)butIknownotwhatpartthereof.Allthetimehewas $  abouthisownparthisdietwasgiventohimatSt.Johns[College]whereheabodealltheweektill t  Saturdaynightandthenwenthometodischargehiscure,returningthenceonMondaymorning. `  Alittleinstanceoffurtherconflictfollows. Whenhehadfinishedhisown,attheearnestrequestof 8  himtowhomitwasassigned,heundertookasecondpart,andthenwasincommonsatanother $ college.ButIwillforbeartonameboththepersonandthehouse.Fouryears_&| #  10      _Ԁhespentinthisservice,  attheendwhereof(thewholeworkbeingfinishedandthreecopiesofthewholeBiblebeingsentto  London,onefromCambridge,asecondfromOxford,andathirdfromWestminster)anewchoice  wastobemadeofsixinall,twoofeachcompany,toreviewthewholework,andextractoneoutof p allthree,tobecommittedtothepress.Forthedispatchofthisbusiness,MasterDownesandhe,out \ oftheCambridgecompany,weresentforuptoLondon,wheremeetingtheirfourfellowlaborers, H theywentdailytoStationersHall,andinthreequartersofayearfulfilledtheirtask..,.Whilstthey 4 wereconversantinthislastbusiness,he(Bois)andheonlytooknotesoftheirproceedings,whichhe   diligentlykepttohisdyingday. p    Walkeraddedthatthesixreceiveddaily thirteenshillingseachofthembytheweekfromthe \ companyofstationers,thoughbeforetheyhadnothing.Thetall,ruggedDowneswasstubbornlybent H ongettingmore,andsometimesavowedthathewouldgotoStationersHallonlyifhewasfetched 4  orthreatenedwithapursuivantbearingawarrantforarrest.Hedoubtlessbelievedthathistravelon  ! accountoftheBibleshouldbeatpublicexpense.WemayconcludethatChurchandstatetold  " Downesandanyotherswithmercenarythoughtstogetonwithwhattheyhadtodo. "   However,therearepaperstoshowthatDowneshadlongbeenaggrievedand humbly #  resolvedtogethisdue,withsomesmallsuccess.In1608Downeshadsenttothekingahumbleplea $l! aboutthemaintenanceoftheLadyMargaretsdivinitylecturewhichhegaveatCambridge.Hesaid %X" thathehadbeenthekingsprofessorofGreeknowforalmosttwoandtwentyyears, employed &D # besideinthetranslationandputtothegreatestandhardestpartofall,referringtotherevisionhewas d abouttoundertake,andhad notyetreceivedanyconsiderationforit,asothersgavemyinferiorsfar P moreintimeandpains.Hehadlookedandhopedallthiswhiletoberememberedwiththeothers, < butseeingyoungmenpreferredbeforehim, andmyselfstillleftbehind,hewas drivenatthelast (  tospeakforhimself. Ihavebeenthekingsprofessorsolong,continuallyconversantwithall   ancientauthors,andwithLatinandGreek!hedidnotmentiontheHebrewlearnedatfive! itwill   notseemItrustunreasonableformethekingsreadertohavesomeallowanceoutofthatample   portionassignedtotheLadyMargaretsreadertillIcanbebetterprovidedfor.Hewasthusdirect  t inaskingforagoodpartofthesumgivenfortheLadyMargaretsreader,160pounds.Atlast,on  ` May17,1609,aroyalgrant inregardofhispainsbestowedonhimfiftypoundsasa freegiftand L  reward. 8    Thisseemstohavebeentheonlycashthatanytranslatorreceivedfromtheking.Thewages $  paidatStationersHall,ninepoundsaweekforthesixmen,forninemonths,cameto 360.Itis t  certainonlythatthismoneydidnotcomefromtheCrown.DidtheWorshipfulCompanyof `  Stationersadvancetheamountforaworthyproject,outofthegoodnessoftheirhearts?(Notlong L  before,theyhadsubscribed 125towardfoundingthecolonyofVirginia,andfiveyearslaterwould 8  give 45more.)ItseemsmorelikelythatRobertBarker,alreadylicensedtopublish,advancedthe $ moneythroughthecompany,ofwhichataboutthistimehewasMaster.Theamountwasonlyalittle  morethanatenthofwhathewouldspend,alltold,onthenewBible.AndatanyratetheStationers  providedworkingspace.    Ifwetrytodeterminetheidentityofthehalfdozen,besidesBoisandDownes,JohnHarmer p andpossiblyArthurLake,thenotesmentionHutchinson,presumablyoftheoriginalgroupworking \ ontheNewTestamentatWestminster.Butareferencedoesnotprovethatthetranslatornamedwas H workingatStationersHall;thementherecouldhavebeendiscussingworkdoneearlier,Boiss 4 biographersaysonlythatatStationersHalltheystartedafresh,notwiththosewhohadpreviously   beenoverseersorsupervisorsofthegroups. p    HarmerhadtranslatedintoEnglishcertainsermonsbytheFrenchscholarBeza,whofollowed \ CalvinatGenevaandpublishedaNewTestamentinLatin.Bezasinfluenceontheworkofthe H translatorshasbeennotedbyscholars,andbesidesHarmersdirectcontributionstotheBoisjottings, 4  theseveralreferencestoBezamayhavebeenmadeathisinstigation.ALalsoisquoted,butthemost  ! frequentcontributorofrecommendedreadingsisDownes.DownesandBoiswereoldworking  " partners,havingbeenmasterandstudentintheearlydaysofGreekscholarshipatOxford,and " togetherassistingSirHenrySavileinhismammothtranslationofSt.Chrysostom. #    Thusasthesixmenworkedtheirdailystint,presumablyaroundatablepiledwithpapersand $l! booksofreference,thereadingsrecommendedbythescholarsatOxfordandCambridgeand %X" Westminster,andtheBiblesalreadytranslatedintoEnglishandLatinaswellastheoriginalHebrew &D # andthevarianttextsinGreek,wecanseeBoiskeepinghisfaithfulnotes"scribblingawayatthe '0!$ pagesstillpreservedforusintheOxfordcopy.WecanhearDownes! ourmostsubtlethinkerin ("% words,Boiscalledhim!compareoneGreekreadingwithanother,discussthepositionofmodifiers, l)#& ordecidewhichprepositionshouldbesuppliedtofittheneedsofEnglishgrammar.Didhe,aswas X*#' hishabitwhenlecturingathisowncollege,loungewithhislonglegsonthetable?Ordidhe,in D+$( deferencetothecompanyandtheirsolemntask,sitmoredecorously;andthen,baffledbyapuzzling 0,%) constructioninSt.Paul,standandwalkabout,perhapsstareathisownreflectioninawindowmade d amirrorbytheblackLondonfog,andthinkhowwe seeinaglassdarkly? P   BoissnotesrunfromRomansthroughtheApocalypse,andforthedebatablepassagespresent < anumberofalternatereadings.AtStationersHalltheworkwasstillinthestageofsearchingforthe (  rightwordorcombinationofwordstoexpressanidea,andevenofdecidingwhichideatoadopt,   amongthepossibilitiessuggestedbythedifferenttranslationsorinherentinthedifferentgrammatical   structureoftheancienttexts.SoBoisputdownwordmeaningsasadictionarywould,oralternates   asathesauruswould;laterstillwouldcomeachoiceamongpossibleconstructionsforsoundand  t rhythmandeuphonyofthewhole.TheBoisnotesshowhowcarefulthetranslatorswere,firstofall,  ` todetermineexactmeaningsorestablishapermissiblerangeofmeaning. L    Finalconstructionsthusappear,almostalways,tosimplifytheBoissuggestions.Thusin 8  Romans3:9thenotessuggest: Whatthen?Arewesafeandoutofdanger?Arewepreferred?Are $  weGodsdarlings?TheKingJamesquestionis Whatthen?Arewebetterthanthey? t    InICorinthians9:18Boisoffered: thatIstrainnottotheutmostmypowerinthegospel,or `  thatIracknot,orstretchnot,etc.TheKingJamesreadingis, thatIabusenotmypowerinthe L  gospel. 8    AndrewDownesinICorinthians10:20proposed: andIwouldnothaveyoupartakerswith $ thedevil.The1611Biblesaid, andIwouldnotthatyeshouldhavefellowshipwithdevils.Here  aselsewhereDownescommentsareinLatin,andlong,ashefilteredthesensefromtheGreek  throughtheLatin,thelanguageofscholars.Theplural devils,bytheway,seemsbetterthan devil  inthepassage,foritappearstomeanlittledemonsratherthanthegreatfiendorSatan.TheRevised p StandardVersionuses demons. \   Chapter15,verse33ofICorinthiansweallknowwell.Downeswanted goodmanners, H  goodnatures,or gooddispositions.Thelearnedmenatlastsettledonthefirstofthese: Benot 4 deceived:evilcommunicationscorruptgoodmanners.     ForIICorinthians2:10Boisproposed intheperson,inthesightorinthenameofChrist. p  The1611BibleusesaBoiswordinitsreading, inthepersonofChrist.For5:3,theBoissuggestion \ was ifsobethatweshallbefoundclothed,andnotnaked.ThekingsBiblechangestheorder: if H sobethatbeingclothedweshallnotbefoundnaked.For5:19Boisputdown thatGodinChrist 4  reconciledtheworld,The1611Biblereads thatGodwasinChrist,reconcilingtheworldunto  ! himself.Herethechangesaresmallandmainlyofgrammarandrhythm,butagainweseethefusing  " ofthe1611Biblegoingonasweread. "   Inthefinaleditingthelastlearnedmen.SmithandBilson,usedtheBoiswords perfecting #  holinessinIICorinthians7:1.InthenextversetheyrefusedtheBoisphrasing, wehavemadeagain $l! ofnoman,infavorof wehavewrongednoman.For8:4theytookthewholeDownesreading, %X"  thatwewouldreceivethegift,andtakeuponusthefellowshipoftheministeringtothesaints. &D #   AnearmissbyBoisisinIICorinthians9:5whereherecommended, asabountyandnotas '0!$ athingextorted.The1611Biblereads asamatterofbounty,andnotasofcovetousness.The ("% RevisedStandardVersionchose notasanexactionbutasawillinggift,whichisbetter,andnearer l)#& Bois,thanthe1611wording. X*#'   TryingphrasesforGalatians4:15,Boiswrote: Whatisbecomethenofthehappinessthatwas D+$( ascribeduntoyou,ofyourmagnifyingofyourselves,ofthinkingyourselveshappyformysake,your 0,%) +W +  +  happinessthatistalkedoforspokenof?Manyawriterthustriesmanyphrasings.Thereadingfinally  adoptedwas Whereisthentheblessednessyespakeof?    InPhilippiansBoistenderedfor1:19, thebountyoftheSpirit.Thefinalversionreads the  supplyoftheSpirit.For1:21hesetdown lifeuntomeisChrist,anddeathanadvantage.The t kingsBiblechoseone-syllablewords: TometoliveisChrist,andtodieisgain.ForPhilippians ` 2:20BoisandALsuggested, nomanlikeminded...whowilltrulybecarefulofyourmatters,or L  carefulfromtheheart.AndrewDownes,strugglinghardwithPaulsGreek,madeliteralnotes: so 8  dearuntome,whomIloveofmyownsoul.The1611Biblesayswithgreaterease, Ihavenoman $ t like-mindedwhowillnaturallycareforyourstate.  `   Forthewell-knownPhilippians3:14,Boisoffered: Ifollowdirectlytotheprice(prize)of  L  thehighcalling...andALproposed, Ifollowtowardthemarkfortheprice(prize)....Weall  8  knowthattheKingJamesversereads, Ipresstowardthemarkfortheprizeofthehighcallingof $  GodinChristJesus.     BoissuggestedforPhilippians3:20, yourcityinheavenor heavenforourcity.This   illustratesthedifficultywithconnectives,lackingintheGreektextandsometimesrequiringa   decisionastothemeaningofaphrase,aclause,orasentence.HerethefinalKingJamesversionis   thephrasemuchused, ourconversationisinheaven.ToElizabethans conversationmeantmuch p morethantalk;itwastheactionoflivingorhavingonesbeinginandamong.TheRevisedStandard \ Versionhasit ourcommonwealthisinheaven,whichaccedessomewhattotheBoisconceptof H  city. 4   InIThessalonians5:23,Downesproposed thatyourspiritmaybekeptperfect.Thekings  p Biblehas, yourwholespirit...bepreservedblameless.TheRevisedStandardVersionsays, ...  \ bekeptsoundandblameless. H   MaybeschoolednottoblasphemewaswhatBoisofferedforITimothy1:20.Thekings 4 Biblesays, thattheylearnnottoblaspheme;thisstresseslearningwhereBoisstressedteaching.   AnotherrarepassageinwhichthemeaningwaschangedinrevisionisIITimothy2:5,forwhich   Downesrecommended, andthoughamanlaborforthebestgain,trymasteries...unlesshestrive  andlaborlustily.TheKingJamesBiblesays, Andifamanalsostriveformasteries,yetishenot  crowned,excepthestrivelawfully.TheRevisedStandardhas, Anathleteisnotcrownedunlesshe  competesaccordingtotherules.Theword striveor contendis,intheGreek,thewordfrom l whichweget athlete,onewhostrivesinthepubliclists.Thepassageisademandthatonefollow X  therulesofthegame,butDownesmissedthepointthattheversereferstoacontestofathletes. D!   WemayassumethatthescripturalpassagesforwhichBoismadenonotespassedontoSmith 0"  andBilsonfromthefirstdraftwithoutmuchchange.YetwemustnotsupposethattheBoisnotes #l! preservedtousaremorethanhintsofallthathe,Downes,andtheotherfourworkedover;theforty $X" pagesofthesenotesarebutateasingfragment.Attheend,someonehaswritten: Thesenoteswere $D # takenbyJohnBois,oneofthetranslatorsofthekingsBible,andaddedthattheywere transcribed %0!$ outofacopybysomeunskilledhand,veryconfusedandfaulty,especiallyintheGreek.Butthe &"% notesarenotfaultyinGreek,onlyterseandstenographic.PerhapstheannotatordidnotlikeBoiss '#& ligaturedGreekwriting,whichshortlywentoutofstyle. (#'   Butarethereanyothersuchnotesaboutthemakingofatrueworldmasterpiece?Whyshould )$( thesehavesurvivedwhenwehavenothingcomparablefromShakespeare? |*%)   Commentatorshaveporedovertheonlyothermaterialevidence,availableinanotherform h+&* !thatcopyoftheBishopsBiblewhichischerishedintheBodleianLibrary,withmarginalnotesfor d suggestedchangesinkedin.YetthechangesarenotalwaysthoseoftheKingJamesversion,andmay P havebeenthoseofanamateurworkingindependentlywiththezealsowidelyfelt.Iftheyweremade < byoneoftheOxfordtranslatorsitwouldbeinterestingtoseewhetherthephraseswhichdifferfrom (  thefinalversionareamongthosediscussedbyBois.     TherearevariousinterpretationsofthenatureoftheworkdoneatStationersHallandits   importancetothewholeundertaking,especiallywithreferencetothefinaleditingdonebyMiles   SmithandBishopBilson.Readcarefully,theBoisnotesshowatleasttwothings:first,thatatthis  t stagetheworkwasstillsubjecttochanges,andsecond,thattotheveryendthelearnedmentriedand  ` triedagain,sothatwecansharetheverycreakingsoftheirthoughts._( #  11      _ԀThusthenoteswhichBois L   diligentlykepttohisdyingdayseemtowarrantattention,althoughapparentlytheyhaveneverbeen 8  published. $    NordidtheworkoftheStationersHallmenendwiththeprintingofthe1611Bible.Minor t  revisionsweremadeafterthefirstedition,havingtodochieflywithuniformusageofadifferenttype `  facetodistinguishtheconnectivewordsaddedtomakebettersenseinEnglish.JohnBoishimselfwas L  concernedwithsuchsmallrevisionsaslateastheCambridgeRevisedEditionof1638. 8    Alltheseeffortswithwordmeaningsareofcourselaboriousand,inthecaseofScripture, $ highlyimportant.Boissbiographersaid, Surelyitwillbeeasilygrantedthatamanofapregnant  fancyandreadyinventionmaysooner,andwithmoreease,writealeafofhisownthanhecan  examinealine,itmaybeaword,ofadecayed,crabbedauthor,oradarkmanuscriptwhichperchance  cannotbedonewithoutperusingtwentymore.BoisitwaswhosefathertaughthimHebrewata p tenderage;hismother,abluestockingofherperiod,hadreadtheBiblethroughtwelvetimes, \ presumablyintheGenevaversion.ThissortofpatienceandpietythemenatStationersHallhadand H needed. 4   Yettheirnotesareevidenceonlyoftheessentialspade-work,thediggingawayatrootstolay   afirmfoundation.Westillhavenosureanswerforthatfinalchoiceandarrangementofwordsthat p  makestheBibletranslatedforthekingtowerabovetherest. \  ApageoftheBoisnotes,reproducedbypermissionofthePresidentandFellowsofCorpus 4  ChristiCollege,Oxford.FROMPAGE121OFTHEORIGINALDOCUMENT  ! (UNREADABLE)  "  m  Inevaluatingtheworkoftheeditors,somehavesupposedthatthemenatStationersHalldid #  mostoftherealworkandthatMilesSmithandBishopBilson,althoughtheywentovertheworkonce $l! morebeforeitwassenttotheprinter,merelyapprovedafinalversionsubmittedtothem,andwrote %X" thechapterheadings. &D # [Y [  [    Anotherpossibility,however,isthatthemenatStationersHallwereconcernedchieflywith  disputedmeanings,andthattheyservedasexpertarbitratorsbetweenvariants"notonlythose  proposedbytheearlierreadingsmadebythetranslatorsingroups,butvariantsintheoriginaltexts.  ThenSmithandBilsonpresumablyreworkedtherawmaterialofacceptablemeaningsintothe t smoothvibrantproseoftheprintedversion. `   Nowayofsettlingthesequestionsofliterarycreditnowsuggestsitself.TheBoisnotes,if L  takentorepresenttheworkatStationersHall!asseemsentirelyreasonable!stronglysupportthe 8  secondassumption,becausethereadingsoffereddifferfromthefinalKingJamesversion.Alsothere $ t areusuallyseveralreadings,indicatingthatBoisputdownpossiblealternatesratherthanfinal  ` selections.WhennoneoftheBoiswordsisidenticalwiththefinalreadings,thereistodaynoway  L  oftellingwhetheradditionalworkatStationersHallinsertedtheacceptedphraseinthemanuscript,  8  whetherSmithandBilsonfoundit,orwhetherthefinalreadingwasonechosenbythegroup $  originallyassignedtotranslatethepassage.     Thetimescheduleisnohelpbecause,althoughtheStationersHallworkwentonfornine   monthsandsolastedlongerthanSmithandBilsonworkedafterwards,wecannotknowwhetherthe   workoverlapped;SmithandBilsonmaywellhavestartedwhilethemenatStationersHall   continued.ThustherangeofpossibilityisfromaboardoffinaleditorsatStationersHall,withSmith p andBilsongivingnominalapproval,tothehypothesisthatthemenatStationersHallweremainly \ concernedwithproblemsofverbalmeaning,withafinaleditingtosupply polish!inthiscase,the H poeticrhythmsoimportantintheKingJamesBible. 4   Allweknowisthatsomewherewithintherangeoftalentsatworkonthe1611Biblewere  p thosenecessaryforagoodandcompletetranslation,onethatwouldrepresenttheoriginalwritingin  \ anewlanguageinqualityaswellasinsense.Itisoftensaidthatagoodtranslationshouldbedone H byatleasttwopeople,onealinguisttoprovideliteralmeanings,oneaskilledwritertolookoutfor 4 cadenceandstyle.ThustodayitmightbesuggestedthattheIsaiahoftheDeadSeaScrollswouldbe   besttranslatedintoEnglishbyalearnedphilologistplusanEnglishstylistoftherankofChristopher   Fry.IfweapplythisreasoningtotheKingJamesBibleitseemsclearthatBoisandDownes,and  perhapstheotherfouratStationersHall,werethelinguistssupplyingvarioussupportablerenderings  ofthedifficultpassages.Theremayhavebeenartistsinwords,too,amongthem;certainlytherewere  talentedmenamongthetranslatorswhohadworkedatOxfordandCambridgeandWestminster.But l whatifMilesSmith,withorwithoutrealhelpfromBishopBilson,hadstilltomakeliteratureofthe X  result? D!  h+&*  Ї GXX    D+$( K[ K _ K  CHAPTER12  TheFinalTouches $t  #XX G#  AstorygoesthatsomeoneputallthosecommasandcolonsintotheKingJamesBible,and F  madetheverseandchapterdivisions,whileridinghorseback.Ifthereisanytruthinit,theguiltyman 2  mayhavebeenDr.MilesSmith,whousedtokeepatworkevenonjourneys,joggingalongona  n jennet.Manyastopbreaksupalong,lopingverseatrandom.  