ÿWPCTq MÙ5èåÊOœ²F¬§Å–Ÿ ŒÆÒ.ᤑ®tçeƒÆúúqª¿;‚OlÝJs·“ÅÙÅ»ÎA5~2º–°aß{¬Ê þ>>âZFÃ`6çí Ô½!p§ÇÈŒóØ~*í AiÞ,-ÄU>4z±x½Ø9â¦?D´ï%šýÑ"Ñ1CßM/«üÕ¨!µ}¸“Åþ /MÍSЕÕEÏ­rŠÁJ‚¥JYEÅ·ÐÆ¢/Î{ÃAó‹dù³î a< ]Òn°»rþ¹[¼‡I™MåHârR6ó˜€S.¢ MALÇAÕÛ#L5X@ k&5]ZÛàÛ ãYz(ëÆx(Ëm‚¹éq¦|ú=‹ÞµžKü‘×= p?5r8Ö¾ù“J¸ÓF„ÛBŒ ³’®è†I¥¢V-8I}d1Õ먲¨ºØóŽ·˜±¨Y™p•"2ß»pv?J‘n”qœJÕo^ѱ՗±¨Óþ (–!±¹$EÅÂþ`ju¹9‹Lj›Ofl‚˜óÉçÒOü­ÿ±OjcE7w¢ ÞQd¬TÛ–ê…s8 H}ŸöäáœòS]`ô¹)ÓmªduF_¥2¬ ;8²ÇIŸÜcVOïÖÎT^¾Ù/FÎû¼ì­¡au’bY#ÉÞU0N§ %õ 0:û N5 ^ 7 wC 4G [ j ml vƒ 0Vù O 0VÜ àZ2 U@Œ E:Ì bÎ è ý Ü 05~î 05DlB°Šò‹|5¤jÙ¦CÞé.Çõk,o›"›#,°#‚Ü$^&¤a'ß(·ä)¾›*ŠY+¡ã+°„,4-#;0°^2˜3¦3“Á4OT5£;˜µ<M>ºl?š&@‡À@†GA¿ÍA‚ŒB‘CŸCz/DÉ©D‹rF´ýF˜±GžIHÅçH/¬I¶ÛJ—‘K¼$(LäpäpäpäpäpU>ùpùpùpùpùp B;7q˜Canon MG6200 series Printerì . .ì 0(ÖÃ9 Z‹6Times New Roman RegularX(üœ$¡¡ÔUSUS.,ÔÇáDôRª´DntFold3|xZÿU‹ÿÀÀÀ lÝ ƒ ½Þ'ÝÔUSUS.,ÔÝ  ÝÔ_Ôà@**ìàò òTHE€TRANSLATORS€REVIVEDó ó(.3½Þ$§§Ý ƒüœ!ÝÔUSUS.,ÔÝ  Ý ƒÝ ƒ½Þ(ÝÔUSUS.,ÔÝ  ÝÔ_Ôò òÓ  ÓALEXANDER€W.€Ô_ÔMcCLUREÔ_Ôó ó(.3½Þ$¨¨Ý ƒüœ!ÝÔUSUS.,ÔÝ  Ý8DocumentManagement::ModifiedBooleanTRUE(ÖÃ9 Z‹(Times New Roman Page ù of &ù Ñ  Ñ Ñ  Ñ ÒÝ ƒÄ($ÝÔUSUS.,Ôà  àòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔSee€Neander,€Denkwurdigkeiten,€&c,€III.€171„175;€and€Fuller,€Church€History,€I.€149„Ð ° Ð151.(.(3Ä($¤¤Ý ƒüœ!ÝÔUSUS.,ÔÝ  Ýà  àòòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó(#Ã$òòÚ  Ú0Ú  Úóó 8Ý ƒÄ($ÝÔUSUS.,Ôà  àòòÚ  Ú2Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔThis€noble€passage€from€a€favorite€author,€Wordsworth€has€finely€versified€in€one€of€hisÐ ° ÐEcclesiastical€Sonnets:Ð œì ÐÌà0  àð ðAs€thou€these€ashes,€little€brook,€wilt€bearÐtÄ(#(# Ðà0  àInto€the€Avon,€Avon€to€the€tideÐ`°(#(# Ðà0  àOf€Severn,€Severn€to€the€narrow€seas,ÐL œ(#(# Ðà0  àInto€main€Ocean€they,€this€deed€accurstÐ8 ˆ(#(# Ðà0  àAn€emblem€yields€to€friends€and€enemies,Ð$ t(#(# Ðà0  àHow€the€bold€Teacherððs€doctrine,€sanctifiedÐ `(#(# Ðà0  àBy€Truth,€shall€spread€throughout€the€world€dispersed.ðð €Ý ƒÄ($ÝÔUSUS.,Ôà  àòòÚ  Ú3Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔSummum€et€postremum€donum.€ Ý ƒÄ($ÝÔUSUS.,Ôà  àòòÚ  Ú4Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔDarwinððs€Zoonomia,€I.€51. “Ý ƒÄ($ÝÔUSUS.,Ôà  àòòÚ  Ú5Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔFullerððs€Church€History€of€Britain,€I.€467. +Ý ƒÄ($ÝÔUSUS.,Ôà  àòòÚ  Ú6Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔThose€who€would€know€all€they€can€of€Tyndale€are€referred€to€the€First€Volume€ofÐ ° ÐAndersonððs€Annals€of€the€English€Bible,€which€might€have€been€entitled,€Tyndale€and€his€Times. `Ý ƒÄ($ÝÔUSUS.,Ôà  àòòÚ  Ú7Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔIn€1559,€after€Maryððs€miserable€death,€Coverdale€returned€to€England;€but€being€now€aÐ ° Ðzealous€non-conformist,€he€repeatedly€refused€to€resume€his€bishopric.€He€continued€to€preach,Ð œì Ðin€a€somewhat€private€way,€as€long€as€he€lived;€and€died€most€happily,€February,€1569,€in€theÐ ˆØ Ðeighty-first€year€of€his€age,€much€venerated€for€his€virtues,€labors,€and€sufferings,€and€regarded€asÐ tÄ Ða€ð ðfirebrand€plucked€out€of€the€burning.ðð œÝ ƒÄ($ÝÔUSUS.,Ôà  àòòÚ  Ú8Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔCalvinus€is€the€Latin,€form€of€the€French€name€Chauvin. ÔÝ ƒÄ($ÝÔUSUS.,Ôà  àòòÚ  Ú9Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔOne€of€the€old€Protestant€ministers€preached€a€funeral€sermon€for€her,€on€the€text,€ð!ð€ð ðGo,Ð ° Ðsee€now€this€cursed€woman,€and€bury€her;€for€she€is€a€kingððs€daughter.ðð€2€Ki.€ix.€34.€ð ðWhen€heÐ œì Ðwas€called€in€question€for€it,€it€was€decided€that€the€text€was€the€most€objectionable€part€of€theÐ ˆØ Ðsermon! $Ý ƒÄ($ÝÔUSUS.,Ôà  àòòÚ  Ú10Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔThomas€Sternhold,€John€Hopkins,€and€Thomas€Norton,€who€with€William€WhittinghamÐ ° Ðprepared€the€Psalms€in€metre,€were€all€strongly€puritanical€men,€and€eminent€in€their€day. Ý ƒÄ($ÝÔUSUS.,Ôà  àòòÚ  Ú11Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔIn€the€nervous€Latin€of€the€crabbed€ex-bishop€of€Ossory,€the€arguments€run€thus;Ð ° ÐAuthoritate,€Vi,€Arte,€Fraude,€Metu,€Terrore€et€Tyrannide. aÝ ƒÄ($ÝÔUSUS.,Ôà  àòòÚ  Ú12Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔSays€Dr.€Lee,€Principal€of€the€University€of€Edinburgh;€ð ðI€do€not€find€that€there€was€anyÐ ° Ðcanon,€proclamation,€or€act€of€parliament,€to€enforce€the€use€of€it.ðð€ð ðThe€present€version,ðð€saysÐ œì ÐDr.€Symonds,€as€quoted€in€Andersonððs€Annals,€ð ðappears€to€have€made€its€way,€without€theÐ ˆØ Ðinterposition€of€any€authority€whatsoever;€for€it€is€not€easy€to€discover€any€traces€of€aÐ tÄ Ðproclamation,€canon€or€statute€published€to€enforce€the€use€of€it.ðð€It€has€been€lately€ascertained,Ð `° Ðthat€neither€the€kingððs€private€purse,€nor€the€public€exchequer,€contributed€a€farthing€toward€theÐ L œ Ðexpense€of€the€translation€or€publication€of€the€work. "Ý ƒÄ($ÝÔUSUS.,Ôà  àòòÚ  Ú13Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔTake€an€instance€from€Isai.