Z   OnecommainIsaiah9:6hasenjoyedespecialfame: Foruntousachildisborn,untousa  F sonisgiven;andthegovernmentshallbeuponhisshoulder:andhisnameshallbecalledWonderful,  2  Counselor,ThemightyGod,TheeverlastingFather,ThePrinceofPeace.Aswereadthat,wecan   hearthemusicofHandelsMessiah.Itissplendidverseingroupsofbalancedwords.Butthecomma   doesnotbelongbetween Wonderfuland Counselor:   0  0 (#(#0m  (# (#0 m (#m (#0 (# (#Andhisnameshallbecalled~ (#(# 0  0 (#(#0m  (# (#0 m (#m (#0 (# (#WonderfulCounselor,j(#(# 0  0 (#(#0m  (# (#0 m (#m (#0 (# (#TheMightyGod,V(#(# 0  0 (#(#0m  (# (#0 m (#m (#0 (# (#TheEverlastingFather,B(#(# 0  0 (#(#0m  (# (#0 m (#m (#0 (# (#ThePrinceofPeace..~(#(# Alas,ifweleaveoutthecomma,welosethatwondrouspauseinTheMessiahbetweenthetwo V words! B   MusicmeantlessintheEnglandofJamesthanintheEnglandofElizabeth,andHandelhad . yettocome.Butmusicwasintheairaround,andtherhythmsoftheKingJamesversionaresuch  that,whetherornottheversesaresettomusic,mostpeopleseemtorecognizethattheyarepoetry.  Somewhere,somehow,intheprocessoftranslationtheprosaic,laboreddefinitionsoftheoriginal  translatorsandlaterofDownesandBoiswerearrangedinrhythmsthatweretolast.    Asanexampleofhowthiswasdone,considerthatoneverseinthebrilliantICorinthians13 z receivedfromBoisfivepainstakingreadings.Forverse11heproposed Iunderstood,Icaredasa f child,Ihadachildsmind,Iimaginedasachild,Iwasaffectedasachild.TheKingJamesBible R  says,inwordsthathavebecomefixedforuswithagravelyswingingrhythm, Ispakeasachild,I >! understoodasachild,Ithoughtasachild.Wouldthe imaginedasachildofferedbyDownes *"z sufficeinsteadof understoodasachild?Therhythmismuchthesame. #f    Manyhavediscussedtheuse,inICorinthians13,oftheword charityfortheGreekagape. $R! Wehavenolightonhowthelearnedmencametopreferthiswordtotheword lovewhichappears $> " insomeolderversions.TheBishopsBible,beforethatofGeneva,used charity.Tastehasshifted %*!# backandforthbetweenthewordsinthatfinechapterofPaul,andwilldoubtlessshiftagainasthe &"$ overtonesofdefinitionchange.Butifwecan,aswereadICorinthians,divesttheword charityof '#% rathersmuglatermeanings,wecansenseafitnessinitsrhythm. (#&   RhythminthedaysofKingJameswasimportantnotmerelyasasourceofpleasuretotheear, )$' butasanaidtothemind.GenerationstocomewouldlearntoreadbypuzzlingoutversesintheBible v*%( thatformanyfamilieswouldbeawholelibrary.Butatthetimeoftranslation,aBible appointedto b+&) bereadinchurcheswasmadetobelistenedtoandremembered.Itsrhythmswereimportantasa d promptingformemory.Forthatreason,inthewordsoftheirownBible,itisevidentthatthelearned^ P menlearnedtousetheirearsastheyworked! theeartriethwordsasthemouthtastethmeat. <   TherewereothertestswhichtheBibleeditorsused.Theyrememberedthattheirpurposewas (  tomakeanEnglishtranslation,andthoughmanyofthemcouldthinkintheancienttongues,their   KingJamesBibleisindeedEnglish.Astrikinginstanceistheword righteous,whichcomesfrom   theolderEnglishBibles,andmeansright-wise.TheLordourrighteousnessistheLordour   right-wiseness,aprofoundmeaningwhichisbutfaintlyintheHebrewandtheGreek.Thusinmany  t casestheEnglishaddedcontentaswellasform.ButtheEnglishwordsassuchwerepreferred.This  ` lednaturallytoapprovalofalargeproportionoftheTyndaletranslationinpreferencetotheBishops L  Biblerecommendedintheroyaldirective.Thesimple,straightforwardwordsofTyndaleappealed 8  tothe1611editorsastheydotoustoday,sothathisNewTestamentandPentateuchhavecomedown $  almostintact,exceptforminorchanges.InthechoiceofphrasingsfromStationersHallasimilar t  standardprevailed. `    Thus,chapter2:15,ofIITimothyinthe1611Bibleis, Studytoshowthyselfapprovedunto L  God,aworkmanthatneedethnottobeashamed,rightlydividingthewordoftruth.Boisoffered 8  threechoices: afaithfullaborer,aconstantlaborer,alaborernotashamedofhiswork.Thelast $ editorspreferredtheEnglishword workmantotheLatin laborer.    ThedateoftheEnglishwordsusedalsowasconsidered.ForTitus2:10Boisgaveavivid  term, nofilchers,whichwaschangedto notpurloining. Tofilchdatesfrom1561andwasearly  Elizabethanslang,whereas topurloindatesfrom1440andmusthaveseemedmoreproperforHoly p Scriptures.TheKingJamesBibleincludesfewwordsthatwerenovelin1611. \   ForTitus3:8,Bois,whoseemssometimestohavebeenabitearthy,said becarefulto H exercisethemselvesinhonesttrades.The1611Biblesays, becarefultomaintaingoodworks. 4 AndrewDownessuggested,forverse14, toprofess,topracticehonesttrades.Thepublishedverse   reads, learntomaintaingoodworksfornecessaryuses.Thesereadingssuggestthatthefinaleditors p  dislikedtheword trades.Yettheycouldbebusinesslike.Whenforverse17ofPhilemon,Bois \ tendered Ifthouthinkestallthingscommonbetweenus,ifminebethineandthinemine,Smithand H Bilsonapprovedtheprosy Ifthoucountmethereforeapartner. 4    Beyondthoughtandskillinthechoiceofwords,andbeyondeventherhythmicpatternsthat  ! makepoetry,thelearnedmenhadtothinkofmeaning.AtaboutthistimeFrancisBacon,Lancelot  " Andrewesfriend,waswarning: Whereasthemeaningoughttogoverntheterm,thetermineffect " governeththemeaning.Animportantdutyofthetranslatorswastoseethatthisdidnothappen.But #  thisrequiredagreementonmeaning!ifnot minethineandthinemine,withallthingscommon $l! betweenus,thenatleastaworkingpartnership.ForthesixlinguistsatStationersHallthismust %X" havebeeneasierthanforthemanymenofvaryingviewsinthecollegesandatWestminster.Butthe &D # doctrinalimplicationsofthewordstheydealtwithmusthaveoccasionedmanydiscussionsduring '0!$ theninemonths. ("%   Perhapsitwasnoaccidentthatthetwofinaleditorsdifferedintheirviews,forthustheycould l)#& bestrepresentthewholegroupoftranslatorsand,indeed,thereadersforwhomallworked.Ofthe X*#' two.MilesSmithwasnotunfriendlytothePuritanpointofviewandinafteryearsactedagooddeal D+$( inaccordwithit.BishopBilsonwasadullish,doggedchurchman;yetthetwobalancedeachother 0,%) andrepresentedtheirtimes. d   Aboutthebasicissuestheycouldagree.AsawholetheirgreatworkwasofcourseProtestant, P againsttheChurchofRome,whichwaseventhen,atDouayinFrance,publishingitsownrevised < OldTestamentinEnglish.ItstranslatorsweremostlyexpatriateCatholicsfromOxford,oneofthem (  JohnRainoldsbrotherWilliam.OnSeptember7,1608,theleadingEnglishCatholic,Birkhead,   wrotealettertoDr.ThomasWorthington,presidentofDouayCollege.Birkhead,whoforsafety   signedwithanalias,GeorgeLambton,said IamgladtheBibleissoforward.ThecompleteDouay   Biblecameoutin1610,ayearaheadoftheKingJamesVersion.  t   TheDouayBibleoftenhasitssturdycharm.YetitdiffersremarkablyfromtheKingJames  ` Bible.InPsalm23itreads, Thouhastanointedmyheadwithoil,andmychalicewhichinebriateth L  me,howgoodlyitis!Psalm91begins, HethatdwellethintheaidofthemostHighshallabide 8  undertheprotectionoftheGodofJacob.Verse13says Thoushaltwalkupontheaspandthe $  basilisk.Isaiah61:1starts, Arise,beenlightened,OJerusalem.Atplacesitseemsalmostasifthe t  RomanandtheKingJamesBibleshaddeterminedtomaketheirwordsdifferasmuchastheycould, `  toshowthattheirstandpointswerepolesapart. L    Fortunatelyfortheirtext,theKingJamesmenwereinsomewhatbetteragreement,yetthey 8  differedtotheend.MilesSmith,asfinaleditor,protestedthatafterheandBilsonhadfinished. $ BishopBancroftmadefourteenmorechanges. Heissopotentthereisnocontradictinghim,said  Smith,andcitedasanexampleofBancroftsbiashisinsistenceonusing thegloriousword  bishopricevenforJudas,inActs1:20: Hisbishopricletanothertake.    ThefactthatSmithwastheonetoprotestBancroftsamendmentssuggeststhathestood p againstbothBilsonandBancroftinsuchmattersastheimportanceofbishoprics.Yetthereissome \ reasontobelievethatifhestoodalone.Smithwasmorethanamatchforhisassociates.Hewas H admittedtobeamodestmanyetahardworker,andthesecombinedtraitscouldhavegivenhimthe 4 opportunitytodoagreatdealtotheworkaboutwhichhehad!exceptforpossibleinterferencefrom   BilsonorBancroft!thefinalsay. p    Whileothersamongthetranslatorswonpraiseforpulpiteloquenceorstrengthinargument, \ thereisevidencethatSmithcouldwritedirectlyandtothepoint.Besideshissermons,whichreveal H toolittleofhisrealtalents,wehavetheprefacethathewrotefortheBible.Regrettably,thosewho 4  publishthe1611Biblenowasaruleleaveitout.Itremainsagoodpieceofwriting,wellworth  ! readingforwhatitsaysaswellasanexampleofwhatMilesSmithcoulddowithwords.  "   ThewholetaskoftranslationcouldhardlybebetterdescribedthaninSmithstersestatement " ofpurpose, todeliverGodsbookuntoGodspeopleinatonguewhichtheyunderstand.Thistalent #  forsummarizing,forcuttingthroughverbiagetosaywhatwasmeantwithforceandthefewest $l! possiblewords,wasexactlywhatmusthavebeenneededatthisstageofthework,anditwasatalent %X" Smithhad.Healsohadtheimaginationtograspameaningnotimmediatelyobvious,andmakeit &D # clear,aswhenhequotedSt.Augustines Amanwouldratherbewithhisdogthanwithastranger, '0!$ andexplainedthestrangerasone whosetongueisstrangeuntohim.Finally,theverystructureof ("% hissentencesaswellastheircontentprovesthatSmithhadenergyanddetermination,whathe l)#& described!inaphrasetofindanechointheAmericanConstitution!as zealtopromotethe X*#' commongood. D+$(   AgainandagainthefinalversionshortensorchangesthecarefulphrasingofStationersHall 0,%) tooneofthememorablehomelyphrasesoftheKingJamesVersion.ThusforHebrews4:15,where d AndrewDownessuggested, suchanoneashadexperienceofallthings,thefinalreadingbecame, P  inallpointstemptedlikeasweare.WhenforHebrews6:6Boisoffered, causedhimtobehadin < derision,ortraducedhim,thekingsBiblesays, puthimtoanopenshame. (    Forafamousverse,Hebrews11:1,Boisputdown, Faithisamostsurewarrantofthings,is   abeingofthingshopedfor,adiscovery,ademonstrationofthingsthatarenotseen.Thisbecame,    Nowfaithisthesubstanceofthingshopedfor,theevidenceofthingsnotseen.     Sometimestheconsiderationsofrhythm,soundofletters,andhomelyEnglishwerecombined  t inthechanges.ThusforHebrews11:3, Thingswhichareseenwerenotmadeofthingswhichdo  ` appear,replacedBoissphrase madeofthingsthatwerenotextant.Perhapstheword extant L  soundedfancy,andalsothethreetsareunattractive.Laterinthesamechapter,however,thefinal 8  editingslippedintoheavyalliterationinthephraseofverse26, hehadrespectuntotherecompense $  ofthereward.Boishadwrittenonly, Helookedattherewardtoberendered,andtheRevised t  StandardVersionprefersBois,sayingsimply, helookedtothereward. `    Thelearnedmenwhofinishedtheworkhadgreatskillwiththelittlewordsthatconnectthe L  mainwords.Theyusedthemtogiveswingtotheirphrases.Manyhaveremarkedontheirtastewith 8  shortwords,onhowtheymadethempliant.Aboutthistheyknewmuchmorethanthosewhohad $ dealtwiththeEnglishBiblebeforethem.Theytriedtheirbesttohavetheirwordsfitlyjoined.    NowandthenastheysmoothedtheBoisphrasestheymadearealchangeinmeaning,aswhen  theBoisphraseforHebrews12:2, theleaderandfinisherofourfaith,became theauthorand  finisherofourfaith.Butmainlytheeditingsuppliedmoredirectsentencestructureandsubtler p groupingsandrhythms.WhenBoissuggestedforHebrews12:12, liftupyourslackhandsandfeeble \ orshakingknees,thefinishedBiblereads liftupthehandswhichhangdown,andthefeebleknees. H Wheninchapter13:8Boisputdown, yesterdayandtodaythesameandforever,wehavefroma 4 hearingear, thesameyesterdayandtodayandforever,ForBoissphraseinverse21, disposing   ofyou,orworkingwithyouasitpleasethhim,thefinalreadingis workinginyouthatwhichis p  well-pleasinginhissight. \   Nowandthenaphrasewithoriginalmeaningbasedonasimileproveduntranslatable,as H wheninJames1:5BoissliteralrenderingoftheGreek, twittingorhittingintheteeth"witha 4  senseofcastingintheteeth"became upbraidethnot.SimilarlyinJames2:10,Boissverb trip,  ! renderingaGreekverbmeaningtofalldown,became offendinonepointofthelaw.Butwhenfor  " verse8ofthefirstchapterBoissaid awaveringman,finaleditingsuppliedamoreconcreteimage: "  adouble-mindedman. #    Occasionallydifferentwordswerechosentoavoidrepetition.ForIPeter3:14Boissaid, fear $l! nottheirfear,norbetroubled,andALsuggested benotafraidoftheirfear.Thefinalversionreads, %X"  benotafraidoftheirterror,neitherbetroubled.SuchchangesmakeappropriatetheverseinIIPeter &D # 1:19forwhichBoiswrote and(hereby)wehavetheword,andALsaid, andherebythespeeches '0!$ oftheprophetsaremoreconfirmeduntous,aremadeofgreatercredituntous,amorefirmspeech, ("% etc.Theeditedreadingis, Wehavealsoamoresurewordofprophecy. l)#&   ForthecomplexitiesofRevelation,Boisreallyexertedhimself.Thusfor7:15heproposed, X*#'  Heshallpitchhistentoverthem,heshallprotectthem,heshalldwellwith^hem,heshallrestupon D+$( them,heshallruleoverthem,andinanoteheaddedonemorereading, Heshallstretchhispavilion 0,%) ^_ ^  ^  overthem.TheapprovedreadingadaptedBoissthirdandsimplestreading, Heshalldwellamong  them.Forchapter19:9,ALtranslated ThesetruesayingsareofGod.ForthekingsBible,the  masterrhythmistschangedthisto ThesearethetruesayingsofGod.    Thefinaleditorshadalsotosupplypunctuationanddecidequestionsofgrammar,unlessthey t wereabletofindhelpersfortheworkwhichtodaywouldbecalled copyediting.Somepointsof ` grammarintheKingJamesBiblehavebotheredreadersmorethantheydidthemenof1611,who L  liketheElizabethanswrotewiththefreedomofalanguagestillmoreorlessfluid.WhattoChristians 8  isperhapsthegreatestquestionofalltimereadsungrammatically,inMatthew16:13, Whomdomen $ t saythatI,theSonofman,am?Englishgrammarhasneverbeenstatic;thenasalwaysitwas  ` growingandtheuseofpronounswaschanging. Itismeistodayacceptedbymanyexpertsin  L  grammar,andheremeisausagecomparabletothewhom.Withtheirfeelingforsound,itispossible  8  thatthetranslatorsconsidereditfarlessobjectionablethan Whodo...? $    SomeotherpointsofgrammarintheKingJamesBiblerequireussimplytoforbearinadverse   judgment.Elizabethangrammarhasacharmofitsown,evenwhenawrongpronoungivesacomic   effect;inIKings13:27,the1611Biblesays, Andhespakeuntohissons,saying,Saddlemetheass.   Andtheysaddledhim.The himisinitalicstoindicatethatitisnotintheoriginalHebrew,sothere   canbenoargumentwhensubsequentversionschange himto it. p   WhetherSmithandBilsonattendedonlytothefinaldetailsofpublishingscriptsthatwere \ nearlycompleteexceptfordisputedpassagesworkedoveratStationersHall,orwhethertheyareto H becreditedwithafinaleditingthatmadetheKingJamesversionintoliterature,cannotbedecided 4 fromthedatanowathand.Fromthefirsttherewereamongthetranslators,aswehaveseen,men  p hailedintheirowntimeasmastersoflanguage,sweetpreachers,persuasive,andofaprettywit.  \ Rainolds,Andrewes,Savile,Layfield,Bing!anyofthese,andseveralothers,mightwellhave H contributedchapterssowellturnedastorequirenorewriting.Thedifficultyisthat,toamodern 4 reader,thethoughtoccursthatnothinginalltheirmanyvolumesofsermonsandotherwritingseems   tomarchwiththeBiblecadencequiteasdoestheprefatoryaddresstothereaderwrittenbyMiles   Smith.Onthissimilarity(whichdoesnotextendtohissermons)mustrestanycaseforsayingthat  Smithbroughttothefinaleditingitsrealinspiration.    The1611Biblehadalsotobeprefacedbyanaddresstotheking.Wedonotknowwho  addressedJamesas Yourmajesty...theprincipalMoverandAuthorofthework.Thetaskofthis l writingwouldhavebeenconsideredanhonor,andmusthavebeenonecongenialtoBishopBilson, X  perhapswithhelpfromBancroft.Inhisprefacetothereader,whichevencontainedapolitereference D! toBishopBancroft,MilesSmithsaidsimplyandfairly: AndwhatcantheKingcommandtobe 0"  done,thatwillbringhimmoretruehonorthanthis? #l!  h+&* Ї GXX   D+$(  ,aLa ,  L,  L  CHAPTER13  TheBiblePrinted $t   #XX Gl #  TherewasnocompetitionforthejobofprintingthenewBible.ItwenttoRobertBarker,the F  royalprinter,whoalsopublishedit.Hisfather,ChristopherBarker,hadreceivedfromQueen 2  ElizabeththesolerighttoprintEnglishBibles,booksofcommonprayer,statutes,andproclamations.  n OnthedeathofChristopherBarkerin1599thequeenhadgiventohisson,RobertBarker,theoffice  Z ofQueensPrinterforlifewiththesamemonopoly.TheBarkersandtheirheirsheldtheprivateright  F topublishtheKingJamesBibleforahundredyears._* #  12      _  2    AlsofromtheCrown,RobertBarkerhadreceivedin1603aleaseonthemanorofUpton,near   Windsor,fortwentyyearsatarentaloftwentypoundsayear.BothfatherandsonlivedinLondon   atBaconHouseinNobleStreet,Aldersgate.TheirprintingshopwasnearbyinSt.Paulschurchyard   atthesignoftheTigersHead,adeviceonthearmsofSirFrancisWalsingham,thefriendofthe   Puritans.ThuswemayassumethattheBarkerssharedinthePuritantrend. ~    ForthenewBibleRobertBarkerlaidout 3500,alargesumevenfortheroyalprinter.He j appearstohaveobtainedanewcasttype,boldfaceforthetext,withlighterRomanlettersforthe V wordswhichhavenocounterpartintheancient-languagetextsbutwhichthelearnedmenhadto B insertformakingsenseinEnglish.(Inmoderneditionssuchwordsareprintedinitalictype.)The .~ engravedtitlepageshowsMosesandAaronstandinginnicheswiththeseatedfiguresofMatthew, j Mark,Luke,andJohnatthecorners.ThisissignedC.Boel!CorneliusBoel,anAntwerpartist.Alas, V this1611Bibleomittedthefull-pageGardenofEden,withallthefierceandharmlesscreatureslying B around,thatwasintheBishopsBible.However,thewholeisahandsome,well-printedfolio.The . linenandragpaper,aftermorethanthreehundredyears,istoughandpleasanttolookatandtotouch.  Thefirstissueistodayaseasytoreadasever,thoughthetypeface,ofcourse,isantiquated.    Oftheactualprintingweknownothing.Whowerethehumbleprinters,thecraftsmen?Who  readtheproof?Howlongdidthegreatprocesstake?Whatwasthesellingprice?Thereweretwo  printingsofthenewBiblein1611.Howmanycopieswerethereofeachissue?Thesearequestions z forwhichothersmaysometimefindanswers. f   WedoknowthatMilesSmithandThomasBilson,BishopofWinchester,sawthevolume R  throughthepress.Conceivablytheyreadproofs.Thehandwrittencopyfromwhichtheprinters >! workedremainedinBarkerspossession,thoughtherewerecomplaintsagainsthiskeepingit.Intime *"z itvanished. #f    Therewere,ofcourse,mistakesmadebytheprinters,averagingaboutoneintenpages.The $R! firstfoliowasknownasthe HeBiblefromaconfusionofpronounsinRuth3:15,whichmadethe $> " verseend andhewentintothecity.Corrected,thesecondfoliobecamethe SheBible. %*!#   Whatofthefirstcopiesoffthepress?DidMilesSmithandanyoralloftheothertranslators &"$ getafreecopyofthenewBible?Didtheyortheirchurcheshavetobuycopies? '#%   Wemayevenask,didSmithhaveacopyathandtouse?Letuslookatsomeofhissermons, (#& publishedin1632,afterhisdeath.Itisnotcertainwhenthesermonswerecomposedbutitseems d likelythatmostofthemweredeliveredafter1612.Someofthemhemayhavewrittenwhilethe1611 P Biblewasinprogress.Wewouldexpectthathe,ofallmen,wouldquotefromtheworktowhichhe < gavehisskill. (    However,whenhepreachedonJeremiah9:23,24,thewordingofhistextdifferedattwo   pointsfromthatoftheKingJamesBible.Smithsaid: Letnotthewisemangloryinhiswisdom,nor   thestrongmangloryinhisstrength,neithertherichmangloryinhisriches;butlethimthatglorieth   gloryinthis,thatheunderstandethandknowethme.The1611Bibleusedmightyandmightfor  t strongandstrength,andthereareother,slighterchanges.  `   WhenSmithquotedZechariah1:5,6,healsousedanolderversion: Yourfathers,whereare L  they?Anddotheprophetsliveforever?Butdidnotmywordsandmystatutes,whichIcommanded 8  bymyservantstheprophets,takeholdofyourfathers?HeretheKingJamestranslatorschangedthe $  orderofthephrases. t    ForhissermononJeremiah6:16SmithusedtheexactwordsoftheKingJamesBible: Thus `  saiththeLord,Standyeintheways,andsee,andaskfortheoldpaths,whereisthegoodway,and L  walktherein,andyeshallfindrestforyoursouls.ButheshortenedandsimplifiedEcclesiastes10:1, 8  saying, Deadfliescorrupttheointmentoftheapothecary,wherethe1611wordingis, Deadflies $ causetheointmentoftheapothecarytosendforthastinkingsavor.    NotonlySmithbutLancelotAndrewesandmanyoftheothertranslatorscontinuedtorefer  toolderversionsforalongtime.Dr.Andrewes,nowBishopofEly,wasstillusinganoldBibleon  NovemberI,1617.PreachingbeforethekingatWhitehall,hetookhistext!Isaiah37:3, The p childrenwerecometobirth,andtherewasnostrengthtodeliverthem!fromanotherBiblethanthe \ oneonwhichhehadlabored.HequotedanoldphrasingofDeuteronomy33:17, Withthesethou H shaltstrikethineenemies,andpushthemasanywildbeast.ForHebrews12:14heused, Without 4 holinessshallnomaneverseeGod,areadingonlyalittleofftheKingJames.However,whenhe   referredtoEzekiel33:32,hereallylethimselfgo: Butallhearing(asEzekielcomplaineth)asermon p  preachednootherwisethanwedoaballadsung.Ezekielscomplaintinthe1611Bibleisfarfrom \ that.FromRevelation14:11Andrewesspokeof thelakeoffireandbrimstone,thesmokeofwhich H shallascendforevermore,whichagainishardlyaquotation. 4    Familiaritywiththeancienttextsseemstohavegiventhetranslatorswhattheyregardedas  ! alicenseforprivateinterpretation;perhapstheythoughtinanothertongueandtranslatedasthey  " spoke.Thishadlongbeencustomarywithaclergythatwas,asSmithsaidinhispreface, exercised " almostfromourverycradleinLatin.Andnow,forthetaskjustaccomplished,theyhadsteeped #  themselvesinHebrewandGreek. $l!   Buthowsoondidpreachersbegintoquotefromthenewversion?Wemaysayfairlythatthe %X" KingJamesBiblewasinsomesenseasuccessfromthestart,goingquicklyfromthetwofolio &D # editionsintosmallerquartoandoctavosizes;yetitcaughtonslowly.Itappearsthatatfirstboth '0!$ clergyandlaymenfoundfaultwiththeproductofthelearnedmen.Once,forinstance.Dr.Richard ("% Kilby,thetranslatorintheOldTestamentgroupatOxford,heardayoungparsoncomplaininan l)#& earnestsermonthatacertainpassageshouldreadinawayhestated.AfterthesermonDr.Kilbytook X*#' theyoungmanasideandtoldhimthatthegrouphaddiscussedatlengthnotonlyhisproposedreading D+$( butthirteenothers;onlythenhadtheydecidedonthephrasingasitappeared. 0,%) Ї  DidotherwritersoftheJamesIreignadoptthenewBiblequickly?RobertBurtonpublished d hisAnatomyofMelancholyin1621,aftertoilingonitforyearsinhishappystudyatChristChurch, P Oxford.Asfarasisdiscoverable,heneverusedthe1611Bible,thoughhelivedamongsomeofthe < chieftranslatorsandhadcometoChristChurchthroughtheeffortsofLeonardHutton,latera (  translator,thencanonthere.ThusBurtonquotedRomans1:21,22: Theywerevainintheir   imaginations,andtheirfoolishheartwasfullofdarkness.Whentheyprofessedthemselveswise,they   becamefools.The1611changesintheseversesareminorbutimportanttothestyle.ForJob4:18,   hewroteonthesamepage: Behold,hefoundnosteadfastnessinhisservants,andlaidfollyupon  t hisangels.ComparewiththeKingJamesverse: Behold,heputnotrustinhisservants;andhis  ` angelshechargedwithfolly.ClearlyBurtonwasworkingwitholderBibles,withoutgettingaround L  tothenewversion.Justasclearly,theKingJamesreading,withitsbalancedrhythm,isthebetter. 8    Dr.JohnDonne,todaythoughtofaspoetratherthanaspreacher,seemstohaveusedtheKing $  Jamesversionirregularly.IntherecenteditionofhissermonsthefirstisthatpreachedonApril30, t  1615,atGreenwich,onIsaiah52:13,whichistakenfromthe1611Bible.Laterinthissermonhe `  quoted,fromanearlyBible,Isaiah55:1: Hoeveryonethatthirstethcometothewaters,andyethat L  havenosilver,come,buyandeat:come,Isay,buywineandmilk,withoutsilverandwithout 8  money.AtPaulsCross,March24,1617,hemade,soonewroteinaletter, adaintysermon.It $ lastedtwoandahalfhours!Therehistext,Proverbs22:11,wasfromthe1611version.Thenowlofty  translator,ArchbishopAbbot,waspresent.    BeforethekingatWhitehall,April12,1618,DonnequotedJob1:1fromsomeearlyBible:   TherewasamaninthelandofHuz,calledJob,anuprightandjustmanthatfearedGod.Atthe p heightofhispowers,ChristmasDay,1626,hepreachedatSt.PaulsonLuke2:29,30,usingtheKing \ Jamesphrasing.TherehoweverhecitedIsaiah62:1fromanearlyBible: Ohthatthouwouldstrend H theheavensandcomedown.Itwasinthissermonthathesaid, Whenmysoulprayswithoutany 4 voice,myverybodyisthenatemple.Moreandmorehenowseemedtousethe1611Bible,forat   St.PaulsonWhitsunday,1627,thoughheshortenedActs2:1-4,hegavevirtuallytheKingJames p  wording. \   HowmuchdidtheKingJamesBibleimpressitselfonthePlymouthPilgrims?Threeoftheir H preachers,thoughtheynevercametoPlymouth,wereHenryAinsworth,HenryJacob,andJohn 4  Robinson.ThereisalmostnothingtoshowthatanyofthemeverusedtheKingJamesBible.  !   ThosewhocutthemselvesofffromtheEnglishChurchoftenchosetodivorcethemselves  " fromtheChurchScripturestoo,andtouseaBiblelesstainted,asitseemedtothem!e.g.,theGeneva " !ortomaketheirowntranslations,iftheywerecapableofit.ThusAinsworthrenderedsomeofthe #  Scripturesinhisownwaywhilethekingstranslatorswereworking.HisPsalm23isworthgiving $l! here. Jehovahfeedethme,Ishallnotlack.Infoldsofbuddinggrasshemakethmetoliedown;he %X" easilyleadethmebythewatersofrests.Hereturnethmysoul;heleadethmeinthebeatenpathsof &D # justice,forhisnamesake.Yea,thoughIshouldwalkinthevalleyoftheshadeofdeath,Iwillnotfear '0!$ evil,forthouwiltbewithme,thyrodandthystafftheyshallcomfortme. ("%   Thoufurnishestbeforemeatableinpresenceofmydistresses;thoumakestfatmyheadwith l)#& oil;mycupisabundant.Doubtlessgoodandmercyshallfollowmeallthedaysofmylife;andIshall X*#' converseinthehouseofJehovahtolengthofdays.ThiswasPsalm23asformanyyearsthe D+$( Pilgrimsknewit.TheyhadandpreferredallthePsalmsinAinsworthssomewhatroughenedprose. 0,%) ElderWilliamBrewster,whenhediedin1644,leftsomeofAinsworthsbooks. d   HenryJacob,whileinEngland,engagedinanintenseconflictwiththetranslatorThomas P Bilson,BishopofWinchester.Bilsonhechargedwith equivocationand mostimpertinent, < ambiguousanduncertainwriting.Theoriginofthedisputeisobscure,butmuchofitwasabout (  bishopsandtheirsupposedfunctions.JacobquotedBilsonassaying, Thekingdomandthronewhich   Christreservedforhimselffarpassethdirectingandorderingonoutwardthingsinthechurchwhich   hehathlefttoothers.Countering,Jacobsaid, Naysure,hehathnotleftittoothers.Hestill   reserveththisauthorityanddignitytohimselfunderthegospelaswellashedidunderthelaw.To  t putitbluntly,howChristgovernsthechurchmustdepend,soitseemedtoJacob,onwhatthelocal  ` church,itspastoranditspeopledecideishiswill"goodCongregationaldoctrine.Wecouldhardly L  expectthiskindlybutdeterminedrebeltoleanonthe1611Bible,whichBishopBilsonhadhelped 8  keepwithinthefixedframeworkoftheChurch.OnJohn10:5Jacobsaidwithfeeling, Hissheep $  hearhisvoice;astrangersvoicetheywillfleefrom.HespokeatthesynodofDortwhichdiscussed t  thenewBible.Afewyearslater,about1622,JacobcrossedtheoceantoVirginiaandstarteda `  pastorateofhisown. L    JohnRobinson,pastorofthePilgrimsatLeyden,andafriendofthePuritantranslator 8  LaurenceChaderton,wascitingolderScripturesaslateas1625.ThusforPsalm41:2hegave, O $ blessedishethatprudentlyattendeththepoorweakling,whichisfarfromtheKingJamesrendering.  ForITimothy3:15heoffered, thathemightknowhowtoconverseinthechurchofGod.(To  converse,remember,meanttobehave.)FromRobinsonssometimespiquantwritings,whichinclude  manyversesfromtheoldBibles,wegetthepictureofabelovedantique. p   ThePilgrims,amongthemremnantsoftheBrownists,werealmostasmuchagainstthe \ Puritansastheywereagainstthehighchurchmenandthepapists.Sotheywereslow,itappears,to H accepttheKingJamesBible,putoutbythosewhohadharassedthem.Inthelongrunthe1611Bible, 4 becauseofitsstature,triumphedwiththePilgrimsaswiththeiroldfoes,exceptthoseintheChurch   ofRome,andtoittheyreferredalldetailsofdailyliving. p    InEnglandtoo,acceptanceofthenewBiblewastodependontheclimateofcontroversy.That \ waschanging,andeventuallytheKingJamesversionwouldbecomeaframeofreferencetobecited H asauthority.Butatthestartitpartookofthepersonalcontroversiesandassociationsofthetranslators 4  themselves,andsorousedopposition.TheoldArminianbitternesswasnotforgotten,thoughnow,  ! underBancroft,thestateChurchhadbeenleaningsomewhattowardArminiandoctrines.Thebeliefs  " ofCalvinthatGodhaddestinedallevents,greatandsmall,weregivingwayalittletothebeliefthat " Goddestinedonlyinpart,withgoodworksofvaluealongwiththefaithoftheelect.Itwasargued #  thatCalvinspredestination,sovaluabletothePuritansbecauseitfreedmanfromthetyrannyof $l! Rome,madeGodtheauthorofsinandgavefalsesecuritytothosewhobelievedthemselvestheelect. %X" Besides DutchThomson,manyofthetranslators,amongthemOverall,Bois,andRichardson,were &D # countedontheArminianside.LaurenceChadertonandyoungSamuelWardwereoftheopposition '0!$ andBishopAbbotstoodfirmlyopposed;noArminiancouldeverappeasehim.Buttheking,who ("% spokeoutagainstArminiansabroad,enduredthemandwasevenpleasanttothemathome.Ajoke l)#& ofthetimeasked.WhatdotheArminianshold?Theanswerwas,theyholdthebestdeaneriesand X*#' bishopricsinEngland. D+$(   Otherdissentersstillhadtheirtroubles.FromtheArianheresyevolved,afteralongtime,the 0,%) Unitarians.YettheChurchfeltitmustkillthefirstofthesehereticstospeakoutinthetimeofJames, d withoutobjectionfromthekingwhohadpromisednobloodshedoverreligion. P   BartholomewLegate,alreadymentioned,wasonewhobelievedthatJesuswasamereman, < thattherewasnovirginbirth,noIncarnation.Whenhepreachedthisbelief,bothGeorgeAbbotand (  LancelotAndrewesofthetranslatorsapprovedhissentencetodeath.Abbotindeedwrotealetterto   LordEllesmere,theLordChancellor,sayingthattheking didnotmuchdesirethattheLordCoke   shouldbecalledtothetrial, lestbyhissingularityinopinionheshouldgivestaytothebusiness.   Therewasnostay;thetrialmovedtoitsruthlessend.InSmithfieldMarketonMarch18,1611,atthe  t urgingofAndrewes,Abbot,andotherfirmlyiratedivines,thekingsagentsburnedBartholomew  ` Legateatthestake. L    AfewdayslateronMarch24,theseventhanniversaryofJamessaccession,Andrewes!now 8  BishopofEly!preachedbeforethekingatWhitehall,Throughtimesthathadbeenenoughto $  disturbhimtotheutmost,hehadkepthispiousbearing.HistextwasPsalm118:22-24, Thisisthe t  Lordsday;itismarvelousinoureyes!aversehehadusedpreviouslyforthanksgivingafter `  discoveryoftheGuyFawkesplot. Thisstoneisthehead,Andrewesdeclared,meaningtheking, L   madebyGod.Wordsspokeninhope,surely,forthelastfewmonthsmusthavebeenforAndrewes 8  atimeofmostearnestprayerandlegitimateexpectation. $   BeforeChristmasthegreatbellatSt.PaulshadtolledthenewsthattheseeofCanterburywas  oncemorevacant.RichardBancroftdiedNovemberlo,1610,beforehecouldholdinhishandsthe  printedBiblehehadfirstopposedatHamptonCourt,thenhadtakenunderhischargetopleasethe  king.ManyoftheclergyandthepeoplethoughtwithpleasurethatatlastLancelotAndrewes,who p hadalivingodorofsainthood,wouldrisetothesummit. \   EversincethedeathofArchbishopWhitgiftin1604andthechoiceofBancroftforthegreat H place,Andrewesmusthaveworkedwithquiethopeinhissermons,inallhisactsduringthoseyears, 4 andhispatientworkontheBible.ThoughJohnBois,MilesSmith,andmanyothershadworked   harderonthetranslationthanAndrewes,theywereminorfiguresintheChurch,comparedwithhim. p  Thesupremegiftofthekingcouldrightlyrewardhisfaithandgoodworksasaprelate.AmongGods \ electheclearlydeservedthechiefcrownoftherighteousorrightlywise,andalonglifeofpower. H   KingJamesdelayed.True,Andreweswasamongthehighestofthehighchurchmen,andhad 4  manypotentfriends.Thekinglovedhispreaching.ButontheotherhandJames,aScotsman,thought  ! oftheScots.OnOctober21,1610,LancelotAndrewes,GeorgeAbbot,andtwootherbishopshad  " consecratedinthechapelofaLondonhousethreebishopsofScotland,thefirstthustoreceiveholy " sanctionfromtheChurchofEngland.BishopAbbothadwhollysympathizedwiththekingshaste #  toseetheScottishChurchestablished,whichheunderstoodasclearlyashehadunderstoodtheroyal $l! desireforaspeedyendtoBartholomewLegate.InLegatesburningAndreweshadconcurred,but %X" nowhebalkedsomewhatattheroyalwill.ThedifficultywasthatthenewScottishprelatesweremen &D # oflowdegreeintheChurch,asnonewereeligibleforsuchadvancement.Abbot,apracticalman,saw '0!$ noharmintheirrapidelevation.ButLancelotAndrewes,thoughheparticipatedintheceremony,let ("% itbeknownthathefeltittobeunseemly. l)#&   NowthereweremonthsofsuspenseaboutAndrewesownadvancement,duringwhichhe X*#' musthavecomposedsomeofhismostferventdailyprayers.TranslatedfromtheLatinheused,these D+$( privatedevotionsexisttodayinhispublishedworks. 0,%) Ї  AtlengthonMarch18,justbeforetheburningofBartholomewLegate,thekingmadehis d choice.TosucceedRichardBancrofthepickedamanwhomnonehadbackedintheopen"notthe P learnedBishopofEly,buttheBishopofLondon,prosyGeorgeAbbot.Abbothimselfsaidthathewas < wonder-struck. (    GeorgeAbbotthusarrivedatenoughsuccessforanyone.Onhiskneesinsincere   thankfulness"forhecannothavetakenseriouslythestoryabouthismotherandthepike"hemust   havebeensurethatGodandthewordofGod,newlyrendered,hadimpelledhimontothegoal.     InstalledbyproxyMay16,1611,amonthafterhehadbeguntoliveatLambeth,Archbishop  t Abbotthrewhimselfwithvigorintothevarieddoingsofhisoffice.Whilehisprefermentamazedand  ` depressedtheAnglicans,thePuritans,towhomhewasfriendly,triedtoconcealtheirhappyhopes. L  Atthecourtthekingwascordial,andeventhequeen,thoughinsecretapapistwithnouseforhim, 8  deignedtospeaktohimwithapoliteshow.Soonhetookhisseatontheprivycouncil.Jamesdesired $  himtobelavishwithsociallifeatLambethPalace.HisincomefromtheChurchmadehimoneof t  therichestmeninEngland,abletoliveingrandeuramidthemusic,thecolors,theformswhichthe `  bestEnglishtalentcontrived.Withinhisrealmhecouldcommandserviceproperforhishighestate, L  couldexertpowerandenjoyfeelingpower,indesignsthathehadlongcravedasthemostnobleon 8  earth.InhisdaythissullentranslatorwithaPuritanbent,nowthehighestprelateinGreatBritain,had $ becomethemostfamousofallthelearnedmen.    Thenewarchbishopwashonestandahardworker.Hetendedtobealowchurchmanwhere  LancelotAndrewes,thatmoregracioustranslator,wouldhavebeenhigh,andwhereJameshimself  mighthavepreferredstricterforms.AnoddmantofollowRichardBancroft,Abbotfeltboundto p lead,andhedidhavesomemeasureofleadershipinhisnarrow,crabbedmake-up.Yetoneofhis \ lackswasthathehadneverheldapostinwhichhehadtoconcernhimselfwiththecareofsouls.Out H oftouchwiththecommonpeople,hewasoftentactlessandstupid.Withlittlezealfororskillin 4 preaching,hewasbornjusttohaveviews,tomanage,andtocommand.Hewasagreatoneto   reprove,andthoughtendertothescruplesofthePuritans,hemaintainedthatallshouldcomplywith p  theformsofworshipenjoinedbythelawoftheland.Withallhisscowlshewasdeeplypiousand \ neverflinchedinhisduty,whichheknewtobealighttoguideandarodtochecktheerring. H   AbbotsgainofthehighestchurchpostandLegateslossofhislifemarkedtheyearof 4  publicationoftheKingJamesBible,andcharacterizedtheEnglandthatreceivedit.Abbotselevation  ! probablyhelpedthenewversionalong,asAndreweswouldhavedone.Legatesfatesuggeststhat  " itwasneeded.AndMilesSmithspreface,thoughhebeganlikeanElizabethanplaywrightwithan " apologytothereader,reallymeantnottoapologizebuttoreprovetheworldheaddressed. #    Zealtopromotethecommongood,Smithbegan, whetheritbebydevisinganything $l! ourselves,orrevisingthatwhichhathbeenlaboredbyothers,deservethcertainlymuchrespectand %X" esteem,butyetfindethbutcoldentertainmentintheworld.