€v.€18.€ð ðWoe€unto€them€that€draw€iniquity€with€cords€ofÐ ° Ðvanity,€and€sin€as€it€were€with€a€cart-rope.ðð€From€the€last€member€of€this€parallelism€has€arisenÐ œì Ðthe€absurd€proverb€for€a€high-handed€transgressor,€ð!ð€ð ðHe€sinned€with€a€cart-rope!ðð€On€recurringÐ ˆØ Ðto€the€Hebrew,€we€find€that€ð ðsinðð€is€not€a€verb€but€a€noun,€standing€in€apposition€with€ð ðdraw,ðð€asÐ tÄ Ðiniquity€does€in€the€preceding€clause.€So€that€the€full€expression€of€the€last€clause€would€be,€ð!ðÐ `° Ðð ðand€that€draw€sin€as€it€were€with€a€cart-rope,ðð€ð!ð€thus€drudging€in€the€harness€of€sin. öÝ ƒÄ($ÝÔUSUS.,Ôà  àòòÚ  Ú14Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔReport€of€the€Committee€on€Versions,€made€to€the€Board€of€Managers€of€the€AmericanÐ ° ÐBible€Society,€and€adopted€May€1st,€1851. Ñ  Ñ "Ý ƒÄ($ÝÔUSUS.,Ôà  àòòÚ  Ú15Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔSee€Le€Neveððs€òòFast€Eccles.€Ang.€óóP.€194.€Also€Woodððs€Athena,€who€adds,€ð!ð€ð ðlinguist,ððÐ ° Ðand€ð ðtherefore€employed€in€the€Translation€of€the€Bible.ðð xÝ ƒÄ($ÝÔUSUS.,Ôà  àòòÚ  Ú16Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔThe€late€Professor€Stuart€was€wont€jocularly€to€say,€that,€when€he€was€appointedÐ ° ÐHebrew€professor€at€Andover,€all€he€knew€of€the€language€was,€that€òòashððraióó€meant€òòblessed,óó€andÐ œì Ðòòka-ishóó€meant€òòthe€man!€óóPsalm€1:1. ùÝ ƒÄ($ÝÔUSUS.,Ôà  àòòÚ  Ú17Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔHe€is€spoken€of€in€his€epitaph,€as€being€ð ðfor€the€Eastern€tongues,€as€learned€a€man€asÐ ° Ðmost€lived€in€these€modern€times.ðð šÝ ƒÄ($ÝÔUSUS.,Ôà  àòòÚ  Ú18Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔProfecto€fuit€hoc€ab€Ambrosio€insolentissime€factum. ÕÝ ƒÄ($ÝÔUSUS.,Ôà  àòòÚ  Ú19Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔÔ_ÔResponsumÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔvereÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔregiumÔ_Ô,€et€Ô_ÔAlexandroÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔdignumÔ_Ô;€hoc€est€non€Ô_ÔargumentaÔ_Ô€Ô_ÔdissolvereÔ_Ô,€sedÐ ° ÐÔ_ÔdesecareÔ_Ô. ­Ý ƒÄ($ÝÔUSUS.,Ôà  àòòÚ  Ú20Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔAn€edition€of€the€Hebrew€Bible,€printed€by€Bomberg,€at€Venice,€in€1518. ´Ý ƒÄ($ÝÔUSUS.,Ôà  àòòÚ  Ú21Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔVita€Laurentii€Chadertoni,€a€W.€Dillingham,€S.€T.€P.€Cantab.€1700.€Pp.€15,€24. €Ý ƒÄ($ÝÔUSUS.,Ôà  àòòÚ  Ú22Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔLiterary€Remains,€II.€388. —Ý ƒÄ($ÝÔUSUS.,Ôà  àòòÚ  Ú23Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔThat€is,€a€debate€carried€on€in€the€Greek€tongue. ¦Ý ƒÄ($ÝÔUSUS.,Ôà  àòòÚ  Ú24Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔHarrisonus€Honoratus,€etc.€a€C.€Dalechampio.€Cantab,€1632.€P.€7. ýÝ ƒÄ($ÝÔUSUS.,Ôà  àòòÚ  Ú25Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_Ôð ðDr.€Peter€Heylin,€preaching€at€Westminster€Abbey,€before€Bishop€Williams,€accusedÐ ° Ðthe€non-conformists€of€putting€all€into€open€tumult,€rather€than€conform€to€the€lawfulÐ œì Ðgovernment€derived€from€Christ€and€his€apostles.ððAt€this,€the€Bishop,€sitting€in€the€great€pew,Ð ˆØ Ðknocked€aloud€with€his€staff€upon€the€pulpit,€saying,€ð!ð€ððNo€more€of€that€point!€no€more€of€thatÐ tÄ Ðpoint,€Peter!ððTo€whom€Heylin€answered,€ð!ð€ððI€have€a€little€more€to€say,€my€lord,€and€then€I€haveÐ `° Ðdone:ðð€ð!ð€and€so€finished€his€subject.ðð€ð!ð€€Biog.€Brit.€IV.€2597.€Ed.€1747 Ý ƒÄ($ÝÔUSUS.,Ôà  àòòÚ  Ú26Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔTheir€requests€were€very€reasonable,€viz.:€1.€ð ðThat€the€doctrine€of€the€Church€might€beÐ ° Ðpreserved€pure,€according€to€Godððs€word.€2.€That€good€pastors€might€be€planted€in€all€churches,Ð œì Ðto€preach€the€same.€3.€That€church€government€might€be€sincerely€ministered,€according€to€GodððsÐ ˆØ Ðword.€4.€That€the€Book€of€Common€Prayer€might€be€fitted€to€more€increase€of€piety.ðð ¦Ý ƒÄ($ÝÔUSUS.,Ôà  àòòÚ  Ú27Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔCominendo€vos€dilectioni€Dei,€et€odio€papatus€et€superstitionis. ŽÝ ƒÄ($ÝÔUSUS.,Ôà  àòòÚ  Ú28Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔNullius€rei€praeterquam€librorum€avidus. Ý ƒÄ($ÝÔUSUS.,Ôà  àòòÚ  Ú29Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔMaking€the€usual€allowance€for€the€difference€in€the€value€of€money€then€and€now,€heÐ ° Ðexpended€to€the€value€of€more€than€three€hundred€thousand€dollars! ‰Ý ƒÄ($ÝÔUSUS.,Ôà  àòòÚ  Ú30Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔNon€probationes,€sed€castigationes. EÝ ƒÄ($ÝÔUSUS.,Ôà  àòòÚ  Ú31Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔThe€reasons€assigned€for€not€admitting€the€apocryphal€books€into€the€canon,€or€list,€ofÐ ° Ðinspired€Scriptures€are€briefly€the€following.€1.€Not€one€of€them€is€in€the€Hebrew€language,Ð œì Ðwhich€was€alone€used€by€the€inspired€historians€and€poets€of€the€Old€Testament.€2.€Not€one€ofÐ ˆØ Ðthe€writers€lays€any€claim€to€inspiration.€3.€These€books€were€never€acknowledged€as€sacredÐ tÄ ÐScriptures€by€the€Jewish€Church,€and€therefore€were€never€sanctioned€by€our€Lord.€4.€They€wereÐ `° Ðnot€allowed€a€place€among€the€sacred€books,€during€the€first€four€centuries€of€the€ChristianÐ L œ ÐChurch.€5.€They€contain€fabulous€statements,€and€statements€which€contradict€not€only€theÐ 8 ˆ Ðcanonical€Scriptures,€but€themselves;€as€when,€in€the€two€Books€of€Maccabees,€AntiochusÐ $ t ÐEpiphanes€is€made€to€die€three€different€deaths€in€as€many€different€places.€6.€It€inculcatesÐ  ` Ðdoctrines€at€variance€with€the€Bible,€such€as€prayers€for€the€dead€and€sinless€perfection.€7.€ItÐ ü L  Ðteaches€immoral€practices,€such€as€lying,€suicide,€assassination€and€magical€incantation.€ForÐ è 8  Ðthese€and€other€reasons,€the€Apocryphal€books,€which€are€all€in€Greek,€except€one€which€isÐ Ô$  Ðextant€only€in€Latin,€are€valuable€only€as€ancient€documents,€illustrative€of€the€manners,Ð À  Ðlanguage,€opinions€and€history€of€the€East. Ý ƒÄ($ÝÔUSUS.,Ôà  àòòÚ  Ú32Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔDr.€Usher,€in€one€of€these€letters,€corrects€a€misprint€in€the€Translatorððs€Preface,€whereÐ ° Ðthe€name€Efnard€should€be€Eynard,€or€Eginhardus. ŽÝ ƒÄ($ÝÔUSUS.,Ôà  àòòÚ  Ú33Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔSamuel€Collins,€Provost€of€Kingððs€College,€and€for€forty€years€Regius€Professor.€ð ðAsÐ ° ÐCaligula,€is€said€to€have€sent€his€soldiers€vainly€to€fight€against€the€tide,€with€the€same€successÐ œì Ðhave€any€encountered€the€torrent€of€his€Latin€in€disputation,ðð Ý ƒÄ($ÝÔUSUS.,Ôà  àòòÚ  Ú34Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔIt€is€not€till€about€A.€D.€229,€that€we€find€any€record€of€the€assembling€of€Christians€inÐ ° Ðwhat€would€now€be€called€a€church.€ð"ð€Barton,€Ecc.€HIST.,€496. °Ý ƒÄ($ÝÔUSUS.,Ôà  àòòÚ  Ú35Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔSolus€hic€liber€omnium€lingua,€manu,€oculis,€auribus,€cordibus.€versaretu. Ý ƒÄ($ÝÔUSUS.,Ôà  àòòÚ  Ú36Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔFlorente€verbo,€omnia€florent€in€Ecclesia. }Ý ƒÄ($ÝÔUSUS.,Ôà  àòòÚ  Ú38Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔIn€Psal.€90,€Serm.€II.€ |Ý ƒÄ($ÝÔUSUS.,Ôà  àòòÚ  Ú39Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔAd€Uxorem,€Ep.€II.€8.€ µÝ ƒÄ($ÝÔUSUS.,Ôà  àòòÚ  Ú37Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔThis€admirable€letter€is€to€be€found€in€DððAcheryððs€Spicilegium,€III.€298. xÝ ƒÄ($ÝÔUSUS.,Ôà  àòòÚ  Ú40Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔSerm.€105.€ðð€2. ‡Ý ƒÄ($ÝÔUSUS.,Ôà  àòòÚ  Ú41Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔIn€Psal.€103,€Serm.€III.€ðð€4.€ †Ý ƒÄ($ÝÔUSUS.,Ôà  àòòÚ  Ú42Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔIn€Psal.€113,€Serm.€VII.€ðð€7. pÝ ƒÄ($ÝÔUSUS.,Ôà  àòòÚ  Ú43Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔEpis.€107. ¿Ý ƒÄ($ÝÔUSUS.,Ôà  àòòÚ  Ú44Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔFor€references€on€this€point,€consult€Chrysostomððs€Homilies€III.€and€IV.€de€Statuis;Ð ° ÐHorn.€X€I.€and€XXIX.€in€Genes.;€Ser.€III.€and€IV.€de€Lazaro;€Horn.€I.€and€II.€in€Matt.;€Horn.€X.Ð œì ÐXI.€XXX.€XXXI.€XXXII.€and€LVIII.€in€Joan.;€Horn.€XIX.€in€Acta.;€Horn.€I.€ad€Rom.;€and€IX.€adÐ ˆØ ÐColoss. Ý ƒÄ($ÝÔUSUS.,Ôà  àòòÚ  Ú45Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔLiterary€Remains,€III.€139. ªÝ ƒÄ($ÝÔUSUS.,Ôà  àòòÚ  Ú46Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔAn€Apologie€or€Declaration€of€the€Power€and€Providence€of€God.€1627. ŽÝ ƒÄ($ÝÔUSUS.,Ôà  àòòÚ  Ú47Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔDoctrine€of€the€Greek€Article,€page€328. ”Ý ƒÄ($ÝÔUSUS.,Ôà  àòòÚ  Ú48Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔLondon€Quarterly€Review,€No.€XXXVIII.€p.€455.€ »Ý ƒÄ($ÝÔUSUS.,Ôà  àòòÚ  Ú49Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔScheme,€&c,€Chap.€XL€In€Watsonððs€Collection€of€Theological€Tracts.€Vol.€I.€p.€188. %Ý ƒÄ($ÝÔUSUS.,Ôà  àòòÚ  Ú50Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔProspectus€of€a€New€Translation,€&c.€Page€92.€The€hint€of€Robertson€has€since€beenÐ ° Ðrealized€by€Bagsterððs€Englishmanððs€Hebrew€and€Greek€Concordance€to€the€Holy€Bible. ¬Ý ƒÄ($ÝÔUSUS.,Ôà  àòòÚ  Ú51Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔDissertation€on€Studying€the€Original€Languages€of€the€Bible,€Page€61. Ý ƒÄ($ÝÔUSUS.,Ôà  àòòÚ  Ú52Ú  ÚóóÝ  ÝÔ_ÔHistorical€and€Critical€Enquiry.€P.