(Notetheuseof devisingand &D #  revisinginthemannerofLyly.) Itiswelcomedwithsuspicioninsteadofwithlove....Forwas '0!$ thereeveranythingprojected,thatsavoredanywayofnewnessorrenewing,butthesameendured ("% manyastormofgainsaying,oropposition?Amanwouldthinkthatcivility,wholesomelaws, l)#& learningandeloquence,synodsandchurchmaintenance(thatwespeakofnomorethingsofthiskind) X*#' shouldbeassafeasasanctuary,andoutofshot,astheysay,thatnomanwouldliftuptheheel,no, D+$( nordogmovehistongueagainstthemotionersofthem.Yet,rather.Smithwenton, Hethat 0,%) ag a c a  meddlethwithmensreligioninanypartmeddlethwiththeircustom,nay,withtheirfreehold:and  thoughtheycanfindnocontentinthatwhichtheyhave,yettheycannotabidetohearofanyaltering.  ..    Andso,attheendofthegreatBibletask.Smithsadlybutbravelyanticipatedopposition. If t wewillbesonsofthetruth,wemustconsiderthatitspeaketh,andtrampleuponourowncredit,yea, ` anduponothermenstoo,ifeitherbeinanywayahindrance. L    Happily,theroyalcommandatHamptonCourtcouldgivethenewversionenoughprestige 8  toinsureitsadoption,intime,byallthechurchmenloyaltotheCrown.Otherauthorizationtherewas $ t none,althoughliketheBishopsBibleof1585thenewBiblecalleditself Authorizedand  `  Appointedtobereadinchurches.Howthatcameaboutisuncertain;perhapsthephrasewasmerely  L  pickedupfromtheoldtitlepage.Andso,althoughthereisnorecordthatAbbot,Bancroftbeforehim,  8  oranywithpowertodosoever authorizedtheKingJamesBible,peoplespeakofitasthe $  AuthorizedVersion.     AlthoughthenewBiblecouldsupplanttheBishopsBibleinthechurches(thelatterwasnot   reprintedafter1611),itwasatfirsttoobigavolumefordailyhouseholduse.Itcouldspreadwidely   amongthepeopleonlywhen,intheoctavoeditionof1612,itbecamesmallenoughtobereadbythe   fireside,heldinthehandinsteadofrestingonatable.ForfireswerestillusedforlightsinEnglish p cottages,aswellasforburningdissentersinthemarketplace. \   More,people!suchpeopleasthrongedSmithfieldtowatchBartholomewLegateburned! H hadtolearntoread.PresumablythefirstcommonpeopletoreadthenewBiblewerethenameless 4 workersinRobertBarkersprintshopwhoputitthroughthepress.There,atthesignoftheTigers  p Head,theyablyabettedthemenwhowerelearnedintongues.Allwroughtwiththeirmindsandtheir  \ handstoperfectforusthework,approveduntoGod,rightlysettingforththewordoftruth. H  h+&* -h     >,%) Mi M  M   GXX  CHAPTER14  RewardsandSequels $t  ̛#XX G#  Allo thelearnedmen,eachinhisdegree,hadsomeworldlysuccess.Whatwritersoftheage F  outsidetheChurchcouldbecertainofplentytoliveon?GodsuppliedHisownwithwhatthey 2  needed.Inthatfaith,thelearnedmenweresecureastheysoughttheirstipendsfromthoseincharge  n ofsacredadministration.Onthewholetheylivedinsedateorder,fittingfortheirweightywork.  Z   GilesThomson,forinstance,whohadbeenDeanofWindsor,becameBishopofGloucester  F in1611beforetheBiblecameout.Buthenevergoteventovisithissee;withinayearhedied.  2    OnSeptember20,1616,MilesSmithsucceededThomsonasBishopofGloucester,being   ordainedtothatofficeatCroydon,thenjustoutsideLondonbutnowpartofthecity.Archbishop   AbbotmusthavehadmuchtodowiththisrewardforMilesSmith,whichwas,theysaid,mainlyfor   hiswritingtheprefacetotheimprovedBible.     GloucesterisinthewestofEngland,fartherfromLondonthanmanyothersees.Itwas,one ~  mightthink,asortofsaferefuge.Thechurchneededrepairs,whichSmithwasslowinmaking.One j ofhischiefconcernswastokeepthetablefortheLordsSupperlengthwiseinthenave,insteadof V crosswisebeforethealtar;forthelatterarrangementwasseenasasymbolstressingtherealpresence, B thebeliefthatthebodyandbloodofChristJesusareinthebreadandwine,aconceptfromwhichthe .~ Puritansshiedaway.Wecanunderstandwhypeoplecontendedabouttheplacingofthetableonly j asweseethatthePuritansdeemedthedoctrineoftherealpresencepopishandwerestaunchlyagainst V it.TheHighChurchofEngland,ontheotherhand,wishedinmanywaystoapproachtheChurchof B Romeandyetremainitself. .   AtWestminsterAbbey,ArchbishopAbbotwasmakingchangesthatseemedPuritan,He  refusedbowingatthealtarandatthenameofChrist.Thechoir,theorgan,andthecopewentslowly  intodisuse.ThewholeservicewasnowsosimplethatitcouldhavepleasedCalvin.Prelatesverging  onthePuritan,suchasAbbotandSmith,doubtedtheneedforbishops,andyetwereeagerenough  tobebishopsthemselves.Thereweremanyrumblesbeforethelashingstormtocome.IfthePuritans z weregainingstrength,sowastheHighChurchofEngland. f   SoonarisingmannamedWilliamLaudbecameDeanofGloucester,determinedtooppose R  eachPuritanpracticeofBishopSmith.OthersthanAbbotmusthaveadvisedthekingtosendLaud >! there.In1616Laud,alwaysruthless,wentstraightagainstthedictatesofSmith,putthetableagain *"z beforethealtar,restoredthecopeandthebowings,andmadetheserviceatGloucesterhighenough #f  toexpresshisalmostpopishaims.Asdean,hehadpowertoorderallthis.AbbotandSmithboth $R! despisedLaudandhischanges,whichrestoredthedearesttrappingsofpriesthood.However,asLaud $> " hadtheearoftheking,formalcounterorderswouldhavebeenhighlyunwise. %*!#   BishopSmithleftthegreatchurchbuildingsindudgeon,anddeclaredthathewouldstayaway &"$ untilLaudremovedthehatedsymbols.Thetownwasinanuproar.Mostofthepeoplewerefor '#% BishopSmith.Theymetandmarchedinthestreets,ineffectpicketingLaudandwhatwastothem (#& wickednonsense.YettheascentofLaudwasrapidandsure.Thepeopleandtheirbishopindue )$' coursehadtogiveuptheirrevolt,whichnowappearedhopeless.Theysuppressedtheiroutward v*%( disdain,becausetheChurchwasstilltheirstolove.Itmighthavebeensomecomforttothemifthey b+&) couldhaveknown,asweknowtoday,howLaudwasatlengthtofall. r   JustnowinGloucesteranyprospectofhisfallwasremote.MilesSmith,whowasgettingon ^ inyears,hadtosmothermuchofhischagrin.Throughhistrials,hissermonsshow,hisownvirtue J gavehimasecretgladness.HisjoythathewasaPuritan,andthereforeright,nomancouldtakefrom 6  him. "    Aprivatequarrelatthistimedisruptedalongfriendshipbetweentwoofthetranslators,both   goodmenandwhole-heartedscholars.AtthetimetheyworkedtogetheratStationersHall,Andrew   DownesandJohnBoiswerealsoaidingtheirassociateSirHenrySavileinhismammoth  t eight-volumeeditionofSt.Chrysostom.Howcouldtheyundertakesomuchwork?Hereisameasure  ` oftheirscholarshipandenergy,butoverexertionmayhaveaffectedtheirtempers.Unhappily,they L  fellintointenseconflictoverthegreatercreditthatSirHenrySavileseemed,toDownes,togiveto 8  Boisfortheirhelponthewhalelikeprivateopus. $    TheBoisandDownesnotesonSt.ChrysostomareallinLatinandGreek.Judgingfromthe   writing,thereareasmanybytheoneasbytheother.Theyextendtoscoresofpages.Savileseems n  tohavebeenfairingivingcredittoboth.Sometimeshewrotenonprobo,Idonotprove,besidesome Z  commentbyoneortheotherofhishelpers.Downesgrewsojealousthathestoppedspeakingtohis F  formerpupil,whilethemilderBoiswentonpraisinghisformerteacher.Inhissmallnessthezealof 2 theLordturnedinwardandalmostconsumedDownes.Fortunatelythebreakbetweenthemcameafter  thetwohadfinishedtheirninemonthsworkatStationersHall.     SavileandDownes,too,becamewhollyestranged.Ontheotherhand,SavileandBois  remainedfriends.OncewhenSirHenrylaysick,LadySavilesaidthatifhedied,shewouldburn p Chrysostomforkillingherhusband.BoisrepliedthatChrysostomwasoneofthesweetestpreachers \ sincetheapostles,andsosatisfiedherthatshesaidshewouldnotdoitforalltheworld.SirHenry H survived.ButnowthewholemassiveeightvolumesofSavilesSt.Chrysostomaredeaduponthe 4 shelvesthatholdrarebooks,whilethesuperbBibletowhichBois,Downes,andSavilegavetheir   besteffortsliveson. ~    Meanwhile,ArchbishopAbbot,becauseofhisoffice,hadtominglemorethananyother j translatorineventsthatconcernedthenation.Streamingtears,hesatbythebedofyoungHenry, V PrinceofWales,whodiedofcoldandfeveronNovember6,1612.Hisprayeratthedeathbedwas B   mostexceedingpowerful,passionate.ThenhepreachedattheburialserviceinWestminsterAbbey. .! NexthemarriedthePrincessElizabethtotheElectorPalatine,onFebruary12,1613.Thus,soone " writerpraisedGodahundredyearsago,beganthelinewhichbroughttoGreatBritaintheblessing # ofgoodQueenVictoria. #    Abbotcouldbefulsomeabouttheking,withwhomhewasoftenatodds.ThelifeofKing $l! James,hesaid, hathbeensoimmaculateandunspottedintheworld,sofreefromalltouchof %X" viciousnessandstainingimputation,thatevenmaliceitself,whichleavethnothingunsearched,could &D # neverfindtrueblemishinit,norcastprobablyaspersiononit....Allmustacknowledgehimtobe '0!$ zealousasDavid,learnedandwise,theSolomonofourage,religiousasJosiah,carefulofspreading ("% ChristsfaithasConstantinethegreat,justasMoses,undefiledinallhiswaysasJehoshaphat,or z)#& Hezekiah,fullofclemencyasanotherTheodosius.Suchpratingswerejustchurchlyeyewash,wholly f*#' absurd. R+$(   Troublespiledupforthearchbishop.FrancesHoward,CountessofEssex,wassuingtovoid >,%)  /kb@k / o b/ o b  hermarriage.AtthirteenshehadmarriedtheEarlofEssex,thenfourteen,sonoftheEssexwhose r headQueenElizabethhadorderedcutoff.Ithadbeenafoolishmarriagefollowedbytenyearsof ^ contentionandfallingawayfromgrace.Nowthecountess,doubtlessgoadedonbyKingJames J himself,wasnervingherselftomarryRobertCarr,ViscountRochester,newEarlofSomerset,a 6  formerpagewhomthekinghadquicklypushedforward.ThecasewasmessyandArchbishopAbbot "  foundhimselfinthethickofit.     Asoneofthegroupnamedtoadjudgethemeritsofthepleas.Abbot,stayingwiththeking   atWindsor,fellonhiskneesandbeggedrelease.MostwritershavecalledthisthecaseoftheEssex  t divorce.Itwasratherasuittoannulthemarriage.BothChurchandstatehadtodealwithit.Abbot  ` washonestenoughtodeclarehisqualms;thekinginducedhimtogoonseekingthefacts,butasit L  were,packedthecourtbyaddingtoitsomeofwhomhewassure.ThechiefofthesewasThomas 8  Bilson,BishopofWinchester,MilesSmithsassociateinthefinaldraftoftheBible. $    AlwaysBilsonwasdiscreetinbeingfortheHighChurch.Heremainedsonow.Whatseemed   tobeasimplecaseofdivorcewasclearlyfortheChurchtooppose,butBilsonknewwhichsidehis n  breadwasbutteredon.Abbotsdislikeforhimgrewintense.Thediscordbetweenthem,thoughless Z  open,wasgreaterthanthatbetweenthoseothertranslators,JohnBoisandAndrewDownes.Downes F  wasmerelyjealousofBoisbecauseBoisseemedtogetmorecreditthanhefortheworkbothdidfor 2 SirHenrySavile.AbbotwasaversetoBilsonbecauseofwhollyopposedviewpoints.Lowwhere  Bilsonwashigh.Abbotwasstillagoodenoughchurchmantodeploreanysemblanceofdivorce,   whichtheChurchhadtocondemn.    Manyawitnessgavevividevidence,alldamningtotheearl,thoughhewasmerelyahelpless p wight.Plainlyheandhiswifewantedtoquiteachother.Inhisbravesurveyofthecase,Abbotsaid \ amongotherthings, InasmuchaswefirmlybelievethattheScripturedothdirectlyorbyconsequence H containinitsufficientmattertodecideallcontroversies,especiallyinallthingsappertainingtothe 4 church,asthatmarriageamongChristianscanbenolessaccountedthanasacredthing...Iwouldbe   gladtoknow,andbywhattextofScripture,eitherbytheoldornewtestament,amanmayhavea ~  warranttomakeanullityofamarriagesolemnlycelebrated. j   KingJamesansweredinperson: ThattheScripturedothdirectlyorbyconsequencecontain V sufficientmattertodecideallcontroversies,especiallyinthisappertainingtothechurch:Thisinmy B  opinionispreposterous,andoneofthePuritansarguments,withoutabetterdistinctionof .! application.Abbot,bytheway,quotedMatthew19:12fromanoldBible,thoughhehadhelped " translatethatverypassageinthenewBible.Then,withcouragetostandagainsttheking,Abbot # votedagainstthedissolutionofthemarriage.Thetoadytranslator,BishopThomasBilson,votedyes, #  andwithothersoflikemind,prevailed,seventosix.KingJameshadinsuredtheverdict. $l!   Thecountess,freedfromEssex,soonmarriedCarr.Therefollowedafurtherscandal.Young %X" SirThomasOverbury,acrudepoet,hadhelpedCarrandthecountessduringtheirintrigue,buthad &D # balkedatthethoughtoftheirbeinghusbandandwife.SothehaplesspoetgotsenttotheTower. '0!$ Therehelanguishedand,inextremepain,died.IntimeLadySomersetconfessedthatshehad ("% connivedtobringabouthisdeath,asatoolnowturnedagainstherandhernewhusband.Thefirst z)#& poisonedfruittartswentastray.Thenthekeeper,attheinstanceofadrugmanwhomtheSomersets f*#' hadsecured,fedSirThomaswhitearsenic;aquafortis,whichisnitricacid;mercury;powderof R+$( diamonds;lapiscausticus;greatspiders;andcantharides,whicharedriedbeetlesorSpanishflies. >,%) Alltheseworkedslowly.Attheendthekeepergavethedoomedmanaclysterofcorrosivesublimate. r DuringthetrialKingJamesbroughtupthesubjectofwitchcraft,largelytoshowoffhiscraftypower ^ toreason.Fourwereputtodeathforthecrime.JamesatlengthpardonedtheEarlandCountessof J Somerset,wholeftthecourttobecomemistyfiguresinthebackgroundofthetime. 6    HonestArchbishopAbbotfeltsorelytroubledabouthisfailuretopreventallthis.Yethewas "  fullofnotionsofhisown.Hebroughtin,toreplaceCarrinthekingsfavor,youngGeorgeVilliers,   whogotoutoftheprelateshand,androsequicklytobeDukeofBuckingham.Thedukesstoryis   beyondourrange,butintimeallwhowantedtopromoteanyschemesandtogetonintheStuart  t worldhadtobribethisflauntingupstart.Suchdoingsreflectthesocialtoneofthetimesthrough  ` whichthe1611Biblehadtomakeitsway. L    NeverthelesstheKingJamesBiblebegantoseepintocommonliving.Firstitmadeprogress 8  inthechurches,wheretheclergyhereandtherepreachedfromit.Listenerstooktoheartandtreasured $  certainverses,sometimesbecausetheywerenovelandstriking,sometimesbecausetheywereaptand   fluent.ThenthenewBiblefounditswayintosomehomesforreading,forlearningtoread,andfor n  timesofprayer.Morecarefulstudyevolvedbydegrees,untilthephrasingspassedintodailylanguage. Z  ThisprogresscanbetracedthroughwritingsoftheStuartperiod. F    EffectsoftherevisedBibleonconduct,inaccordancewithAbbotspleathattheScriptures 2 couldanswerallcontroversies,arehardertotrace.Manyhavearguedthatithadanappreciableeffect  onEnglishmorality.Atanyratethecommonpeoplecametodependonitforstricterguidance.     Amidmorerewardsforthelearnedmen,thereweremoredeathstoo,asiftheirlaborsonthe  Biblehadbeentoomuch.Dr.JohnAglionbyhaddiedintheprimeoflifewhiletheBiblewasinthe p press.Whenanoldertranslator.Dr.ThomasHolland,died,afellowtranslator.Dr.RichardKilby, \ preachedhisfuneralsermonatSt.Marys,Oxford.Amongotherswhodiedinthesefirstfewyears H after1611wereJohnHarmer,WardenofSt.MarysCollege;GeorgeRavis,WardenofNewCollege; 4 JohnSpenser,whohadsucceededRainoldsaspresidentofCorpusChristiCollege,Oxford;and   RichardThomson,thefat-belliedArminian,who,theysaid,wenttobeddrunkeachnight.Theonly ~  translatorwhoisknowntohavetraveledabroadafter1611wasWilliamBedwell;in1612he j journeyedtoLeydentoseeScaligersArabianbooksandpapers. V   In1614JohnOverall,DeanofSt.Pauls,thetranslatorwhosewiferanawayonlytoreturn B  underduress,becameBishopofLichfieldandCoventry.WilliamBarlow,whohadbeenatthe .! HamptonCourtmeetingandhadwrittenupthatconclave,andwhohadworkedhardontheBible, " nowrosetobeBishopofLincoln,afterhavinghadtheleastseeofRochester.BishopLancelot # AndrewesmadeworthyJohnBois,wholeftushispainfulnotes,aprebendofEly"arewardthat #  seemstinyforhisminutetoil. $l!   ThenonJune16,1616,diedtheBishopofWinchester,ThomasBilson.Hislongserviceto %X" theking,ratherthanhisworkwithMilesSmithonthefinalBibledraft,madeitseemfittingtobury &D # himinWestminsterAbbey.BilsonsdeathleftoneofthebestseesinEnglandopenforagoodman. '0!$ LancelotAndrewes,werecall,hadhopedtobeprimateafterBancroftdiedbuthadlostouttoAbbot. ("% Atlength,doubtlessapprovedbyLowChurchAbbot,thishighchurchmanwhogotalongwellwith z)#& allbecameBishopofWinchester.Moreandmoreheusedthe1611Bibleinhissermons. f*#'   OtherswhodiedinthisperiodwereJeremyRadcliffe;JohnPerin,Canono ChristChurch, R+$( Oxford;Dr.RalphRavens,DeanofWells;andDr.JohnDuport,Vice-ChancellorofCambridge. >,%)  4mq@m 4 i q4 i q   [Thisdiffersfrom TheMenBehindTheKingJamesVersionwhichcallsJohnDuport r  WardenOfMagdalenCollege.] OnNovember6,1617,diedDr.JohnLayfield,thetranslatorwho ^ hadgoneonavoyagetotheWestIndiesandwrittenanElizabethanaccountofit.LongRectorofSt. N ClementDanesinLondon,thefamouschurchlaterassociatedwithDr.SamuelJohnson,Layfieldhad :  justrepairedthesteeple. &    ThenextyearJohnOverall,BishopofLichfieldandCoventry,roseafewnotchestobe   BishopofNorwich,wherethePuritanshadbeenstrongbutwhereheleanedtowardArminianism.   Withinayearhetoowasdead.WhilethePilgrimswerelandingonCapeCod,onNovember7,1620,  x Dr.RichardKilby,RectorofLincolnCollege,Oxford,diedatsixty.  