€92. McCLURESCRIBNER BedeKnyghtonTrevisaWhittinghamGilbyLaifieldTigheBurleighGeoffryDillingham D DFaircloughRavisEedesTomsonPerynHarmarDakinsDuportBrainthwaiteRadcliffeHuttenSectarismmeagreNorthumbriansayestNeander$DenkwurdigkeitenLutterworthSevernBelwardWiclifByblecontaynedEnglyshMDXXXVII FoxedoctorlyLatistsSodbury Royespeakings JoyeBuschiusMarburgSpalatinTunstallDIsraelivordedoctus piusmartyrologistVilvorderestethBertheletDeritendMoysesNewgateAdrianceWeydenWeathersfieldProtomartyrCrumwellBoleynKynge edlyhad had EndefynishedApryllvicegerentStrypelearnedermitredWinchcombeTewksburyNazienzeneTunstalMarleropposersBeconTavernershewedLanchesterChauvinKiimpleadedpresbyterialAshbyZouchpapistryoerleapsGallowayclavemetreexcellethRachelsboastings 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(à21ˆÐ Ð  ÐHampton€Court€Conferenceà‚`"`"I(#.Z Z "à23ˆÐ ¼  ÐKing€Jamesððs€Version€Printedà‚`"`"I(#.&à23ˆÐ ¨ø ÐMade€in€Good€Timeà‚`"`"I(#. à23ˆÐ ”ä ÐCompetency€of€the€Translatorsà‚`"`"I(#.NN'à24ˆÐ €Ð ÐTheir€Mode€of€Procedure€and€Rulesà‚`"`"I(#.ââ+à25ˆÐ l¼ ÐLauncelot€Andrews,€D.D.à‚`"`"I(#.´ ´ !à29ˆÐ X¨ ÐJohn€Overall,€D.D.à‚`"`"I(#.œ œ à33ˆÐ D” ÐHadrian€Saravia,€D.D.à‚`"`"I(#.¢ ¢ à34ˆÐ 0€ ÐRichard€Clarke,€D.D.à‚`"`"I(#.V V à36ˆÐ l ÐJohn€Laifield,€D.D.à‚`"`"I(#.º º à36ˆÐ  X ÐRobert€Tighe,€D.D.à‚`"`"I(#.º º à36ˆÐ ô D ÐFrancis€Burleigh,€D.D.à‚`"`"I(#.Ì Ì à36ˆÐ à!0 ÐGeoffry€Kingà‚`"`"I(#.ààà36ˆÐ Ì"  ÐRichard€Thompsonà‚`"`"I(#.² ² à37ˆÐ ¸#! ÐWilliam€Bedwellà‚`"`"I(#. à37ˆÐ ¤$ô" ÐEdward€Livelyà‚`"`"I(#.N N à38ˆÐ %à # ÐJohn€Richardson,€D.D.à‚`"`"I(#.Ô Ô à39ˆÐ |&Ì!$ ÐLawrence€Chaderton,€D.D.à‚`"`"I(#.  "à40ˆÐ h'¸"% ÐFrancis€Dillinghamà‚`"`"I(#.º º à43ˆÐ T(¤#& ÐRoger€Andrews,€D.D.à‚`"`"I(#.€ € à43ˆÐ @)$' ÐThomas€Harrisonà‚."."H(#. à€43ˆÐ ,*|%( ÐRobert€Spaulding,€D.D.à‚`"`"I(#.  à44ˆÐ +h&) ÐAndrew€Bing,€D.D.à‚`"`"I(#.Î Î àò òó ó44ˆÐ ,T'* ЇÌò òà@RR"ìàÔ‡ MiXXüŒÔTABLE€OF€CONTENTSÔ#†XüŒX Mit#ԈРœì ÐSUBJECT€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€PAGEÔ‡ MiXXüŒÔó óÐ Ö& ÐÔ#†XüŒX Mib#ÔÌJohn€Harding,€D.D.à‚."."H(#.Ò Ò à€44ˆÐ ®þ ÐJohn€Reynolds,€D.D.à‚`"`"I(#.4 4 à45ˆÐ š ê ÐThomas€Holland,€D.D.à‚`"`"I(#.Ò Ò à49ˆÐ † Ö ÐRichard€Kilby,€D.D.à‚`"`"I(#.  à50ˆÐ r  ÐMiles€Smith,€D.D.à‚`"`"I(#.r r à51ˆÐ ^ ® ÐRichard€Brett,€D.D.à‚`"`"I(#.Ð Ð à52ˆÐ J š  Ð[Daniel]€Fairclough,€D.D.à‚."."H(#.Ä Ä #à€53ˆÐ 6†  ÐThomas€Ravis,€D.D.à‚`"`"I(#.  à54ˆÐ "r  ÐGeorge€Abbot.€D.D.à‚."."H(#.  à€55ˆÐ ^  ÐRichard€Eedes,€D.D.à‚`"`"I(#.  à58ˆÐ úJ  ÐGiles€Tomson,€D.D.à‚`"`"I(#. à59ˆÐ æ6  ÐSir€Henry€Savile,€Kntà‚`"`"I(#.n n à59ˆÐ Ò" ÐJohn€Peryn,€D.D.à‚."."H(#.  à€61ˆÐ ¾ ÐRalph€Ravens,€D.D.à‚."."H(#.ô ô à€61ˆÐ ªú ÐJohn€Harmar,€D.D.à‚`"`"I(#.¦ ¦ à62ˆÐ –æ ÐWilliam€Barlow,€D.€D.à‚."."H(#.Ø Ø à€62ˆÐ ‚Ò ÐJohn€Spencer,€D.D.à‚`"`"I(#.È È à64ˆÐ n¾ ÐRoger€Fenton,€D.D.à‚`"`"I(#.Ú Ú à65ˆÐ Zª ÐRalph€Hutchinson,€D.D.à‚`"`"I(#.B B à66ˆÐ F– ÐWilliam€Dakinsà‚`"`"I(#.ª ª à66ˆÐ 2‚ ÐMichael€Rabbetà‚."."H(#.¦ ¦ à€66ˆÐ n ÐMr.€Sandersonà‚."."H(#.H H à€66ˆÐ  Z ÐJohn€Duport,€D€D.à‚."."H(#.| | à€67ˆÐ öF ÐWilliam€Brainthwaite,€D.D.à‚`"`"I(#.b b $à68ˆÐ â2 ÐJeremiah€Radcliffe,€D.D.à‚."."H(#.‚ ‚ "à€68ˆÐ Î ÐSamuel€Ward,€D.€D.à‚."."H(#.  à€68ˆÐ º  ÐAndrew€Downes,€D.D.à‚."."H(#.Ú Ú à€71ˆÐ ¦ ö ÐJohn€Boisà‚`"`"I(#.ÌÌà72ˆÐ ’!â ÐJohn€Ward,€D.D.à‚`"`"I(#.  à74ˆÐ ~"Î  ÐJohn€Aglionby,€D.D.à‚."."H(#.2 2 à€75ˆÐ j#º! ÐLeonard€Hutten,€D.D.à‚."."H(#.~ ~ à€75ˆÐ V$¦" ÐSupervisors€of€the€Workà‚."."H(#.X X !à€76ˆÐ B%’ # ÐThomas€Bilson,€D.D.à‚`"`"I(#.X X à76ˆÐ .&~!$ ÐRichard€Bancroft,€D.D.à‚`"`"I(#.ú ú à77ˆÐ 'j"% ÐConclusionà‚`"`"I(#.@@à81ˆÐ (V#& ÐRevised€Editionsà‚`"`"I(#.  à81ˆÐ ò(B$' ÐImportance€of€Circulating€the€Scripturesà‚."."H(#.FF2à€82ˆÐ Þ).%( ÐPractice€of€the€Early€Christiansà‚`"`"I(#.jj*à82ˆÐ Ê*&) ÐNo€better€Translators€now€to€be€foundà‚`"`"I(#.šš/à84ˆÐ ¶+'* Їò òÔ‡ MiXXüŒÔÓ  ÓTABLE€OF€CONTENTSÐ ° ÐÔ#†XüŒX Mi– #ÔÓµ ÓSUBJECT€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€PAGEó óÐ ê: ÐÌOpinions€of€Criticsà‚`"`"I(#.® ® à85ˆÐ  ÐMultiplication€of€the€Common€Versionà‚`"`"I(#.îî.à87ˆÐ ®þ Ðò òó óIts€Influence€on€Religious€Literatureà‚`"`"I(#.üü/à87ˆÐ š ê ÐAn€Obstacle€to€Sectarismà‚`"`"I(#.¤ ¤ "à87ˆÐ † Ö ÐHas€Survived€Great€Changesà‚`"`"I(#.¶ ¶ $à88ˆÐ r  ÐTranslators€Blessed€of€Godà‚`"`"I(#.2 2 $à89ˆÐ ^ ® ÐÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÔ‡ MiXXüŒÔò òÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÐ +d&' ÐÑ€¨Ñâ âÑ € Ñâ âÑ  ÑÌà@xx'ìàPREFACEó óÔ#†XüŒX Mi¸##ԈРê: ÐÌÖ€ ÿÿÖà  àThis€little€volume€has€been€long€in€preparation.€It€is€more€than€twenty€years€since€theÐ ` ÐAuthorððs€attention€was€directed€to€the€inquiry,€What€were€the€personal€qualifications€for€their€workÐ üL Ðpossessed€by€King€Jamesððs€Translators€of€the€Bible?€He€expected€to€satisfy€himself€withoutÐ è 8 Ðdifficulty,€but€found€himself€sorely€disappointed.€There€was€abundance€of€general€testimony€to€theirÐ Ô $ Ðlearning€and€piety;€but€nowhere€any€particular€account€of€the€men€themselves.€Copious€histories€ofÐ À  Ðthe€origin,€character,€and€results€of€their€work€have€been€drawn€up€with€elaborate€research;€but€ofÐ ¬ ü Ðthe€Translators€personally,€little€more€was€told€than€a€meagre€catalogue€of€their€names,€with€briefÐ ˜ è  Ðnotices€of€such€offices€as€a€few€of€them€held.Ð „Ô  Ðà  àThe€only€resource€was€to€take€these€names€in€detail,€and€search€for€any€information€relativeÐ pÀ  Ðto€each€individual.€For€a€long€time,€but€little€came€to€hand€illustrative€of€their€characters€andÐ \¬  Ðacquirements,€except€in€relation€to€some€of€the€more€prominent€men€included€in€the€royalÐ H˜  Ðcommission.€The€Author€quite€despaired€of€ever€being€able€to€identify€the€greater€part€of€them,€byÐ 4„  Ðany€thing€more€than€their€bare€surnames.€But€devoting€much€of€his€time€to€searching€in€publicÐ  p Ðlibraries,€he€by€degrees€recovered€from€oblivion€one€by€one€of€these€worthies,€till€only€two€of€them,Ð  \ ÐFairclough€and€Sanderson,€remain€without€some€certain€testimonial€of€their€fitness€for€the€mostÐ øH Ðresponsible€undertaking-€in€the€religious€literature€of€the€English€world.€In€regard€to€some€of€them,Ð ä4 Ðwho€for€a€long€time€eluded€his€search,€the€revived€information€at€last€seemed€almost€like€aÐ Ð  Ðresurrection.€As€the€result€of€his€researches,€which€he€has€carried,€as€he€believes,€to€the€utmost€extentÐ ¼  Ðto€which€it€can€be€done€with€the€means€accessible€on€this€side€of€the€Atlantic,€he€offers€to€all€whoÐ ¨ø Ðare€interested€to€know€in€regard€to€the€general€sufficiency€and€reliableness€of€the€Common€Version,Ð ”ä Ðthese€biographical€sketches€of€its€authors.€He€feels€assured€that€they€will€afford€historicalÐ €Ð Ðdemonstration€of€a€fact€which€much€astonished€him€when€it€began€to€dawn€upon€his€convictions,€ð!ðÐ l¼ Ðthat€the€first€half€of€the€seventeenth€century,€when€the€Translation€was€completed,€was€the€GoldenÐ X¨ ÐAge€of€biblical€and€oriental€learning€in€England.€Never€before,€nor€since,€have€these€studies€beenÐ D” Ðpursued€by€scholars€whose€vernacular€tongue€is€the€English,€with€such€zeal,€and€industry,€andÐ 0€ Ðsuccess.€This€remarkable€fact€is€such€a€token€of€Godððs€providential€care€of€his€word,€as€deservesÐ l Ðmost€devout€acknowledgment.Ð  X Ðà  àThat€the€true€character€of€their€employment,€at€the€precise€stage€where€those€good€men€tookÐ ô D Ðit€up,€may€be€properly€understood€by€such€as€have€not€given€particular€attention€to€the€subject,€aÐ à!0 Ðcondensed€ð ðIntroductory€Narrativeðð€is€given.€In€its€outlines,€this€follows€the€crowded€octavos€of€theÐ Ì"  Ðlate€Christopher€Anderson.€He€has€gleaned€out€the€very€corners€of€the€field€so€carefully,€as€to€leaveÐ ¸#! Ðlittle€for€any€who€may€follow€him.€To€his€work,€or€rather€to€the€skilfull€abridgment€of€it,€in€a€singleÐ ¤$ô" Ðoctavo€volume,€by€Rev.€Dr.€Prime,€all€who€desire€more€minute€information€on€that€part€of€the€subjectÐ %à # Ðare€respectfully€referred.Ð |&Ì!$ Ðà  àThe€writers€to€whom€the€author€of€this€book€is€most€indebted€for€his€biographical€materialsÐ h'¸"% Ðare€Thomas€Fuller€and€Anthony€a-Wood.€The€former,€the€wittiest€and€one€of€the€most€delightful€ofÐ T(¤#& Ðthe€old€English€writers,ð"ðand€the€latter€one€of€the€most€crabbed€and€cynical.€What€has€been€obtainedÐ @)$' Ðfrom€them€was€gathered€wherever€it€was€sprinkled,€in€scattered€morsels,€over€their€numerous€andÐ ,*|%( Ðbulky€volumes.€Beside€what€was€furnished€from€these€sources,€numerous€fragments€have€beenÐ +h&) Ðcollected€from€a€wide€range€of€reading,€including€every€thing€that€seemed€to€promise€any€additionalÐ ,T'* Ðmatter€of€information.Ð d ÐÌÖ€ÿÿÖà  àThe€work€is,€doubtless,€quite€imperfect,€because€after€the€lapse€of€more€than€two€centuries,Ð <Ø Ðduring€which€no€person€appears€to€have€thought€of€the€thing,€the€means€of€information€have€beenÐ ( Ä Ðgrowing€more€scanty,€and€the€difficulty€of€recovering€it€has€been€constantly€increased.€CriticalÐ  ° Ðinquisitors€may€be€able€to€detect€some€inaccuracies€in€pages€prepared€under€such€disadvantages;€butÐ  œ Ðit€will€require€no€great€stretch€of€generosity€to€make€due€allowance€for€them.Ð ì ˆ Ðà  àThe€general€result,€to€which€the€Author€particularly€solicits€the€attention€of€any€who€mayÐ Ø t Ðhonor€these€pages€with€their€perusal,€is€the€ample€proof€afforded€of€the€surpassing€qualifications€ofÐ Ä ` Ðthose€venerable€Translators,€taken€as€a€body,€for€their€high€and€holy€work.€We€have€hereÐ °L  Ðpresumptive€evidence€of€the€strongest€kind,€that€their€work€is€deserving€of€entire€confidence.€It€oughtÐ œ8  Ðto€be€received€as€a€ð ðfinal€settlementðð€of€the€translation€of€the€Scriptures€for€popular€use,€ð!ð€at€least,Ð ˆ$  Ðtill€the€time€when€a€body€of€men€equally€qualified€can€be€brought€together€to€re-adjust€the€work,€ð!ðÐ t  Ða€time€which€most€certainly€has€not€yet€arrived!€If€that€time€shall€ever€come,€may€there€be€foundÐ `ü  Ðamong€their€successors€the€vast€learning,€wisdom,€and€piety€of€the€old€Translators€happily€revived!Ð Lè  ÐÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÐ 0,Ì%) ÐÑ€¨Ñâ âÑ  Ñâ âÑ  ÑÌÌÓ  ÓÔ‡ MiXXüŒÔò òINTRODUCTORY€NARRATIVEó óÔ#†XüŒX Mi\=#ÔÐ ˆØ ÐÓP=ÓÌà  àThe€translation€of€the€Bible€into€any€language€is€an€event€of€the€highest€importance€to€thoseÐ ®þ Ðby€whom€that€language€is€spoken.