d   LikemostPuritans,ArchbishopAbbotbelievedinstrictkeepingoftheSabbath.In1618the P  kingissuedanedictinwhichheapprovedofsportsonSundayafterallthesacreddutieshadbeen <  observed.Abbot,whowasstayingatCroydon,forbadethereadingofthisedictintheparishchurch (  there.TryingtoliveinaccordancewiththeBible,heknewthatGodHimselfrestedontheseventh   day,surelywithoutturningtogames.InafteryearsAbbotwastospeakofJamesIas mymaster, r  yethewasoftenfearlesstoopposetheking. ^    EvenaftershowinghisdisapprovaloftheedictaboutSabbathsports.ArchbishopAbbot J  remainedenoughinfavortopreachatthefuneralserviceforQueenAnneonMarch13,1619.And 6 hehadgoneonwithhislesserduties,suchaskeepinganeyeonAllSoulsCollege,Oxford. Ido " requireyou,Mr.Warden,andtherestoftheofficers,hewrote, severallytopunishsuchasinyour  societyareneglectingtheirstudiestospendtheirtimeabroadintavernsandalehousestothe  defamationofscholarsandscandalofyourhouse,andnottoimpartanycommonfavorsuntothem t unlesstheythoroughlyreformthemselves.Inthoselaxdaysthemaligned,seriousarchbishopcould ` seemanuisancetoroisteringyouth. L   ForhishometownofGuildford,Abbothadfoundedandendowedasortofresthome.Init 8 hereservedroomsforhisownuse.MuchlaterJohnEvelyninhisdiarywroteofavisittothis $ hospice.Abbot,ofcourse,wasnowgettingricherandgranderinhisowneyes.Twoofhisbrothers,  oneamemberoftheEastIndiaCompanyandoftheCouncilofNewEngland,theotheraboutto n becomeBishopofSalisbury,prosperedalongwithhim.Thearchbishopwasattheheightofacareer Z whichtheseeresshadpromisedhismotherwouldcomeofhereatingayoungpike. F    Atmidsummer,1621,EdwardZouche,eleventhbaronofthatnameandWardenoftheCinque 2! Ports,ahighofficeinthestate,invitedtheprimatetohisgreat,formalhouseandspreadingparkat " BramshillinHampshire.OnJuly24,nottheSabbathbutaTuesday,LordZoucheandhispartywent  # deerhunting.Thestout,stuffyarchbishopwantedtobemanfulwiththebowandarrow,butwasa #  poorshot.Timeaftertimehewarnedthemenwhowerebeatingupthegametokeepbackagoodly $p! distance.EagertopleaseHisGracebychasingatleastonedeerwithinbowcastofhim,theywere %\" reckless.Abuckcameintosight.Abbottwangedhisbow.Hisarrow!andarrowsinthosedayswere &H # sharp,deadlyweapons!hitoneofthekeepersinthearm.Bloodgushedoutandbeforelongpoor '4!$ PeterHarkinshadbledtodeath.ThusGeorgeAbbotbecametheonlytranslatorofthe1611Bibleand ( "% theonlyArchbishopofCanterburyevertokillahumanbeing. ~) #&   Abbotwasinanabyssofgrief,stabbedwiththesternestfeelingsofguilt.Atonceheretired j*#' tohisnewhospiceatGuildford.Onthewidowhesettledtwentypoundsayear,whichgaveherthe V+$( meanstoshortenhermourningandquicklygetasecondhusband.TheChurchandthecourtseethed r withdismayandcensure.WhatrighthadtheprimateoftheEnglishChurchtogohunting? ^   NocanonintheEnglishChurchforbadeabishopstakingpartinfieldsports.Indeed,soto J takepartwasaportionoftheEpiscopalright.QueenElizabethsArchbishopWhitgifthadoncekilled 6  twentybucks.TheBiblesaidnothingaboutstaghunting.KingJameshadchargedAbbotthathe "  shouldcarryhishousenoblyandlivelikeanarchbishop,whichtheprelatehadpromisedhimtodo.     Thecasewasoneforchurchdecision,andagroupincludingBishopLancelotAndrewesmet   forlongsearchinganddebate.ItevenreferredthematteronthesidetotheSorbonneatParis.Had  t Abbotbecome irregularand incapablebycommonlawofdischarginghisduties?  `   MeanwhilefriendsofAbbotwerecooltohim,andfoescastslursathimwhenhedaredto L  preachinthecountry.YetinSeptemberhewentbrieflytothecourtagain,wherethekingputhimself 8  outtobekind.LancelotAndrewesquibbledandwaveredashesoughttoplacateall,andthejudgment $  whenreachedwasrathervague,butinsumabsolvedAbbot,withAndrewesmoreorlessforhim.The   Sorbonneseemed,inthemain,againsthim.OnDecember24thekingdeemeditbesttoproclaima n  formalpardon.BylawtheprimatesprivateestatewasforfeittotheCrown.ButJamessaid: An Z  angelmighthavemiscarriedinthissort....Thekingwouldnotaddafflictiontohissorrowortake F  onefarthingfromhischattelsandmovables. 2   Thoughthusaffirmedinhisoffice.Abbotfoundtherespectofmanypeoplewaning.Hecould  donothingtoallayapersistentfeelingthataprimatewhokilledamanwaslessholythanheshould   be.Hishighpower,whichhewasstillkeentoassert,subtlylessened.Therestofhislongservice  teemedwithhiscrotchets,histemper,hisratherfutilejudgments,andtheeffortsofhighchurchmen p tosubduehim.Laud,nowabishop,herightlythoughtoneofhischiefstumblingblocks,thoughfor \ thepresentLaudknewhowtoavoidtooblatantoutbursts. H   SirHenrySavile,themosthandsomeofthetranslators,diedatEtononFebruary19,1622. 4 Theyburiedhimbytorchlighttosaveexpense,thoughhelefttwohundredpoundsfortherites.The   usefulMilesSmith,BishopofGloucester,diedOctober20,1624,afterforlornlastyearsof ~  conformitytopracticeshedisliked. j   OnFebruary14,1625,wasburiedatWilden,Bedfordshire,FrancisDillingham,thebachelor V translatorwhoknewhowamancouldbehappythoughmarriedbykeepinghiswifesubjecttohim. B  ThetranslatorDr.JohnRichardson,MasterofPeterhouse,diedApril20,1626,leavingonehundred .! poundstobuildabrickwallinfrontofthecollegenexttothestreet.Thatsameyearthetranslator " RobertSpaldingsleptwithhisfathers.Mostaccountsofthelivesofallthesemenmarkedthefactthat # theyhadhelpedtranslatetheKingJamesBible.Forthatworktheirownworldrightlyhonoredthem #  astruescholarsofthefirstrank. $l!   Amidthedeathsandhonorsthekinghadbeeneverintentonmoney. Mylords,hehadsaid %X" in1619totwobishops,NealeofDurhamandAndrewesofWinchester, cannotItakemysubjects &D # moneywhenIwantitwithoutallthisformalityinparliament?Thetwobishopswerestanding '0!$ behindhischairatdinner.Nealesaid, Youshould;youarethebreathofournostrils.Lancelot ("% Andrewessaidthathehad noskillinparliamentarycases,but, Ithinkitlawfulforyoutotakemy z)#& brotherNealesmoney,becauseheoffersit.Thekingsconcernformoneywasalwaysgrasping.As f*#' hisreignlengthenedthenationenduredhimwithoutconceivingthattheremightbeworsetocome. R+$(   Theprofoundeventof1625wasthedeathofKingJamesonMarch27,aftertendaysof >,%) illness.Fourdaysbeforetheendhe,orperhapsthosearoundhim,sentforArchbishopAbbot,who r gavethedyingmanextremeunctionafterthewayoftheEnglishChurch.Someoneelseconducted ^ thefinalservicetoburythewiseoldfool. J   ThecomingofCharlesItothethroneincreasedthepartialeclipseofAbbot.Laud,calledin 6  fromSt.Davids,Wales,wherehewasbishop,andbeforelongmadeBishopofLondon,wasmoving "  steadilyupward.ThemarriageofthenewkingtoHenriettaMariaofFrancewasbyproxy.The   crowning,courtandChurchsaid,hadtobeonaholyfeastday.Thisonetheyatlengthsetfor   Candlemas,thepurificationdayofSt.MarytheVirgin,February2,1626,nearlyayearafterthedeath  t ofJames.  `   Havinglongsufferedfromgout,thestone,andgravel,allnodoubtdueinparttohighliving. L  Abbotarousedhimself.Fournewbishopshadrefusedwithgoodconsciencetohavehiminstallthem. 8  Hewasataintedprimate.Yetbeforethegreatdayhe,withothers,revisedtheorderforthesupreme $  pageantofcoronation.Theplaguehadoncemorebeenrife.Byroyalcommand.ArchbishopAbbot,   BishopLancelotAndrewes,andothersconsultedonaformofthankstoGodthattheplaguewas n  gettingless.Onthesplendiddayitself.Abbotwaslatertocomplainandboast,thearchbishop had Z  workenoughforthestrongestmaninEngland.Thatwastrue,asweknowfromthecrowningof F  QueenElizabethIL 2   Thedramawasmuchthesamethenasnow.TherewereexactplansforthecrowningofQueen  HenriettaMaria,too,withachairorthronesetoutforher.QueenAnnebeforeherhadrefusedtotake   theoathintheChurchofEngland,butwaspresentinsilencethroughouttheordeal.NowHenrietta  Maria,withpapistfirmness,stayedawaybutwatchedthewholepompfromavantagepointbuiltfor p her.Asthehourswentby,otherobserverssawwithhorrorthequeensladiesdancingandfrisking; \ StuartyouthwassportiveandCharleswasonlytwenty-five. H   OnthemorningofFebruary2,themonarchofallhesurveyedwenttoWestminsterAbbey 4 bywater.Abbotandtheothershad,ofcourse,receivedtheorderofthedayinadvanceandknewjust   whattodo.ThealmostPuritanarchbishop,inacopeofgoldbrocadewhichmusthaveweigheddown ~  hisshouldersandperhapshisconscience,too,spoketothepeopleindueform.Thenhereceivedthe j kingatthealtarwhichboreaHighChurchcross.Therewerethetraditionalquestionstothekingand V thekingsformalanswers.Thenthearchbishophadtoanointtheroyalbody.Hetookthejeweled B  crownofKingEdwardinhishands,laiditbeforethekingonthealtar,andofferedtheprayer.Heput .! theringonthefourthfingerofthekingsrighthand,gavehimthescepterandtherod,andenthroned " him. #   Bendinghisgoutyjointsandkneeling,hedeclared, I,GeorgeAbbot,shallbefaithful.The #  Scripturereading,stillfromsomeolderBible,wasIPeter2:11-13: Dearlybeloved,Ibeseechyou $l! asstrangersandpilgrimstoabstainfromfleshlylusts,whichfightagainstthesoul,andseethatyou %X" havehonestconversationamongtheGentiles,thatwhereastheybackbiteyouasevildoers,theymay &D # seeyourgoodworksandpraiseGodinthedayofvisitation.Thosepointedversesmusthave '0!$ soundedlikePuritanwarnings,forinthemonthsbeforethecrowning,religiousstrifehadbeen ("% waxingmoreacrid. z)#&   NowthearchbishopgavethekingHolyCommunion.CharlessatdowninKingEdwards f*#' chair.Thearchbishopliftedtheheavycrownandputitonthekingshead,saying, Godcrownthee R+$( withacrownofgloryandrighteousness.Thelordsandladiesdonnedtheircoronets.Itwasdone. >,%) Ї  Thewholedisplayofregalgleamingwasmuchlongerthanthisbriefaccountimplies.Abbot, r theonlyoneoftheBibletranslatorswhocrownedakingofEngland,wentthroughitallwell.Itwas, ^ asalways,abrilliant,awesomescene.Therobeshadplentyofcrimsonandpurple.Theyoungking J wasafreshhopeforthepeople.Orwashe?ArchbishopAbbotseemedtosubmergeanyhopehemay 6  havehadinhiswontedsadsourness.Yetasheachedandglowered,hewasoddlymorevitalthanthe "  showaroundhim,becauseheknewthatthewordofourGodshallstandforever.     Thenthebellspealedandthepeopleshouted,thehorsesprancedandtheroyalcoachrolled   alongwiththekingbeinggracious.ThuswithanarchbishopwhofavoredthePuritansandbishops  t whowereoftheHighChurch,beganareignwhichwastobeoneofever-ragingconflictsandtohave  ` abrutal,luridendonthescaffold. L    SlowlythereafterAbbotsankoutofgeneralview.Sometimesotherscarriedhimintothe 8  HouseofLords,wherehespokefromachair.IntheHouseofCommonshisfriendSirDudley $  Digges,whomhehadtutoredatUniversityCollege,Oxford,andotherslookeduponhimasabulwark   againstBishopWilliamLaud,recognizedasanenemy,andalsoagainstGeorgeVilliers,Dukeof n  Buckingham,whoserisehehadatfirstmistakenlysupported.Nowagainstthedangerousfavorite Z  Abbotwrotealongdefenseofhimself: ThedukeofBuckingham(beingstillgreatinthefavorof F  theking,couldendurenomanthatwouldnotdependuponhim)amongothershadmeinhiseye,for 2 notstoopinguntohim,soastobecomehisvassal.FromanoldBiblehequotedPsalm112:7: He  shallnotbeafraidofanyeviltidings,forhisheartstandethfast,andbelievethintheLord.Thus   fifteenyearsafterhefinishedworkonthe1611Bibleherefrainedfromcitingit.    In1627hadsofarfallenfromthekingsgoodwillthattheytriedtorelievehimofhisduties p andtakeawayhisoffice.Hehadbitterwordsforthosewhothusattackedhim. Inthecourtsof \ princesthereislittlefeelingfortheinfirmitiesbelongingtooldage.Theylikethemthatbeyoung, H andgallantintheiractions,andintheirclothes.Theylovenotthatanymanshouldsticktoolongin 4 anyroomofgreatness.Notranslatorofthe1611Bible,andleastofallGeorgeAbbot,Archbishop   ofCanterbury,shouldhavehadtosaythat.Ofhimselfhesaid: Icannotdenythattheindisposition ~  ofmybodykeptmefromcourtandthereforegaveoccasiontomalignerstotraduceme.Atlastthey j sethimapart, sequesteredhim.WilliamLaud,BishopofLondon,assumedmanyoftheprelates V tasks.ForhimandhisalmostpapiststandCharleshadtakenastrongliking. B    Inthemeantimeevengracious,smilingBishopLancelotAndrewesofWinchesterhaddied, .! September26,1626.JohnMilton,agedseventeen,atoncewroteastiffLatinpaeanatChrists " College,Cambridge.AsAndrewesenteredheaven, Eachangelsalutedhisnewcomradewith # embraceandsong,andfromtheplacidlipsofOnecamethesewords:Come,son,enjoythegladness #  ofthyFathersrealm;resthenceforthfromthyhardlabors.AsHespoke,thewingedchoirstouched $l! theirpsalteries.LaterMiltonwastowriteagainstthissamegentlebishopintheolddisputeover %X" episcopalpowerintheChurch. &D #   WhileLaudenlargedhisscope,thePuritansfoughttheirwayforward.The1611Biblebyits '0!$ ownworthwasmakingitselfwelcomethroughoutthecountry,forthoseonbothsidesneededthebest ("% moderntextswithwhichtofighttheirdoctrinalskirmishes.Highchurchmeningreaternumbers z)#& begantousethe1611version,whichincenturiestocomewouldbethesolebondunitingthe f*#' countlessEnglish-speakingProtestantsects. R+$(   In1629theBiblewasagainrevised,butonlyinsmallways,andoncemoreinminorrespects >,%) sq s i s  in1638.ThelastissueoftheGenevaBiblewasin1644.BythentheKingJamesversionwasahead  ofallothers,andnowthestrifeoverformsanddoctrinehelpediton.    Thegospel,PuritanSirJohnEliothadburstforthintheHouseofCommons, isthattruth  inwhichhiskingdomhasbeenhappy.,..Thattruth,notwithwordsbutwithactions,wewill t maintain.IntheirworsthoursthePuritans turnedtothenewworldtoredressthebalanceofthe ` old.ManyofthemnowfoundedBoston,wheretheyusedtheBibleasabookofgroundrules. L    Thelearnedmenhadallcomeofagebefore1604,andsoweretodiebeforemostoftheir 8  PlymouthbrethrenandthePuritansinAmerica.AndrewDowneshaddiedin1628,stillfullofrancor $ t againsthisformerpupilandcolleagueintheBiblework,JohnBois.JeffreyKing,thetranslatorwho  ` hadheldtheroyalchairofHebrewatOxford,diedin1630.Othertranslatorswhosoondiedwere  L  RogerAndrewes,MasterofJesusCollege,whohadmadehisprogressthroughthehelpofhisbrother  8  Lancelot,andThomasHarrison,Puritan,whohadbeenvice-prefectofTrinityCollege,Cambridge. $  LeonardHuttondiedMay17,1632,agedseventy-five,andwenttohislastrestinChristChurch.     While sequesteredin1627,ArchbishopAbbotwasstillfastingeachTuesdayinsorrowfor   hiskillingofthegamekeeperyearsbefore.Hehaddaysofbeingbetteranddaysofbeingworse,but   hispowerinChurchandstatewasaboutgone.AtlastAbbotdiedatCroydon,August4,1633,aged   seventy-one.Hehadservedtwenty-oneyears,threetimesaslongasBancroft,Inafteryearshis p opponentswouldsaythathisservicewas fataltotheChurchofEngland,astatementhardlyexact, \ sincetheChurchofEnglandremainslively.Unknowinglykindlingtheflamesofconflictwhichat H lengthbrokeoutinthegreatrevolt.AbbotdeemedChristianonlythatwhichabhorredandreviled 4 papalforms.Onthewholehevaluedmeninaccordancewiththeirzealforantipopery.Hishousewas  p anisleofsafetyfortheforemostinthefactiouspartyoftheChurch,whosewritingshelicensed,and  \ herelaxedpenallawsagainstthem.Thushegavecouragetofuturerebelswhowere,yearsafter,to H getridofbothLaudandKingCharles.AtthebottomofhisheartAbbotwasfarmoreaBiblescholar 4 thanachurchman.Ofthetranslators,heplayedbyfarthemostinfluentialroleinthetroubloustimes   after1611,andhisbiasledintheendtowardarevolutionboundtocome.WemustgivestolidGeorge   Abbothisdue.    Tosucceedhim,KingCharlesofcoursechoseWilliamLaud,BishopofLondon.Thenew  archbishopsettoworkputtingbacktheemblemsoftheHighChurch.Laudhadresolvedtoraisethe  ChurchofEnglandasabranch,thoughareformedbranch,oftheChurchofRome,whichwas l thrivingelsewhere.Firsthedeterminedtoseversuchtiesashadjoinedhischurchtothereformed X  churchesofEurope.Withhispowerasarchbishophewithdrewfreedomofworshipfromthoseof D! FranceandFlanderswhohadsoughtrefugeinEngland,untilcrowdsofthemsailedfromsouthern 0"  portstoHolland.HeandhisfollowersevenforbadeBritishsoldiersandmerchantsabroadtoattend #l! churcheswhichadheredtotheteachingsofCalvin.PassivesupportoftheCrown,intheChurchas $X" elsewhere,wastotaketheplaceofgospelpreaching. $D #   Formoreofthelearnedmen,deathshortenedthestrainoftroubloustimes.RichardBrettdied %0!$ April15,1637,agedseventy.HisstoneatQuanton,Buckinghamshire,showshim,hiswidowandhis &"% fourdaughters,allkneeling. '#&   Nowonlyfourofthelearnedmenwerestillliving.Ofthese,onehadbeentheyoungest! (#' SamuelWard,Puritan,WardenofSidney-SussexCollege,whoasapoorstudenthadcondemned )$( himselfforeatingtoomanydamsonplumsandtoomuchcheese. |*%)  h+&*   AnotherwasLaurenceChaderton,oneofthefourPuritansattheHamptonCourtparley.A r fineoldfellowwithaheadofgrayhair,hecouldreadwithoutglasseswhenhewasoverahundred. ^ Eventhenheneversaidathingtwiceasheconversedortoldhisharmlessstories.Hiswifehaddied J aftertheyhadbeenmarriedfifty-fiveyears,andhisdaughterhadtakencareofhim.Hedied 6  November13,1640,agedonehundredandthree.Longerthantherest,heescapedthathauntinglast "  chapterofEcclesiasteswhichhehelpedtranslate.     WhenChadertonandWardweregone,thereweretwoleft.Ofthese,onewasJohnBois.   Carefulinallmatters,aswithwords,hehadtoldfourbishopsofElythathisscrupleswouldnotlet  t himbaptizeastraychildthatwastoooldtobeaninfant,andtooyoungtoprofessanyfaith.Inhis  ` oldagehecouldrecalldetailsofwhathehadknown,felt,anddone,andhadallhiswitsabouthim. L  Hissightwasquick,hishearingacute,hisfacefresh,andhisskinlikeparchmentwithoutwrinkles. 