€But€when€such€a€translation€is€to€be€read€for€successive€centuries,Ð š ê Ðby€uncounted€millions€scattered€over€all€the€earth,€and€for€whose€use€so€many€millions€of€copiesÐ † Ö Ðhave€already€been€printed,€it€becomes€a€work€of€the€highest€moral€and€historical€interest.€Thus€theÐ r  Ðtranslation€and€printing€of€the€Bible€in€English€forms€a€most€important€event€in€modern€history.€FarÐ ^ ® Ðbeyond€any€other€translation,€it€has€been,€and€is,€and€will€be,€to€multitudes€which€none€can€number,Ð J š  Ðthe€living€oracle€of€God,€giving€to€them,€in€their€mother€tongue,€their€surest€and€safest€teaching€onÐ 6†  Ðall€that€can€affect€their€eternal€welfare.Ð "r  Ðà  àMany€attempts€had€been€made,€at€various€times,€to€put€different€portions€of€the€ScripturesÐ ^  Ðinto€the€common€speech€of€the€English€people.€Of€these,€one€of€the€most€noticeable€was€a€translationÐ úJ  Ðof€Johnððs€Gospel€into€Anglo-Saxon,€made,€at€the€very€close€of€his€life,€by€the€ð ðVenerable€Bede,ðð€aÐ æ6  ÐNorthumbrian€monk,€who€died€in€his€cell,€in€May,€A.€D.€735.€A€most€interesting€account€of€his€lastÐ Ò" Ðillness€is€given€by€Cuthbert,€his€scholar€and€biographer.€Toward€evening€of€the€day€of€his€death,€oneÐ ¾ Ðof€his€disciples€said,€ð ðBeloved€teacher,€one€sentence€remains€to€be€writ-ten.ðð€ð ðWrite€it€quickly,€then,ððÐ ªú Ðsaid€the€dying€saint;€and€summoning€all€his€strength€for€this€last€flash€of€the€expiring€lamp,€heÐ –æ Ðdictated€the€holy€words.€When€told€that€the€work€was€finished,€he€answered,€ð ðThou€sayest€well.€ItÐ ‚Ò Ðis€finished!ðð€He€then€requested€to€be€taken€up,€and€placed€in€that€part€of€his€cell€where€he€was€wontÐ n¾ Ðto€kneel€at€his€private€devotions;€so€that,€as€he€said,€he€might€while€sitting€there€call€upon€his€Father.Ð Zª ÐHe€then€sang€the€doxology,€ð!ð€ð ðGlory€be€to€the€Father,€and€to€the€Son,€and€to€the€Holy€Ghost!ðð€andÐ F– Ðas€he€sang€the€last€syllable,€he€drew€his€last€breath.׃×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú1Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×Ð 2‚ Ðà  àThe€admirable€King€Alfred,€who€ascended€the€throne€two€hundred€years€after€the€birth€ofÐ n ÐBede,€translated€the€Psalms€into€Anglo-Saxon.€But€the€first€complete€translation€which€can€be€saidÐ  Z Ðto€have€been€published,€so€as€to€come€into€extensive€use,€was€that€made€by€Wiclif,€about€the€yearÐ öF Ð1380.€It€was€not€made€from€the€ð ðoriginal€Hebrew€and€Greek€of€the€Holy€Ghost;ðð€but€from€theÐ â2 ÐVulgate,€a€Latin€version,€chiefly€prepared€by€Jerome€during€the€latter€part€of€the€fourth€century.€JohnÐ Î ÐWiclif€was€born€in€Yorkshire,€England,€in€the€year€1324.€He€was€a€priest,€and€a€professor€of€divinityÐ º  Ðin€the€University€of€Oxford.€His€ardent€piety€was€nursed€by€the€Scriptures€which€gave€it€birth.€HeÐ ¦ ö Ðis€commonly€called€ð ðthe€morning-star€of€the€Protestant€reformation,ðð€and€was€one€of€the€brightestÐ ’!â Ðof€those€scattered€lights€of€the€Dark€Ages,€who€are€often€spoken€of€as€ð ðreformers€before€theÐ ~"Î  Ðreformation.ðð€Like€Martin€Luther,€his€opposition€to€popish€errors€and€corruptions€was€at€firstÐ j#º! Ðconfined€to€a€few€points;€but€prayer,€study€of€the€Bible,€and€growing€grace,€led€him€on€in€a€constantÐ V$¦" Ðadvance€toward€the€purity€of€truth.€He€became€in€doctrine€what€would€now€be€called€a€Calvinist;€andÐ B%’ # Ðin€church€discipline€his€views€agreed€with€those€which€are€now€maintained€by€Congregationalists.Ð .&~!$ ÐAfter€encountering€many€prosecutions€and€persecutions,€having€however€a€powerful€protector€inÐ 'j"% ÐJohn€of€Gaunt,€(or€Ghent,€in€Flanders,€his€native€place,)€the€famous€old€Duke€of€Lancaster,€WiclifÐ (V#&I Ðpeacefully-closed€his€devout€and€laborious€life,€at€his€rectory€of€Lutterworth,€in€1384.€Forty-oneÐ d Ðyears€after,€by€order€of€the€popish€Council€of€Constance,€his€bones€were€unearthed,€burned€to€ashes,Ð Pì Ðand€cast€into€the€Swift,€a€neighboring€brook.€ð ðThus,ðð€says€Thomas€Fuller,€ð ðthis€brook€has€conveyedÐ <Ø Ðhis€ashes€into€Avon,€Avon€into€Severn,€Severn€into€the€narrow€seas,€they€into€the€main€ocean.€AndÐ ( Ä Ðthus€the€ashes€of€Wiclif€are€the€emblem€of€his€doctrine,€which€is€now€dispersed€all€the€world€over.ððÐ  ° Ð׃×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú2Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×Ð  œ Ðà  àWiclifððs€translation€of€the€Bible€was€made€before€the€invention€of€the€printing€machines;€andÐ Ž * Ðthe€manuscripts,€though€quite€numerous,€were€very€costly.€Nicholas€Belward€suffered€from€popishÐ z  Ðcruelty€in€1429,€for€having€in€his€possession€a€copy€of€Wiclifððs€New€Testament.€That€copy€cost€himÐ f  Ðfour€marks€and€forty€pence.€This€sum,€so€much€greater€was€the€value€of€money€then€than€it€is€now,Ð Rî  Ðwas€considered€as€a€sufficient€annual€salary€for€a€curate.€The€same€value€at€the€present€time€wouldÐ >Ú  Ðpay€for€many€hundreds€of€copies€of€the€Testament,€well€printed€and€bound.