8  Hetoldhischildrenandothersthatifatanytimeheexpressedanythoughtwhichsavoredofbad $  temper,theyshouldtellhimofit.Thedaybeforehediedheaskedthatthosearoundhimmovehim   totheroomwherehiswifehadexpired"hisdear,adverse,spendthriftwife,whohadmadehim n  almostbankrupt.HediedJanuary14,1643,agedeighty-three. Z    Soatlastwecometothesoletranslatorwho,afterLaudandCharlesIhadlaidtheirperverse F  headsontheexecutionersblock,livedonintotheruleofCromwell.Thetall,smilingBing,whofor 2 forty-sixyearshadbeensubdeanatYork,diedatWintertoninNorfolkinMarch,1652,aged  seventy-eight.WithEdwardLivelysgroup,whichcontainedamongothersDillinghamand   Chaderton,hehadhelpedrevisetheOldTestamentbooksfromIChroniclesthroughJob,thePsalms,  theProverbs,Ecclesiastes,andtheSongofSongs.Whoknows,perhapshegaveus IfImakemybed p inhell,behold.Thouartthere,and Manywaterscannotquenchlove. \  >,%) Ns N g N   GXX   CHAPTER15  TheBibleoftheLearnedMenLasts $t gM #XX GEM#  Canacommitteeproduceaworkofart?Manywouldsayno,yetwehaveseenthatthislarge F  groupofthekingstranslators,almostthreescoreofthem,togethergavetheworldaworkgreaternot 2  onlyinscopebutinexcellencethananycouldhavedonesingly.Howdidthiscometobe?How  n explainthatsixtyormoremen,noneagenius,noneevenasgreatawriterasMarloweorBenJonson,  Z togetherproducedwritingtobecomparedwith(andconfusedwith)thewordsofShakespeare?  F   Groupwritingofvariouskindshaslongbeenusefulorprofitable.Encyclopedistshave  2  contributedvastlytoeducation,eventopoliticalprogress.Wehavehadsuccessfulworksofpooled   information,suchastheguidebookscompiledbytheWPAwritersinthedepressionyears.Popular   moviesandmysteriesarewrittenbywriting teams.Thedailynewspaperisanexampleofcollective   effortbyscoresofanonymouswriters.Butartisdifferent.Artisindividual.Itmaybeofuse,yetits   qualitytranscendstheuseofonegenerationandbecomestimeless. ~    Ifhardworkalonewerethesecretofsuccess,wewouldhavetheanswer,forweknowthat j thelearnedmenworkedhard.Manyofthemlaboredlikemonksinroomssocoldanddamp,except V closetothefires,thatfingersandjointsgotstiffeventhoughtheyswathedthemselvesintheirthick B gowns.Theyworkedatoddhours,earlyinthemorningsandlateatnight,asotherdutiespermitted. .~ Theyenduredrigorsthatwewouldthinkbeyondus. j   Buthardworkalone,singlyoringroups,doesnotinsureagreatresult.Werethelearnedmen V saints,underdirectinspiration? B   Aswehaveseen,thesemenwhomadethetranslationforKingJamesweresubjecttolike . passionsasweare.Evenastheygavethemselvestothegreatwork,theyyieldedalsotopettyvanities  andambitionandprejudice,andthoughtheyputintowordscertaincounselsofperfectionwehave  yettoattain,theybehavedintheirowncenturybyacodewehaveoutgrown.Ifingeneralweofthe  presentdaylacktheirpiety,wedonotcondonetheirpersecutionsoreventheirfiercedoctrinal  hatreds.Yetwemustcreditthemwiththeirtemporaryalliancefortheworkinhand.Besidesenduring z hardships,thelearnedmenenduredeachother.Theirzealforthegreatundertakingsurvivedtheirown f wranglesoverdoctrineandtheirdifferencesofopinioninpersonalmatters.Thequarrelsthatare R  recordedwereoversuchdifferencesratherthantheworkinhand.Theretheymusthavelearnedto >! riseabovethemselvesforthegoodofthewhole,anactofgracedeservingofreward.Butdoeseven *"z thisaccountfortheresult? #f    ToknowthattheBiblewordswerebeyondthechoosingofthebestofthem,wehaveonlyto $R! lookattheirindividualwriting.Andthiswritingoftheirsinbooksorsermonsorattemptedpoetry $> " alsoanswersthesuggestionthattheirworkontheBiblewasgreatbecausetheylivedinagreatage. %*!# Itwasanageofgreatwriting,inwhichpoetsanddramatistsflourished,yetthesemenasindividuals &"$ lackedtheskillsofthosewhomadetheMermaidTavernandtheGlobeTheaterliveinliterature.In '#% vaindowelooktotheeloquentLancelotAndrewesoreventoMilesSmithforthedulcettemperand (#& torrentsofsoundinconcordthatmarkthereligiousproseofSirThomasBrowne,orforthedooming )$' ire,likeaknell,ofDr.JohnDonne.AtthesametimetheirBiblesurpassedothersinanexcellence v*%( nottobeattributedwhollytotheoriginalwritersintheancienttongues,sothatLyttonStracheycould b+&) sayoftheprophets, IsaiahandJeremiahhadtheextraordinarygoodfortunetobetranslatedinto r EnglishbyacommitteeofElizabethanbishops.Badlyassomeofthecommitteecouldwriteonother ^ occasions,notonlywastheirsthebestoftheEnglishBibles;thereis,innomodernlanguage,aBible J worthytobecomparedwithitasliterature. 6    Thoughsuchverseaswehaveoftheirownlacksvalueforus,theywerepoetswhofashioned "  prosewithoutknowinghowexperttheywere.Theirmeterswerebeyondourcommonattemptsat   scansion,butnomoresothanthoseofDonneandBlake,whoareamongthegreatEnglishpoets.   Insteadofrigidfeetwithaccents,theyreliedonmoreadroitpulses,whichhadcometoaboundin  t theirageofmagic.Keats,silentonapeakashemarveledatChapmansHomer,mighthavemarveled  ` stillmoreifhehadmuchtraveledthroughtherealmsofgoldintheKingJamesBible.Chapmans L  Homerofthosesameyearsnolongerhasthepowertodazzleus,whiletheBiblespowerhasshown 8  increase.AtOxfordandCambridgethelearnedmenbreathedtheairofnoblelanguage,amidbrilliant $  buildingsandgardenswhichcouldexcitethemtoloftyefforts,inadomainthatseemedtimeless.And   theyproducedatimelessbook. n    ArewetosaythatGodwalkedwiththemintheirgardens?Insofarastheybelievedintheir Z  owncallingandelection,theymusthavebelievedthattheywouldhaveGodshelpintheirtask.We F  marvelthattheycouldbothsubmergethemselvesandassertthemselves,couldmeeklyagreeyet 2 firmlydeclare,andholdtothewordstheypreferredasjustandfitting.Atthesametimetheycould  writeandtheycouldlisten,speakclearly,andhearkentothesoundstheytested,aswellastothe   voiceofwhattheydeemedthedivineAuthor.Andthatmusthavebeenthesecretoftheirgraceand  theirassurance:theyagreed,notwithothermenlikethemselves,butwithGodastheirguide,andthey p followednotasthinkingthemselvesrighteousbutasledbyarighteousnessbeyondthem.Theyknew \ thathumanbeingsarebutworms,butthatmanwhenheisgoodanddocilemaymountupwithwings H aseagles,tobethechildofGod. 4   Sotheyputdownwhattheyhadtoputdown;theirwritingflowswithasenseofmust.Some   ofittheytookwhollyfromformerworks,yetthemustextendstowhatthe1611scholarshadthe ~  wisdomtoadoptand,asitwere,toinlayintherest.AgooddealofShakespeareconsistsofsuch j inlayswhichhemadehisown. V   IfthemarvelofwhattheydidexceedseventhemarvelofShakespeare,itisbecausetheiraim B  wasgreater,nolessindeedthanthesalvationoftheirworld.Theywere,wemustremember,not .! writingforthemselves.Theirqualificationfortheworkwasthattheycouldspeakwithtongues,could " converseandsaytheirprayersintheancientlanguages.TheywerewritingaBibletohelpthepeople, # forthosewhoknewlittleLatinandlessGreekorHebrew.Aschurchmentheywereinfactworking #  againsttheruleoftheChurch,forreadingScripturewouldinthelongrunmakementhinkfor $l! themselvesandriseinprotest.ThisJohnRainoldsthePuritanhadseensomethirtyyearsbeforehe %X" proposedanewBible.Amongsixconclusionswhichhe propounded,expoundedanddefendedin &D # publickdisputationatOxfordin1579wasastatementthat TheAuthoritieoftheHolyScripture '0!$ isGreaterThantheAuthoritieoftheChurch.IndoggerelwhichbeganwithMosesandtheprophets ("% andcontinuedthroughmentionoftheGospelsandEpistles,Rainoldsconcluded: z)#& 8  AndthesebookshaththeholyGhostsetsoothformortalwightesR+$(   8  Thatweincounteoffaithandlightmightfollowthemaslights.>,%)   8  Avantallye,whobraine-sicketoyesandfanciesvaindefend:r   8  WhoonhumanetraditionsandFathersfavorsdepend.^   8  TheholywrittenWordofGoddothshowtheperfectwayJ   8  Wherebyfromdeathtolifearise,fromcursetoblisswemay.6      Yetifthelearnedmenriskedtheirchurchlypowerswhentheyworkedtowritethevisionand   makeitplainupontables,thattheywhorunmightread,inreturntheworkwouldraisethemoutof   timelimitationsintofutureages.Astheywentbeyondtimebyseekingeternalright-wisenessforall,  t theyalsoescapedtimeinthehumansense;theywere,asnearlyastheycouldbe,ofthepeopleoftheir  ` owntime,andyettheyarealsoofourtime,sincetheyspeaktous. L    Ifnowwetrytodefineallthereasonswhytheirworkhaslasted,wearesuretoleaveout 8  manywhilegivingtoomuchweighttoothers.PartsoftheBibleforwhichwehavetheutmostliking $  willseemtousaptandwell-chosenwithoutourknowingwhatchoicesthelearnedmenhad,orwhat   theHebrewandGreekScripturessoughttoconvey.Becausewehavemadeourselvesatonewith n  them,theyconfirmtousjustwhatweourselvesthink.Thisistrueevenoftheoddsayingswhichwe Z  couldneverhavedevised,butwhichwehavealwaysknown. F    Andindeedthe1611rhythmshavebeenpotenttoaffectwriting,speaking,andthinkingever 2 sincethelearnedmenproducedthem.WhenThomasHardysuggestedthatthetranslatorsweremade  poetsbythelapseoftime,heoverlookedthiscontinuinginfluence,andcertainlyhecannothaveread   theirother,unpoeticwritingofthesameperiod.TheKingJamesmennotonlygaveustruths,and  errors,whichhaveinspiredusthroughtheages,buthadanaptnessofmannerwithbeautyasthey p orderedthewords,andthesoundswithinthewords,inawondrousdivineprogress.Theyknewhow \ tomaketheBiblescarethewitsoutofyouandthencalmyou,allinEnglishassuperbastheHebrew H andtheGreek.TheycouldmaketheirphrasingproceedasthoughcausedbytheFirstCause,without 4 shadowofturning;theycouldmakethestatelylanguageofthreatandwrathorthepromisesoftender   mercycomewordforwordfromGodHimself,fromtheHebrewYahwehandfromtheChristian ~  Father,Son,andHolyGhost. WoeuntoyouthatdesirethedayoftheLord!Letjudgmentrundown j aswaters,andrighteousnessasamightystream.Andlatertheycouldsaytous, Beperfect,beof V goodcomfort,beofonemind,liveinpeace:andtheGodofloveandpeaceshallbewithyou.As B  wereadwefeelthedivinepowerofjudgment,andthenthisloveandpeace,thisgoodcomfort,this .! onenessofmind.Theverywordstructurehasthepowertoimpressus,toarouseandquietus,to " confirminusabasicsureness. #   Soulandbody,theworkofthelearnedmenstillmovestheworldbecausetheywroughtinside #  eachsentenceacertainbalanceofletterandspirit.Ifotherversionshavetheirdayandpass,itis $l! becausethisbalanceissomehowmarred,eventhoughstrictverbalaccuracymaybewiththem.Thus %X" toread ThegraceofourLordJesusChristbewithyouallisformostofusahappyend,whilethe &D # present-dayscholarwhosays ThegraceofourLordJesusChristbewiththesaintsleavesusout '0!$ becausemostofusinthepresentspurnsainthoodasweunderstandtheword.TheworkoftheKing ("% Jamesmenissomehowmoreimmediateandlively,evenliterallylively,aswhenthe1611Bibletells z)#& usinIPeterthattheredeemedshallbe livelystones. f*#'   Thoughwemaychallengetheideaofword-by-wordinspiration,wesurelymustconcludethat R+$( theseweremenable,intheirprofoundmoods,totranscendtheirhumanlimits.Intheirownwords, >,%) theyspakeasnoothermenspakebecausetheywerefilledwiththeHolyGhost.Or,intheclumsier r languageofourtime,theysoadjustedthemselvestoeachotherandtotheworkastoachieveaunique ^ coordinationandbalance,functioningthereafterasanorganicentity!nomeremechanismequalto J thesumofitsparts,butawholegreaterthanallofthem. 6    MilesSmithinhisprefacebearsoutthisideathattheworkcarriedthemabovethemselves. "   TheScripture...isnotanherbbutatree,orratherawholeparadiseoftreesoflife,whichbring   forthfruiteverymonth,andthefruitthereofisformeat,andtheleavesformedicine...Andwhat   marvel?Theoriginalthereofbeingfromheaven,notfromearth;theauthorbeingGod,notman;the  t inditer,theHolySpirit,notthewitoftheApostlesorprophets.HerewehaveanechoofSirHenry  ` Savilesdistrustofwitassuch,whentheneedisforbetterunderstanding. Buthowshallmen.,. L  understandthatwhichiskeptcloseinanunknowntongue?Asitiswritten,ExceptIknowthepower 8  ofthevoice,_- #  13      _ԀIshallbetohimthatspeakethabarbarian,andhethatspeakethshallbeabarbarian $  tome.     Translationitis,Smithcontinued, thatopeneththewindow,letinthelight;thatbreaketh n  theshell,thatwemayeatthekernel;thatputtethasidethecurtain,thatwemaylookintothemost Z  holyplace;thatremoveththecoverofthewell,thatwemaycomebythewater.ManyOther F  translators,suchasLancelotAndrewes,likedsuchfigures. WhilethedewlayonGideonsfleece 2 only,andalltheearthbesideswasdry;thenforoneandthesamepeople,whichspakeallofthemthe  languageofCanaan,thatis,Hebrew,oneandthesameoriginalinHebrewwassufficient.     NowSmithventedsomemodestboasting. Aftertheendeavorsofthemthatwerebeforeus,  wetakethebestpainswecaninthehouseofGod....Truly(goodChristianreader)weneverthought p fromthebeginning,thatweshouldneedtomakeanewtranslation,noryettomakeofabadonea \ goodone...buttomakeagoodonebetter,oroutofmanygoodones,oneprincipalgoodone... H Tothispurposethereweremanychosen,thatweregreaterinothermenseyesthanintheirown,and 4 thatsoughtthetruthratherthantheirownpraise...TheytrustedinhimthathaththekeyofDavid,   openingandnomanshutting. ~    So, intheconfidenceandwiththisdevotiondidtheyassembletogether;nottoomany,lest j oneshouldtroubleanother;andyetmany,lestmanythingshaplymightescapethem.Ifyouaskwhat V theyhadbeforethem,trulyitwastheHebrewtextoftheoldtestament,theGreekofthenew,which B  SmithcomparedtothetwogoldpipesofRevelation.TheyalsohadmanyBiblesinmanytongues, .! andmanybooksabouttheBible. "   TheSeptuagint,Smithsaidinpassing,hadreportedlytakentheGreeksseventy-twodays.Of # theKingJamesBiblehesaid, Theworkhathnotbeenhuddledupin72days,buthathcostthe #  workmen,aslightasitseemeth,thepainsoftwiceseventimesseventytwodaysandmore.Some $l! whotakethistomean1,008daysignoreSmiths andmore.Theworkseemstohaverunfromlate %X" 1604through1610,aboutsixyears. &D #   Neitherdidwedisdain,Smithdeclared, torevisethatwhichwehaddone,andtobring '0!$ backtotheanvilthatwhichwehadhammered:buthavingandusingasgreathelpsaswereneedful, ("% andfearingnoreproachforslowness,norcovetingpraiseforexpedition,wehaveat z)#& Їthelength,throughthegoodhandoftheLorduponus,broughttheworktothepassthatyousee. r   Wehavenottiedourselvestoanuniformityofphrasing,ortoanidentityofwords,assome ^ peradventurewouldwishthatwehaddone....ForisthekingdomofGodbecomewordsand J syllables?...Nicenessinwordswasalwayscountedthenextsteptotrifling.Yetwehaveseenthe 6  nicenesswithwhichSmithandBilsonstraightenedoutwhatBoisandhiscomradesoffered. We "  desirethattheScripturemayspeaklikeitself,asinthelanguageofCanaan,thatitmaybeunderstood   evenoftheveryvulgar.     Understandingtheimportanceofthetaskoftranslation.Smithalsogavegenerouspraiseto  t thosewhohadgonebefore.HisprefacecontainsalongpassageaboutthetranslationfromHebrew  ` intoGreek,orderedbyPtolemyPhiladelphus,kingofEgypt: ThisisthetranslationoftheSeventy L  Interpreters,socalled,whichpreparedthewayforourSavioramongtheGentilesbywritten 8  preaching,asSt.JohntheBaptistdidamongtheGreeksbyvocal.Smithsowellregardedthiswork $  thathethoughttheSeventyshouldbeconsidered notonlyforInterpretersbutalsoforProphetsin   somerespect....Yetforallthat,astheEgyptiansaresaidoftheProphetstobemenandnotGod, n  andtheirhorsesfleshandnotspirit,soitisevident...thattheSeventywereInterpreters,not Z  Prophets;theydidmanythingswell,aslearnedmen;butyetasmentheystumbledandfell,onewhile F  throughoversight,anotherwhilethroughignorance;yea,sometimestheymightbenotedtoaddto 2 theoriginal,andsometimestotakefromit.    AsSmithsaidoftheseventy,sowearestillsayingofthefifty-oddlearnedmen,andagainit   isdifficulttosaywherealineistobedrawnbetweeninterpretationandprophecy;forsuchisthe  communionofsaints,andtheimportanceoftheWordthatwasGod.Thismaybethesecretofour p laterlearnedmenorevenoftheseventybeforethem,forasSmithdescribesthework: Andinwhat \ sortdidtheseassemble?Inthetrustoftheirownknowledge,oroftheirsharpnessofit,ordeepness H ofjudgment,asitwereinanarmofflesh?Atnohand.TheytrustedinhimthathaththekeyofDavid, 4 openingandnomanshutting;theyprayedtotheLord....     Andsoperhapseachlearnedmanfeltguidedfromonhigh,andrespected,whilethework ~  lasted,oneanothersguidingSpirit.Thiswecannotknow,savebytheresults;butSmithatleastwas j willingtocredithispredecessorsintranslationwithsomesuchendowment.Acknowledgingashe V didinhisPrefaceadebttotheSeventyTranslatorsofAlexandria,MilesSmithmadeitclearthat, B  althoughheandhisfellowtranslatorsforthekingapproachedtheirworkwithfreshenergyanda .! resolvetomakenewallthatshouldbenew,theywereneverthelesscarryingoutanancienttask. " Howeverdirectlytheymightfeelandacknowledgedivineguidance,theywerepartofahumanchain # comparabletothe lineoftheprophets"alineofinterpretersmaintainingtheWord.Bearingitsown #  stamp,theirwritingwouldyetbederivedfromanddependentontheworkofothers. $l!   Chiefofthesourcestowhichtheywereindebtedwouldbethattranslationbegunbytheman %X" whoprayed,fromtheflamesatBrussels,thatGodwouldopenthekingofEnglandseyes.Tyndale &D # hadgivenhislifefortheEnglishBible,andhadhedonenomorethansupplytheideaandmakean '0!$ effortattranslation,hemuststillbeaccountedapioneeroftheprintedScripture.Buthedidmore. ("% BytheroyaldirectivewhichsaidthenewBibleshouldbebasedupontheBishopsBible,KingJames z)#& actuallyperpetuatedtheworkofthatdangerousinnovatorwhofirstplannedaBibleinEnglishprint. f*#' FortheBishopsBibletraceditsdescentthroughtheMatthewandtheCoverdaleversionsstraight R+$( backtoTyndale,onlyaTyndalewithsomealterations,aroyaldedicationandtheepiscopalblessing. >,%) DisappointedinhishopetoworkunderthepatronageoftheBishopofLondon,drivenindeedtobitter r realizationthatnotonlywasthere noroominmylordofLondonspalacetotranslatetheNew ^ Testament,butalsothattherewasnoplacetodoitinallEngland,Tyndaletheexiledheretichad J obviouslycontributedtothetranslationthatbishopsintimeapprovedandthekingauthorizedtobe 6  readinchurches.AndnowKingJameshadcommandedtheuseofasmuchofthisworkasshould "  standupunderreviewbythelearnedmen.Thusthemartyrsprayerhadananswer;akingseyeswere   somewhatopenedandaroyalorderclearedthewayfortheEnglishpeopletohavewhatTyndale   plannedforthem.  t   Theyear1611wastoosoon,perhaps,tocallattentiontothis,butlatercommentatorswould  ` weighwordsandgiveTyndalecreditformuchoftheveryphrasingoftheNewTestament.Word L  countswhichestimatethedebttoTyndaleinhighpercentagesmaybesomewhatmisleadinginthat 8  thedistinctivestyleoftheKingJamesversionsodependsupontheorderofthewords.Yetitdoes $  appearthatafterthebesteffortsofallthelearnedmen,thefinaleditingapprovedmanyofTyndales   readings.MilesSmithmusthaveknownthisandperhapsconsideredittooobvioustorequire n  comment.IndeedacriticismcommontoTyndalestranslationandtoSmithsownstyleinhisPreface Z  isacertain roughnessorcrudenesswhich,inotherestimates,isseentobesimplicityandstrength. F  BothmenlikedtousetheshortEnglishwords.Thispreferenceforsimple,familiarlanguagemaybe 2 onemarkofthetrueinterpreter.    BelievingthenasChristiansmustinthecontinuityofhumaneffort,wecan,whilewemarvel   atagreementoftheKingJamesmenamongthemselves,seethemalsoascarryingonwith  understandingandsympathytheworkofthosewhowentbefore.ThespiritofTyndale,perhapseven p ofthemoreshadowyWycliffe,musthavebeenfeltatHamptonCourtandStationersHallandinthe \ printshopundertheTigersHead. Wearesofarofffromcondemninganyoftheirlaborsthat H travailethbeforeusinthiskind,eitherinthelandorbeyondsea,eitherinKingHenrystime,orKing 4 Edwards...orQueenElizabethsofeverrenownedmemory,thatweacknowledgethemtohavebeen   raisedupofGod,forthebuildingandfurnishingofhisChurch;andthattheydeservetobehadofus ~  andofposterityineverlastingremembrance. j   SuchremembrancetheKingJamesmenthemselveshavehad,andhave.Inhisintroduction V toareprintoftheMilesSmithpreface,EdgarJ.Goodspeed,himselfanauthorityinthefieldof B  modemtranslation,says, OfalltheformsoftheEnglishBible,themostdistinguishedandwidely .! cherishedistheKingJamesVersion,andaddsthatitis predominantlytheBibleofthelayman,and " itwillundoubtedlycontinuetobesoforalongtimetocome.Laymenindeedwhomake # indiscriminatetrialsofthemodernversionsarelikelytomissthefamiliarcadences,andtobeputoff #  bysuchbriskphrasesas nomoredelaywhereeyeandearexpect timenolonger.Perhapsthe $l! truthisthatthoughwemayturntoamoderntranslationif,unversedinancienttongues,wewantthe %X" exactmeaningofaphrase,wedonotfeelinthisreadingthespiritualovertonesthatcomethrough &D # theolderEnglishwords.Perhaps,whenwereadScripture,wedonotwantthetempoofourown '0!$ times.Asanexampleofwhatatemporaltranslationcando,considertheworkofaDr.Harwoodwho ("% in1768triedmakingtheBibleoverintothepoliteEnglishofhisera.ForMatthew14:6, The z)#& daughterofHerodiasdancedbeforethem,andpleasedHerod,Dr.Harwoodgave, Thedaughterof f*#' Herodias,ayoungladywhodancedwithinimitablegraceandelegance. R+$(   Inafewcenturiesmore,willthevisionwhichmadetheKingJamesrhythmsperishfromthe >,%) earth?Butwhatthepeopleacceptasvisionbecomesvisionindeed.Granted,eventheideaofGod r canchange,haschanged,andischanging.ButifGodtodayisanessencesuchasAlfredNorth ^ Whiteheadhastriedtoexplain,itisyetclearthatthisWisdomandSpirit,thisbasiclifeforce,has J usedtheKingJamesBiblethroughanimmenseamountofliving,withmoretocome. 6    Whenthemoderntranslationsremovedtheoldfamiliarestandethendingsofverbs,they "  thoughttomaketheBiblelessprosy;butformanyithastheoppositeeffect.Soalsototakeoutthe    begatsseemstimidandprissy,andthesameistrueofwordsdeemedobscene,asinIKings16:11   andIIKings18:27.TheHebrewwordsmeanjustwhattheKingJamesmenmadethemmean,what  t soldiersmeantoday.Amasterpiecemayusewhatwordsitpleases,andtheworkofthe1611  ` translatorslastspartlybecausetheywerefearlessandcalledaspadeaspade. L    ButthelastinggloryoftheKingJamesversionissuchthatitisunnecessarytopickflawsin 8  laterattempts.Itisourgoodfortunethatwecanhavethemodernversionswhilewekeeptheold $  Bibletoo.Theomensaregoodfortheworkofthosedevoutartists,theKingJamesmen,tooutweigh   themoreprosaicorstreamlinedsequents.Modernshortcomingsneednotdepriveorembarrassus, n  forineptitudesarenotnew,andlegionsofprofessedpoetshaverenderedpartsoftheBibleinways Z  sobanalastobegrotesque.DeQuinceyshudderedatthethoughtoftheHolyScripturesastheage F  ofPopemighthaverenderedthem.Amongtheworstofpoets,whenhedealtwiththeBiblewords, 2 wasJohnMilton.IntheKingJamesversion.Psalm1:1reads Blessedisthemanthatwalkethnot  inthecounseloftheungodly,norstandethinthewayofsinners,norsittethintheseatofthe   scornful.Miltonin1653madethis:  8  8   8m  x xBlestisthemanwhohathnotwalkedastray\m m  8  8   8m  x xIncounselofthewicked,andinthewayHm m  8  8   8m  x xOfsinnershathnotstood,andintheseat4m m  8  8   8m  x xOfscornershathnotsat. m m  NowonderthattheKingJamesverselives,whileMiltonsverse,formostofus,haslongsincedied. j   TheauthorofTheSeasonsinhistimehadmorereputeasapoetthantheKingJamesmenhad V intheirtime.YethereiswhatJamesThomsondidtoMatthew6:28,29: Andwhytakeyethought B  forraiment?Considertheliliesofthefield,howtheygrow;theytoilnot,neitherdotheyspin:and .! yetIsayuntoyou,thatevenSolomoninallhisglorywasnotarrayedlikeoneofthese.Now " Thomson:. #  14       # 8  8   8m  x xObservetherisinglilyssnowygrace.$l!m m  8  8   8m  x xObservethevariousvegetablerace;%X"m m  8  8   8m  x xTheyneithertoilnorspin,butcarelessgrow;&D #m m  8  8   8m  x xYetseehowwarmtheyblush!howbrighttheyglow!'0!$m m  8  8   8m  x xWhatregalvestmentscanwiththemcompare.("%m m  8  8   8m  x xWhatkingsoshining,andwhatqueensofair?z)#&m m  ЇWecanappraisehowgoodthe1611Bibleisbysoundingsuchdepthsofbadness.TheKingJames r versionhasenduredpartlybecauseitstranslatorshadearstohearwhenthemorningstarssang ^ together,andallthesonsofGodshoutedforjoy. J   Thelearnedmendidmisreadsomewordsandphrases.Havingtodenoteandconnoteatthe 6  sametime,likeallotherwriters,theysometimesmissedtheirmarks.TheyhadfewertoolsofBiblical "  scholarshipthanwehavetoday,andsometheyhadwereofinferiorquality.Yetmanyhavetreasured   asbeautywhatarenodoubtmistakesinphrasing.Doesthatmattermuch?Therewerevariedand   faultyreadingsintheoldesttexts;manyofthemstillremainandalwayswill.Thoughmodern  t scholarsdesiretopresentatruertranslation,theirsuccessislimitedandrelative;theycanatbestonly  ` approachtruth. L    Ifthestrangedoings,thewisdomandtheadvice,themaxims,thedivineragesandthe 8  promisedrewardsoftheKingJamesversionexciteandbotherus,nodoubttheEnglishBiblehas $  lastedpartlybecauseithasbotheredus,andthosescholarswhotrytotakethebotheroutmakeittoo   common.Likeamountain,theKingJamesBiblegivesusmuchtodoifwearetolearnmuchofit, n  andlikefireintheairitplaysforuswithchanginglights.Whenallissaidanddone,wehavelived Z  toolongwiththeland,air,andwaterof1611,withitspeople,theirconceptsandactions,tochange F  withease.Whenatruemasterpieceisdone,itstaysdone,itlivesalone. 2   CanwetheneverdefinejustwhatthebeautyoftheKingJamesBibleis,justwhathasmade  usloveit?Millionsofsermons,thosethatlastedhours,andtheneatlittleonesofaboutfifteen   minutestoday,havemadeoftheBible,andthe1611Bibleaboveall,whattheypleased.Millionsof  peoplehaveputthemselvestoittoexplainit,sometimeswithrashvalortoexplainawaypartsofit. p Andthoughithasgiventomillionsthewordsoflifetoliveby,peoplehavegotfromitquipsand \ cranksandwantonwilesaswellasthedeepthingsofGod.Theyhavefoundblessingsinthevery H conflictswhichitallowsitsreaders. 4   Indeed,onereasontheKingJamesBiblelastsisthatitgivesusfreedomtodiffer,affording   uscounterthoughtstorubagainsteachother.Thusthoughthenewtranslationcapturedreaders ~  slowly,inthelongrunitappealedtoHighChurch,LowChurch,andchapelalike.Thoughitwas j nevermerelyaPuritanwork,CromwellandhisfellowRoundheadspusheditforward.GeorgeFox, V Milton,Bunyan,andDefoeusedit.Boswellquoteditroughly.InearlyPlymouthElderWilliam B  BrewsterappearstohavehadonlyaGreatBible,yetsoonRogerWilliams,IncreaseMather,Cotton .! Mather,theNewLights,Wesley,allmadetheirteachingscomportwiththeKingJamestext.The " heirsofRobertBarkerwentonprintingasprivateownersoftherightforahundredyears.Atlastit # suitednearlyalltheProtestantsects.IntheUnitedStatesithasbeenthestandbynotonlyof theBible #  beltbutofallotherregions.TheMormonstookitwiththemtoUtah.TheChristianScienceChurch $l! leansonitforlesson-sermons.Negropreachersloveit.Untoldmillionscoulduniteintheirrespect %X" fortheKingJameswordswhentheycoulduniteonalmostnothingelse. &D #   AlthoughShakespearedidnotquotefromit,theKingJamesVersionwonpraisefromthe '0!$ greatmoderndramatistwhohimselflovedfireandsparkleanddebateuponallsidesofaquestion. ("% WritingofwideBibledistribution,BernardShawdeclared: z)#& 8  InalltheseinstancestheBiblemeansthetranslationauthorizedbyKingJamesthe R+$( First....Thetranslationwasextraordinarilywelldonebecausetothetranslatorswhat >,%) 9{ 9  9  theyweretranslatingwasnotmerelyacuriouscollectionofancientbookswrittenby  differentauthorsindifferentstagesofculture,butthewordofGoddivinelyrevealed  throughHischosenandexpresslyinspiredscribes.Inthisconvictiontheycarriedout  theirworkwithboundlessreverenceandcareandachievedabeautifullyartisticresult. t Itdidnotseempossibletothemthattheycouldbettertheoriginaltexts;forwhocould ` improveonGodsownstyle?Andastheycouldnotconceivethatdivinerevelation L  couldconflictwithwhattheybelievedtobethetruthsoftheirreligion,theydidnot 8  hesitatetotranslateanegativebyapositivewheresuchaconflictseemedtoarise,as $ t theycouldhardlytrusttheirownfallibleknowledgeofancientHebrewwhenit  ` contradictedtheveryfoundationsoftheirfaith,norcouldtheydoubtthatGodwould,  L  astheyprayed,takecarethatHismessageshouldnotsuffercorruptionattheirhands.  8  Inthisstateofexaltationtheymadeatranslationsomagnificentthattothisdaythe $  commonhumanBritisherorcitizenoftheUnitedStatesofNorthAmericaacceptsand   worshipsitasasinglebookbyasingleauthor,thebookbeingtheBookofBooksand   theauthorbeingGod.      TodayeventhegodlessadmirethesplendorsoftheKingJameswords,retainingthemintheir p thoughtsandontheirlipsasiftheyexpressedtruismsorslogans,orcharming,sometimescomic \ aspectsoftheoutworn.Thustheypersistinourcommonlanguage,andforwordsofpowerthismay H beenough;theSpiritthatgivethlifeandthegospel,thegoodnewsthatsaves,eachmustfindfor 4 himself.AndsowhensomesaythatJesusortheprophetsmusthavemeantthisorthat,perhapswe  p shouldpresumetosayinansweronlythatastatementmeansthisorthattous.ReadintotheBible  \ whatyouwish;yourgospel,orgoodnews,maywellbeprivate.Canyourightlyimposeitonany H other?Wemayenjoythemeaningsthatwefindwithoutthinkingourmeaningstrueforall,forthus 4 allreadersbecomepriestsuntoGod,andhonorandkeepfaithwiththelearnedmen.     Letusendwithapassagefromaletterdealingwithdivinity,thestudyofdivinetruth,written   byDr.JohnRainoldsandapparentlyunpublisheduntilnow.Inthisofhispapersthefatherofthe  1611BiblewrotethattheGospelofJohnandtheEpistletotheRomansare thesumoftheNew  Testament;IsaiahtheprophetandthePsalmsofDavidthesumoftheOld.Thenheadded:  8  Divinity,theknowledgeofGod,isthewateroflife....Godforbidthatyoushould X  thinkthatdivinityconsistsofwords,asawooddothoftrees....Truedivinitycannot D! belearnedunlessweframeourheartsandmindswhollytoit....Theknowledgeof 0"  GodmustbelearnedofGod....Wehavetousetwomeans,prayersandthereading #l! oftheholyScriptures,prayersforourselvestotalkwithGod,andreadingtohearGod $X" talkwithus....Wemustdiligentlygiveourselvestoreadingandmeditationofthe $D # holyScriptures....IprayGodyoumay.%0!$    h+&* Ї  R+$( d} d  d   GXX   APPENDIXI   TheTranslators #XX G# $t *0X1ddd Xdd Xdd Xe(#e(#,<dd ,<dd +   Z Z   THEWESTMINSTERGROUPS * n   *OldTestament  >  (Genesis!Kings,inclusive) '* " 'NewTestament  >  (Romans"Jude,inclusive) '* " 'LancelotAndrewes Z  WilliamBedwell F  FrancisBurleigh 2  RichardClarke n JeffreyKing  Z JohnLayfield F JohnOverall 2 HadrianSaravia  RobertTigue   RichardThomson@     WilliamBarlow Z  WilliamDakins F  RogerFenton 2  RalphHutchinson n MichaelRabbett  Z ThomasSanderson F JohnSpenser 2  *2X3ddadd <bdd <0X1e(#e(#,<dd ,<dd +  r!r   THEOXFORDGROUPS * &"  *OldTestament V# (Isaiah!Malachi,inclusive) 'B $" 'NewTestament V% (Gospels,Acts,Apocalypse) B &" RichardBrett !' DanielFeatley(bornFairclough) "( JohnHarding #) ThomasHolland $* RichardKilby r% + JohnRainolds ^&!, MilesSmith  J'"- GeorgeAbbot !. JohnAglionby "/ JohnHarmer #0 ЀLeonardHutton $1 JohnPerin r% 2 ThomasRavis ^&!3 HenrySavile J'"4 GilesThomson 6(#5   ,f'8 Ї*6X8ddadd <bdd <2X3e(#e(#,<dd ,<dd +  rr   THECAMBRIDGEGROUPS  d AlsoThomasBilson,editor * P  *OldTestament B  (IChronicles"Ecclesiastes,inclusive) '. " 'Apocrypha 'B " 'RogerAndrewes  < AndrewBing  ( LaurenceChaderton   FrancisDillingham r  ThomasHarrison ^  EdwardLively J  JohnRichardson 6  RobertSpalding '"  'JohnBois  < WilliamBranthwaite  ( AndrewDownes   JohnDuport r JeremyRadcliffe ^ SamuelWard J  RobertWard 6  ""   "Thesearethe48scholarslistedbytheBritishMuseum.Tothemshouldbeadded: *  8  WilliamThorne,credentialssuppliedinthisbook.RichardEdes,namedfortheGreek  groupatOxford,butdyingearly,maybeadded.Also,GeorgeRyves,anoverseerof | thetranslationatOxford.WilliamEyre,JamesMontague,ArthurLake,Nicholas h Love,RalphRavens,andThomasSparkeappearonotherlistsorarementionedby T someauthoritiesastakingpartinthework.@    ",%0 E E  E   GXX  APPENDIXII  ComparativeReadings #XX GK# $t jGENESIS8:11 F  Coverdale.Shereturneduntohimabouteventide,andbehold,shehadbrokenoffaleafofanolive  n treeandbareitinhernebb.ThenNoahperceivedthatthewaterswereabatedupontheearth.  Z Geneva.Andthedovecametohimintheevening,andlo,inhermouthwasanoliveleafthatshehad  2  plucked.WherebyNoahknewthatthewaterswereabatedfromofftheearth.   KingJames.Andthedovecameintohimintheevening,and,lo,inhermouthwasanoliveleaf   pluckedoff;soNoahknewthatthewaterswereabatedfromofftheearth.   EXODUS13:21 j Coverdale.AndtheLordwentbeforethembydayinapillarofacloud,toleadthemtherightway, B andbynightinapillaroffire,thathemightshowthelighttowalkbothbydayandnight. .~ Geneva.AndtheLordwentbeforethembydayinapillarofacloudtoleadthemtheway,andby V nightinapillaroffiretogivethemlight,thattheymightgobothbydayandbynight. B KingJames.AndtheLordwentbeforethembydayinapillarofacloud,toleadthemtheway;and  bynightinapillaroffire,togivethemlight;togobydayandnight.  LEVITICUS11:21,22  Coverdale.Yettheseshallyeeatofthefowlsthatcreepandgouponfourfeet;eventhosethathave f nokneesaboveuponthelegs,tohopwithalupontheearth.Ofthesemayyeeat,asthereisthearbe R  withhiskind,andtheselaamwithhiskind,andthehargolwithhiskind,andthehagabwithhiskind, >! Geneva....Ofthemshallyeeatthese,thegrasshopperafterhiskind,thesolcanafterhiskind,the #f  hargolafterhiskind,andthehegab5 #  15      ׀afterhiskind. $R! KingJames.Yetthesemayyeeatofeveryflyingcreepingthingthatgoethuponallfour,whichhave %*!# legsabovetheirfeet,toleapwithalupontheearth; &"$ Eventheseofthemyemayeat;thelocustafterhiskind,andthebaldlocustafterhiskind,andthe (#& beetleafterhiskind,andthegrasshopperafterhiskind. )$' ЇRevisedStandardVersion.Yetamongthewingedinsectsthatgoonallfoursyoumayeatthosewhich r havelegsabovetheirfeet,withwhichtoleapontheearth. ^ Ofthemyoumayeat:thelocustaccordingtoitskind,thebaldlocustaccordingtoitskind,thecricket 6  accordingtoitskind,andthegrasshopperaccordingtoitskind. "  NUMBERS21:8   Coverdale.ThensaidtheLorduntoMoses,Maketheeabrasenserpent,andsetitupforatoken.  ` Whosoeverisbitten,andlookethuponit,shalllive. L  Geneva.AndtheLordsaiduntoMoses,Maketheeafieryserpent,andsetitupforasign,thatas $  manyasarebittenshalllookuponitandlive.   KingJames.AndtheLordsaiduntoMoses,Maketheeafieryserpent,andsetituponapole:andit Z  shallcometopass,thateveryonethatisbitten,whenhelookethuponit,shalllive. F  DEUTERONOMY24:5  Coverdale.Whenamanhathnewlytakenawife,heshallnotgooutawarfare,neithershallhebe  chargedwithal.Heshallbefreeinhishouseoneyearlong,thathemaybemerrywithhiswifewhich p hehathtaken. \ Geneva.Whenamantakethanewwife,heshallnotgoawarfare,neithershallhebechargedwith 4 anybusiness,butshallbefreeathomeoneyear,andrejoicewithhiswifewhichhehathtaken.   KingJames.Whenamanhathtakenanewwife,heshallnotgoouttowar,neithershallhebe j chargedwithanybusiness:butheshallbefreeathomeoneyear,andshallcheeruphiswifewhich V hehathtaken. B  JOSHUA6:20 " Coverdale.Thenmadethepeopleagreatshoutandthepriestsblewthetrumpets(forwhenthepeople #  heardthenoiseofthetrumpets,theymadeagreatshout)andthewallsfell,andthepeopleclimbed $l! upintothecity,everymanstraightbeforehim.Thustheywonthecity. %X" Geneva.Sothepeopleshoutedwhentheyhadblowntrumpets;forwhenthepeoplehadheardthe '0!