€Such€are€the€marvelsÐ *Æ  Ðwrought€by€the€art€of€printing,€which€Luther€was€wont€to€call€ð ðthe€last€and€best€giftðð€of€Providence.×ƒÈ ×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú3Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×Ð ²  ÐIt€has€become€ð ðthe€capacious€reservoir€of€human€knowledge,€whose€branching€streams€diffuseÐ ž  Ðsciences,€arts,€and€morality,€through€all€ages€and€all€nations.ðð׃| ×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú4Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€Let€us€hope,€with€an€old€writer,€ð ðthatÐ îŠ  Ðthe€low€pricing€of€the€Bible€may€never€occasion€the€low€prizing€of€the€Bible.ððÐ Úv  Ðà  àLimited€as€the€circulation€of€the€English€Bible€must€have€been€in€its€manuscript€form,€it€stillÐ Æb Ðmade€no€little€trouble€for€the€monkish€doctors€of€that€day.€One€of€them,€Henry€de€Knyghton,€said,Ð ²N Ðð ðThis€Master€John€Wiclif€hath€translated€the€gospel€out€of€Latin€into€English,€which€Christ€hadÐ ž: Ðintrusted€with€the€clergy€and€doctors€of€the€Church,€that€they€might€minister€it€to€the€laity€and€weakerÐ Š& Ðsort,€according€to€the€state€of€the€times€and€the€wants€of€men.€So€that,€by€this€means,€the€gospel€isÐ v Ðmade€vulgar,€and€made€more€open€to€the€laity,€and€even€to€women€who€can€read,€than€it€used€to€beÐ bþ Ðto€the€most€learned€of€the€clergy€and€those€of€the€best€understanding!€And€what€was€before€the€chiefÐ Nê Ðgift€of€the€clergy€and€doctors€of€the€Church,€is€made€for€ever€common€to€the€laity.ðð€If€the€publicationÐ :Ö Ðof€an€English€Bible€in€manuscript€caused€such€popish€lamentations,€we€need€not€wonder€that€theÐ & Ðmultiplication€of€a€similar€work€in€print€should€afterwards€awaken€such€a€fury,€that€RowlandÐ ® ÐPhillips,€the€papistical€Vicar€of€Croydon,€in€a€noted€sermon€preached€at€St.€Paulððs€Cross,€London,Ð þš Ðin€the€year€1535,€declared;€ð ðWe€must€root€out€printing,€or€printing€will€root€out€us!ððÐ d Ðà  àManuscripts€of€Wiclifððs€complete€version€are€still€numerous.€His€Bibles€are€nearly€asÐ Pì Ðnumerous€as€his€New€Testaments;€and€there€are€besides€many€copies€of€separate€books€of€theÐ <Ø ÐScriptures.€They€are€quite€remarkable€for€their€legibility€and€beauty,€and€indicate€the€great€care€takenÐ ( Ä Ðin€making€them,€and€in€preserving€them€for€nearly€five€hundred€years.€The€New€Testament€of€thisÐ  ° Ðversion€was€printed€in€the€year€1731,€or€three€hundred€and€fifty€years€after€it€was€finished.€The€wholeÐ  œ ÐBible€by€Wiclif€was€never€printed€till€two€or€three€years€since,€when€it€appeared€at€Oxford,€with€theÐ ì ˆ ÐLatin€Vulgate,€from€which€it€was€translated,€in€parallel€columns.Ð Ø t Ðà  àContemporary€with€Wiclif,€was€John€de€Trevisa,€born€of€an€ancient€family,€at€Crocadon€inÐ Ä ` ÐCornwall.€He€was€a€secular€priest,€and€Vicar€of€Berkeley.€He€translated€several€large€works€out€ofÐ °L  ÐLatin€into€English;€and€chiefly€the€entire€Bible,€justifying€himself€by€the€example€of€the€VenerableÐ œ8  ÐBede,€who€had€done€the€same€thing€for€the€Gospel€of€John.€This€great,€and€good,€and€dangerous€taskÐ ˆ$  Ðhe€performed€by€commission€from€his€noble€and€powerful€patron€and€protector,€Lord€Thomas€deÐ t  ÐBerkeley.€This€nobleman€had€the€whole€of€the€book€of€Revelation,€in€Latin€and€French,€which€latterÐ `ü  Ðwas€then€generally€understood€by€the€better€educated€class€of€Englishmen,€written€upon€the€wallsÐ Lè  Ðand€ceiling€of€his€chapel€at€Berkeley,€where€it€was€to€be€seen€hundreds€of€years€after.€Trevisa,Ð 8Ô  Ðnotwithstanding€his€translation€of€the€Bible€made€him€obnoxious€to€the€persecutors€of€his€day,€livedÐ $À Ðand€died€unmolested,€though€known€to€be€an€enemy€of€monks€and€begging€friars.€He€expired,€fullÐ ¬ Ðof€honor€and€years,€being€little€less€than€ninety€years€of€age,€in€the€year€1397.׃×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú5Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€Little€else€is€knownÐ ü˜ Ðof€him,€or€of€his€translation,€which€did€not€supersede€the€labors€of€Wiclif.Ð è„ Ðà  àThe€òòfirst€book€ever€printed€with€metal€types€was€óóTHE€LATIN€BIBLE,€issued€by€GutenbergÐ Ôp Ðand€Fust,€at€Mentz,€in€the€Duchy€of€Hesse,€between€the€years€1450€and€1455,€for€it€bears€no€date.Ð À\ ÐIt€is€a€folio€of€641€leaves,€or€1282€pages,€in€two€volumes.€Though€a€first€attempt,€it€is€beautifullyÐ ¬H Ðprinted€on€very€fine€paper,€and€with€superior€ink.€At€least€eighteen€copies€of€this€famous€edition€areÐ ˜4 Ðknown€to€be€in€existence;€four€of€them€on€vellum,€and€fourteen€on€paper.€Twenty-five€years€ago,€oneÐ „  Ðof€the€vellum€copies€was€sold€for€five€hundred€and€four€pounds€sterling;€and€one€of€the€paper€copiesÐ p  Ðlately€brought€one€hundred€and€ninety€pounds.€Truly€venerable€relics!€Thus€the€printing-press€paidÐ \ø Ðits€òòfirst€homage€óóto€the€Best€of€Books;€the€highest€honor€ever€done€to€that€illustrious€art,€and€theÐ Hä Ðhighest€purpose€to€which€it€could€ever€be€applied.