$ soundofthetrumpet,theyshoutedwithagreatshoutandthewallfelldownflat;sothepeoplewent ("% upintothecity,everymanstraightbeforehim,andtheytookthecity. z)#& KingJames.Sothepeopleshoutedwhenthepriestsblewwiththetrumpets:anditcametopass, R+$( whenthepeopleheardthesoundofthetrumpet,andthepeopleshoutedwithagreatshout,thatthe >,%) wallfelldownflat,sothatthepeoplewentupintothecity,everymanstraightbeforehim,andthey r tookthecity. ^ JUDGES5:25-27 6  BishopsBible.Heaskedwaterandshegavehimmilk,shebroughtforthbutterinalordlydish.She   putherhandtothenail,andherrighthandtothesmithshammer;withthehammersmotesheSisera   andsmotehishead,woundedhimandpiercedhistemples.Hebowedhimdownatherfeet,hefell  t down,andlaystillatherfeet,hebowedhimselfandfell,andwhenhehadsunkdown,helaythere  ` destroyed. L  KingJames.Heaskedwater,andshegavehimmilk:shebroughtforthbutterinalordlydish.Sheput $  herhandtothenail,andherrighthandtotheworkmenshammer;andwiththehammershesmote   Sisera,shesmoteoffhishead,whenshehadpiercedandstrickenthroughhistemples.Atherfeethe n  bowed,hefell,helaydown.Atherfeethebowed,hefell;wherehebowed,therehefelldowndead. Z  JewishBibleof1917.Waterheasked,milkshegavehim.Inalordlybowlshebroughthimcurd.Her 2 handsheputtothetentpin,andherrighthandtotheworkmenshammer.,,Atherfeethesunk,he  fell,helay;atherfeethesunk,hefell;wherehesunk,therehefelldowndead.   JUDGES15:16 p Coverdale.AndSamsonsaid:Withanoldassscheekbone,yeaevenwiththecheekboneofanass H haveIslainathousandmen. 4 Geneva.ThenSamsonsaid.Withthejawofanassareheapsuponheaps;withthejawofanasshave ~  Islainathousandmen. j KingJames.AndSamsonsaid.Withthejawboneofanass,heapsuponheaps,withthejawofanass B  haveIslainathousandmen. .! IKINGS10:4,5 # Coverdale.WhenthequeenofrichArabiasawallthewisdomofSolomonandthehousethathehad $l! builded,andthemeatsofhistable,andthedwellingsofhisservants,andtheofficesofhisministers %X" andtheirgarments,andhisbutlers,andtheburntofferingswhichheofferedinthehouseoftheLord, &D # shewonderedaccordingly. '0!$ Geneva.ThenthequeenofShebasawallSolomonswisdom,andthehouseshehadbuilt.Andthe z)#& meatofhistable,andthesittingofhisservants,andtheorderofhisministers,andtheirapparel,and f*#' hisdrinkingvessels,andhisburntofferingsthatheofferedinthehouseoftheLord,andshewas R+$( greatlyastonied. >,%) ЇKingJames.AndwhenthequeenofShebahadseenallSolomonswisdom,andthehousethathehad r built.Andthemeatofhistable,andthesittingofhisservants,andtheattendanceofhisministers, ^ andtheirapparel,andhiscupbearers,andhisascentbywhichhewentupuntothehouseoftheLord; J therewasnomorespiritinher. 6  ICHRONICLES29:11   Geneva.Thine,OLord,isthegreatness,andthepower,andtheglory,andthevictory,andthepraise:  t forallthatisintheheavenandintheearthisthine;thineisthekingdom,OLord,andthouart  ` excellentasheadaboveall. L  KingJames.Thine,OLord,isthegreatness,andthepower,andtheglory,andthevictory,andthe $  majesty:forallthatisintheheavenandintheearthisthine;thineisthekingdom,OLord,andthou   artexaltedasheadaboveall. n  IICHRONICLES20:21 F  Coverdale....AppointedthesingersuntotheLord,andthemthatgavepraiseinthebeautyof  holiness,togobeforetheharnessedmen,andtosay,OgivethanksuntotheLord,forhismercy   endurethforever.  Geneva....Praisehimthatisinthebeautifulsanctuary...PraiseyetheLord,forhismercylasteth \ forever. H KingJames....heappointedsingersuntotheLord,andthatshouldpraisethebeautyofholiness,as   theywentoutbeforethearmy,andtosay.PraisetheLord,forhismercyendurethforever. ~  JOB14:1,2 V Coverdale.Manthatisbornofawomanhathbutashorttimetoliveandisfullofdiversemiseries. .! Hecomethupandfallethawaylikeaflower... " Geneva.Manthatisbornofawomanisforshortcontinuanceandfulloftrouble.Heshootethforth #  asaflower,andiscutdown... $l! KingJames.Manthatisbornofawomanisoffewdays,andfulloftrouble.Hecomethforthlikea &D # flower,andiscutdown... '0!$ JOB42:5 z)#& Coverdale.Ihavegivendiligentearuntothee,andnowIseeyewithmineeyes. R+$(  >,%) Geneva,Bishops,andKingJames.Ihaveheardoftheebythehearingoftheear;butnowmineeye r seeththee. ^ Douay.WiththehearingoftheearIhaveheardthee,andnowmineeyeseeththee. 6  RevisedStandardVersion.Ihadheardoftheebythehearingoftheear,butnowmineeyeseesthee.   PSALMS8:5  t Coverdale.Afterthouhaddestforaseasonmadehimlowerthantheangels,thoucrownedsthimwith L  honorandglory. 8  Geneva.ForthouhastmadehimalittlelowerthanGod,andcrownedhimwithgloryandworship.   KingJames.Forthouhastmadehimalittlelowerthantheangels,andhastcrownedhimwithglory Z  andhonor. F  PSALM23  Geneva.TheLordismyshepherd.Ishallnotwant.Hemakethmetorestingreenpasture,and  leadethmebythestillwaters....Doubtlesskindnessandmercyshallfollowmeallthedaysofmy p life,andIshallremainalongseasoninthehouseoftheLord. \ Bishops.Godismyshepherd,thereforeIcanlacknothing.Hewillcausemetoreposemyselfin 4 pasturefullofgrass,andhewillleadmeuntocalmwaters.Hewillconvertmysoul...Trulyfelicity   andmercyshallfollowmeallthedaysofmylife,andIwilldwellinthehouseofGodforalongtime. ~  KingJames.TheLordismyshepherd;Ishallnotwant.Hemakethmetoliedowningreenpastures: V heleadethmebesidethestillwaters.Herestorethmysoul...Surelygoodnessandmercyshall B  followmeallthedaysofmylife:andIwilldwellinthehouseoftheLordforever. .! PSALM46:1 # Coverdale.Inourtroubleandadversity,wehavefoundthatGodisourrefuge,ourstrengthandhelp. $l! Geneva.Godisourhopeandstrengthandhelpintroubles,readytobefound. &D # KingJames.Godisourrefugeandstrength,averypresenthelpintrouble. ("% PSALM91:1,2 f*#' Geneva.WhosodwellethinthesecretplaceofthemostHighshallabideintheshadowofthe >,%) Almighty.IwillsayuntotheLord,Ominehopeandmyfortress;heismyGod,inhimwillItrust. r Bishops.WhosoeversittethunderthecoveroftheMostHigh,heshallabideundertheshadowof J theAlmighty... 6  Douay.HethatdwellethintheaidofthemostHighshallabideundertheprotectionoftheGodof   Jacob...   KingJames.HethatdwellethinthesecretplaceoftheMostHighshallabideundertheshadowof  ` theAlmighty.IwillsayoftheLord,heismyrefugeandmyfortress:myGod;inhimwillItrust. L  PSALM121:1 $  Geneva.Iwillliftmineeyesuntothemountains,fromwhencemyhelpshallcome. n  KingJames.Iwillliftmineeyesuntothehills,fromwhencecomethmyhelp. F  JewishBibleof1917.Iwillliftupmineeyesuntothemountains.Fromwhenceshallmyhelpcome?  PSALM137:1,2  Coverdale.BythewatersofBabylonwesatdownandwept,whenwerememberedZion.Asforour \ harps,wehangedthemupuponthetreesthataretherein. H Geneva.BytheriversofBabelwesate,andtherewewept,whenwerememberedZion.Wehanged   ourharpsuponthewillowsinthemidstthereof. ~  KingJames.BytheriversofBabylon,therewesatdown,yea,wewept,whenwerememberedZion. V Wehangedourharpsuponthewillowsinthemidstthereof. B  PSALM139:7-11 " Coverdale.WhithershallIgofromthyspirit?OrwhithershallIfleefromthypresence?IfIclimb #  upintoheaven,thouartthere.IfIgodowntohell,thouarttherealso.IfItakethewingsofthe $l! morning,andremainintheuttermostpartofthesea,eventhereshallthyhandleadme,andthyright %X" handshallholdme.IfIsay,peradventurethedarknessshallcoverme,thenshallmynightbeturned &D # today. '0!$ Geneva.WhithershallIgofromthyspirit?OrwhithershallIfleefromthypresence?IfIascendinto z)#& heaven,thouartthere;ifIliedowninhell,thouartthere.Letmetakethewingsofthemorning,and f*#' dwellintheuttermostpartsofthesea;Yetthithershallthinehandleadme,andthyrighthandhold R+$( me.IfIsay,yetthedarknessshallhideme,eventhenightshallbelightaboutme. >,%) ЇBishops.WhithercanIgofromthyspirit,orwhithercanIfleefromthyface?IfIascendupinto r heaven,thouartthere;ifIlaymedowninhell,thouarttherealso.IfItakethewingsofthemorning, ^ andgotodwellintheuttermostpartsofthesea,eventherealsothyhandshallleadme,andthyright J handshallholdme.AndifIsayperadventurethedarknessshallcoverme;andthenightshallbeday 6  forme. "  KingJames.WhithershallIgofromthyspirit?orwhithershallIfleefromthypresence?IfIascend   upintoheaven,thouartthere:ifImakemybedinhell,behold,thouartthere.IfItakethewingsof  t themorning,anddwellintheuttermostpartsofthesea;Eventhereshallthyhandleadme,andthy  ` righthandshallholdme.IfIsay.Surelythedarknessshallcoverme;eventhenightshallbelight L  aboutme. 8  SONGOFSOLOMON,_2:11-13_   Bishops._7 #  16      _ԀForlothewinterisnowpassed,therainisawayandgone,theflowersarecomeupinthe Z  field,thetimeofthebirdssingingiscome,andthevoiceoftheturtledoveisheardinourland... F  Geneva.Forbehold,winterispassed,therainischangedandisgoneaway.Theflowersappearinthe  earth,thetimeofthesingingofbirdsiscome,andthevoiceoftheturtleisheardinourland.Thefig   treehathbroughtforthheryoungfigs,andthevineswiththeirsmallgrapeshavecastasavor.  KingJames.For,lo,thewinterispast,therainisoverandgone;Theflowersappearontheearth;the \ timeofthesingingofbirdsiscome,andthevoiceoftheturtleisheardinourland;Thefigtree H puttethforthhergreenfigs,andthevineswiththetendergrapegiveagoodsmell.... 4 ISAIAH9:6 ~  Coverdale.Foruntousachildshallbeborn,anduntousasonshallbegiven.Uponhisshouldershall V thegovernmentbe,andheshallbecalledbyhisownname:Thewondrousgiverofcounsel,the B  mightyGod,theeverlastingFather,theprinceofpeace. .! Bishops.Foruntousachildisborn,anduntousasonisgiven,uponhisshouldershalltherulebe, # andheiscalledwithhisownname,wonderfulthegiverofcounsel,themightyGod,theeverlasting #  Father,theprinceofpeace. $l! Douay.Forachildisborntous,andasonisgiventous,andthegovernmentisuponhisshoulder, &D # andhisnameshallbecalledWonderful,Counsellor,Godthemighty,theFatheroftheworldtocome, '0!$ theprinceofpeace. ("%  z)#& KingJames.Foruntousachildisborn,untousasonisgiven:andthegovernmentshallbeuponhis r shoulder:andhisnameshallbecalledWonderful,Counsellor,ThemightyGod,Theeverlasting ^ Father,ThePrinceofPeace. J ISAIAH52:7 "  Coverdale.Ohowbeautifularethefeetoftheambassadorthatbringeththemessagefromthe   mountainandproclaimethpeace,thatbringeththegoodtidingsandpreachethhealth,thatsaithunto  t Zion,ThyGodistheking.  ` Geneva.Howbeautifuluponthemountainsarethefeetofhimthatdeclarethandpublishethpeace, 8  declarethgoodtidings,andpublishethsalvation,sayinguntoZion,ThyGodreigneth. $  Douay.Howbeautifuluponthemountainsarethefeetofhimthatbringethgoodtidingsandthat n  preachethpeace,ofhimthatshowethforthgood,thatpreachethsalvation,thatsaithtoZion,ThyGod Z  shallbeking. F  KingJames.Howbeautifuluponthemountainsarethefeetofhimthatbringethgoodtidings,that  publishethpeace;thatbringethgoodtidingsofgood,thatpublishethsalvation;thatsaithuntoZion,   ThyGodreigneth!  ISAIAH60:19 \ Bishops.Thesunshallneverbethydaylight,andthelightofthymoonshallnevershineuntothee; 4 buttheLordshallbethineeverlastinglight;andthyGodshallbethyglory.   KingJames.Thesunshallbenomorethylightbyday;neitherforbrightnessshallthemoongive j lightuntothee:buttheLordshallbeuntotheeaneverlastinglight,andthyGodthyglory. V ISAIAH65:24 .! CoverdaleandBishops.Anditshallbethatorevertheycall,Iwillanswerthem,andwhiletheyare # butthinkinghowtospeak,Iwillhearthem. #  KingJames.Anditshallcometopass,thatbeforetheycall,Iwillanswer;andwhiletheyareyet %X" speaking,Iwillhear. &D # JOEL3:14 ("% Coverdale.Inthevalleyappointedthereshallbemany,manypeople,forthedayoftheLordisnigh f*#' inthevalleyappointed. R+$(  >,%) Geneva.OMultitude,OMultitude,comeintothevalleyofthreshing,forthedayoftheLordisnear r inthevalleyofthreshing. ^ Bishops.Opeople,people,comeintothevalleyoffinaljudgment,forthedayoftheLordisathand 6  inthevalleyoffinaljudgment. "  Douay.Nations,nations,inthevalleyofdestruction,forthedayoftheLordisnearinthevalleyof   destruction.  t KingJames.Multitudes,multitudesinthevalleyofdecision:forthedayoftheLordisnearinthe L  valleyofdecision. 8  MICAH6:8   Geneva.Hehathshowedthee,Oman,whatisgood,andwhattheLordrequirethofthee;firstlyto Z  dojustly,andtohavemercy,andtohumblethyselftowalkwiththyGod. F  KingJames.Hehathshowedthee,Oman,whatisgood;andwhatdoththeLordrequireofthee,but  todojustly,andtolovemercy,andtowalkhumblywiththyGod?   ZEPHANIAH3:17 p Geneva.TheLordthyGodinthemidstoftheeismighty;hewillsave,hewillrejoiceovertheewith H joy;hewillquiethimselfinhislove;hewillrejoiceovertheewithjoy. 4 KingJames.TheLordthyGodinthemidstoftheeismighty;hewillsave,hewillrejoiceoverthee ~  withjoy;hewillrestinhislove,hewilljoyovertheewithsinging. j ZECHARIAH14:20 B  Geneva.Inthatdayshalltherebewrittenuponthebridlesofhorses.TheholinessuntotheLord. " KingJames.Inthatdayshalltherebeuponthebellsofthehorses.HolinessuntotheLord.... #  MALACHI4:2 %X" Coverdale....Yeshallgoforthandmultiplyasthefatcalves. '0!$ Geneva.Butuntoyouthatfearmynameshallthesunofrighteousnessarise,andhealthshallbeunder z)#& hiswings,andyeshallgoforthandgrowupasfatcalves. f*#' Bishops.Buttoyouthatfearmynameshallthatsonofrighteousnessarise,andhealthshallbeunder >,%) hiswings,andyeshallgoforthandskiplikefatcalves. r KingJames.ButuntoyouthatfearmynameshalltheSunofrighteousnessarisewithhealinginhis J wings,andyeshallgoforth,andgrowupascalvesofthestall. 6  MATTHEW5:13   Tyndale.Ifthesalthavelosthissaltness,whatcanbesaltedtherewith?  t KingJames.Ifthesalthavelosthissavor,wherewithshallitbesalted? L  MATTHEW6:7 $  Tyndale.Whenyepray,babblenotmuch,astheheathendo,fortheythinkthattheyshallbeheard n  fortheirmuchbabblingssake. Z  KingJames.Butwhenyepray,usenotvainrepetitions,astheheathendo:fortheythinkthatthey 2 shallbeheardfortheirmuchspeaking.  MATTHEW6:10  Bishops.Letthykingdomcome,Thywillbedone,aswellinearthasitisinheaven. \ KingJames.Thykingdomcome.Thywillbedoneinearth,asitisinheaven. 4 MATTHEW6:33 ~  Tyndale.Seekyefirstthekingdomofheavenandtherighteousnessthereof. V KingJames.ButseekyefirstthekingdomofGod,andhisrighteousness... .! MATTHEW10:9 # Tyndale.Possessnotgold,norsilver,norbrassinyourgirdles._ $l! King_ԀJames.Provideneithergold,norsilver,norbrassinyourpurses. &D # LUKE2:14 ("% Coverdale.GlorybeuntoGodonhigh,andpeaceuponearth,anduntomenagoodwill. f*#' Geneva.GlorybetoGodinthehighheavens,andpeaceinearth,andtowardsmengoodwill. >,%) ЇBishops.GlorytoGodinthehighestandpeaceontheearth,andamongmenagoodwill. r Douay.GlorytoGodinthehighest,andonearthpeacetomenofgoodwill. J KingJames.GlorytoGodinthehighest,andonearthpeace,goodwilltowardmen. "  LUKE6:32   Tyndale....fortheverysinnerslovetheirlovers.  ` KingJames....forsinnersalsolovethosethatlovethem. 8  LUKE11:34   Coverdale.Theeyeisthelightofthebody. Z  Geneva.Thelightofthebodyistheeye. 2 Bishops.Thecandleofthebodyistheeye.   Douay.Thelightofthebodyistheeye.Ifthyeyebesingle,thywholebodywillbelightsome;but p ifitbeevilthybodyalsowillbedarksome. \ KingJames.Thelightofthebodyistheeye;thereforewhenthineeyeissingle,thywholebodyalso 4 isfulloflight;butwhenthineeyeisevil,thybodyalsoisfullofdarkness.   LUKE22:56 j Tyndale.Andoneofthewenchesbeheldhimashesatbythefireandsetgoodeyesightonhim. B  KingJames.Butacertainmaidbeheldhimashesatbythefire,andearnestlylookeduponhim... " JOHN14:2 #  Coverdale.InmyFathershousearemanydwellings. %X" GenevaandBishops.InmyFathershousearemanydwellingplaces. '0!$ Douay.InmyFathershousetherearemanymansions. z)#& KingJames.InmyFathershousearemanymansions. R+$(  >,%) RevisedStandardVersion.InmyFathershousearemanyrooms. r JOHN14:27 J Tyndale....Letnotyourheartbegrieved,neitherfearye._ "  King_ԀJames....Letnotyourheartbetroubled,neitherletitbeafraid.   JOHN15:12  ` Tyndale....Thatyelovetogether...KingJames....Thatyeloveoneanother... 8  JOHN15:13   Tyndale.Greaterlovethanthishathnoman,thanthatamanbestowhislifeforhisfriends. Z  Coverdale.Nomanhathgreaterlovethantosethislifeforhisfriend. 2 Bishops.Greaterlovethanthishathnoman,whenanymanbestowethhislifeforhisfriends.   KingJames.Greaterlovehathnomanthanthis,thatamanlaydownhislifeforhisfriends. p ICORINTHIANS13:4 H Bishops.Charitysufferethlongandiscourteous,charityenviethnot,charitydothnotfrowardly,   swellethnot. ~  KingJames.Charitysufferethlong,andiskind;charityenviethnot;charityvauntethnotitself,isnot V puffedup, B  IICORINTHIANS1:5 " Tyndale.ForastheafflictionsofChristareplenteousinus,evensoisourconsolationplenteousby #  Christ. $l! KingJames.ForasthesufferingsofChristaboundinus,soourconsolationalsoaboundethbyChrist. &D # IICORINTHIANS3:18 ("% Geneva.ButweallbeholdasinamirrorthegloryoftheLordwithopenface,andarechangedinto f*#' thesameimagefromglorytogloryasbythespiritoftheLord. R+$(  >,%) e e i e  KingJames.Butweall,withopenfacebeholdingasinaglassthegloryoftheLord,arechangedinto  thesameimagefromglorytoglory,evenasbytheSpiritoftheLord.  IICORINTHIANS4:1,2 t Tyndale.Thereforeseeingthatwehavesuchanoffice,evenasmercyiscomeonus,wefaintnot;but L  havecastfromusthecloaksofunhonesty,andwalknotincraftiness,neithercorruptwethewordof 8  God;butwalkinthetruth,andreportourselvestoeverymansconscienceinthesightofGod. $ t KingJames.Thereforeseeingwehavethisministry,aswehavereceivedmercy,wefaintnot;But  L  haverenouncedthehiddenthingsofdishonesty,notwalkingincraftiness,norhandlingthewordof  8  Goddeceitfully;butbymanifestationofthetruthcommendingourselvestoeverymansconscience $  inthesightofGod.   REVELATION10:6   Bishops.Andswarebyhimthatlivethforeverandever,whocreatedheaven,andthethingsthat p thereinare,andtheearth,andthethingsthatthereinare,andthesea,andthethingswhicharetherein, \ thatthereshouldbenolongertime. H KingJames.Andswarebyhimthatlivethforeverandever,whocreatedheaven,andthethingsthat  p thereinare,andtheearth,andthethingsthatthereinare,andthesea,andthethingswhicharetherein,  \ thatthereshouldbetimenolonger. H RevisedStandardVersion.Andsworebyhimwholivesforeverandever,whocreatedheaven,and   whatisinit,theearthandwhatisinit,andtheseaandwhatisinit,thatthereshouldbenomore   delay.  REVELATION21:2  Geneva.AndIJohnsawtheholycityNewJerusalemcomedownfromGodoutofheavenprepared X  asabridetrimmedforherhusband. D! 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