Ð 4 Ð Ðà  àThe€first€Scripture€ever€òòprintedóó€in€English€was€a€sort€of€paraphrase€of€the€seven€penitentialÐ  !¼ ÐPsalms,€so€called,€by.€John€Fisher,€the€popish€bishop€of€Rochester,€who€was€beheaded€by€Henry€VIII.Ð  "¨ Ðin€the€year€1535.€This€little€book€was€printed€in€1505.Ð ø"” Ðà  àThe€first€decided€steps,€however,€toward€giving€to€the€English€nation€a€Bible€printed€in€theirÐ ä#€  Ðown€tongue,€were€the€translations€of€the€Gospels€of€Matthew€and€Mark,€made€by€William€Tyndale,Ð Ð$l! Ðand€by€him€printed€at€Hamburg,€in€the€year€1524;€ð!ð€and€a€translation€of€the€whole€of€the€NewÐ ¼%X" ÐTestament,€printed€by€him€partly€at€Cologne,€and€partly€at€Worms,€in€1525.€After€six€editions€of€theÐ ¨&D # ÐTestament€had€been€issued,€he€published€Genesis€and€Deuteronomy,€in€1530;€and€next€year€theÐ ”'0!$ ÐPentateuch.€In€the€year€1535€was€printed€the€entire€Bible,€under€the€auspices€of€Miles€Coverdale,Ð €("% Ðwho€mostly€followed€Tyndale€as€far€as€he€had€gone;€but€without€any€other€connection€with€him.€OfÐ l)#& ÐCoverdale,€further€mention€will€be€made.€But€in€the€year€1537€appeared€a€folio€Bible,€printed€inÐ d Ðsome€city€of€Germany,€with€the€following€title,€ð!ð€ð ðThe€Byble,€which€is€the€Holy€Scripture;€in€whichÐ Pì Ðare€contayned€the€Ô_ÔOldeÔ_Ô€and€Newe€Testament,€truely€and€purely€translated€into€Englysh€ð!ð€by€ThomasÐ <Ø ÐMatthew.€ð!ð€MDXXXVII.ðð€This€is€substantially€the€basis€of€all€the€other€versions€of€the€Bible€intoÐ ( Ä ÐEnglish,€including€that€which€is€now€in€such€extensive€use.€It€contains€Tyndaleððs€labors€as€far€as€heÐ  ° Ðhad€gone€previous€to€his€martyrdom€by€fire€about€a€year€before€its€publication.€That€is€to€say,€theÐ  œ Ðwhole€of€the€New€Testament,€and€of€the€Old,€as€far€as€the€end€of€the€Second€Book€of€Chronicles,€orÐ ì ˆ Ðexactly€two-thirds€of€the€entire€Scriptures,€were€Tyndaleððs€work.€The€other€third,€comprising€theÐ Ø t Ðremainder€of€the€Old€Testament,€was€made€by€his€friend€and€co-laborer,€Thomas€Matthew,€who€wasÐ Ä ` Ðno€other€than€John€Rogers,€the€famous€martyr,€afterwards€burnt€in€the€days€of€ð ðbloody€Mary;ðð€andÐ °L  Ðwho,€at€the€time€of€his€immortal€publication,€went€by€the€name€of€Matthew.Ð œ8  Ðà  àWilliam€Tyndale,€whose€vast€services€to€the€English-speaking€branches€of€the€Church€of€GodÐ ˆ$  Ðhave€never€been€duly€appreciated,€was€born€in€the€Hundred€of€Berkeley,€and€probably€in€the€villageÐ t  Ðof€North€Nibley,€about€the€year€1484.€His€family€was€ancient€and€respectable.€His€grand-sire€wasÐ `ü  ÐHugh,€Baron€de€Tyndale.€From€an€early€age,€he€was€brought€up€at€the€University€of€Oxford.€Here,Ð Lè  Ðduring€a€lengthened€residence€ir?€Magdalen€College,€he€became€a€proficient€in€all€the€learning€of€thatÐ 8Ô  Ðday,€and€in€the€latter€part€of€his€time€read€private€lectures€in€divinity.€He€was€ordained€a€priest€inÐ $À Ð1502;€and€became€a€Minorite€Observantine€friar.€His€zeal€in€the€exposition€of€the€Scriptures€excitedÐ ¬ Ðthe€displeasure€of€the€adversaries,€and€ð ðspying€his€time,ðð€says€Foxe,€ð ðhe€removed€from€Oxford€toÐ ü˜ Ðthe€University€of€Cambridge,€where€he€likewise€made€his€abode€a€certain€space.ðð€This€place€he€hadÐ è„ Ðleft€by€1519.€In€total€independence€of€Luther,€he€arose€at€the€same€time€with€that€great€translator€ofÐ Ôp Ðthe€Bible€into€German;€being€equally€moved€with€him€to€resist€the€corruptions€and€oppressions€ofÐ À\ Ða€priesthood,€which€sought€to€imprison€and€enslave€the€minds€of€all€nations,€by€keeping€from€themÐ ¬H Ðð ðthe€key€of€knowledge.ððÐ ˜4 Ðà  àReturning€from€Cambridge€to€his€native€county,€he€spent€nearly€two€years€in€the€manor-houseÐ „  Ðof€Little€Sodbury,€as€tutor€to€the€children€of€Sir€John€Walsh.€On€the€Sabbath€he€preached€in€theÐ p  Ðneighboring€parishes,€and€especially€at€St.€Austinððs€Green,€in€Bristol.€At€Sir€Johnððs€hospitable€board,Ð \ø Ðthe€mitred€abbots,€and€other€ecclesiastics€who€swarmed€in€that€neighborhood,€were€frequent€guests;Ð Hä Ðand€Tyndale€sharply€and€constantly€disputed€their€mean€superstitions.€At€the€first,€Sir€John€and€hisÐ 4 Ð Ðlady€Anne€took€the€part€of€the€ð ðabbots,€deans,€archdeacons,€with€divers€other€doctors€andÐ  !¼ Ðgreat-beneficed€men;ðð€but€after€reading€a€translation€of€Erasmusððs€ð ðChristian€Soldierððs€Manual,ððÐ  "¨ Ðwhich€Tyndale€made€for€them,€they€took€his€part.€Upon€this,€those€ð ðdoctorly€pre-Latistsðð€forbore€SirÐ ø"” ÐJohnððs€good€cheer,€rather€than€to€take€with€it€what€Fuller€calls€ð ðthe€sour€sauceðð€of€TyndaleððsÐ ä#€  Ðconversation.€A€storm€was€now€gathering€over€his€head.€Not€only€the€ignorant€hedge-priests€at€theirÐ Ð$l! Ðale-houses,€but€the€dignified€clergymen€in€the€Bishopððs€councils€began€to€brand€him€with€the€nameÐ ¼%X" Ðof€heretic.€In€1522€he€was€summoned,€with€all€the€other€priests€of€the€district,€before€the€bishopððsÐ ¨&D # ÐChancellor.€In€their€presence€he€was€very€roughly€handled.€In€his€own€account,€he€says,€ð ðWhen€IÐ ”'0!$ Ðcame€before€the€Chancellor,€he€threatened€me€grievously,€and€reviled€me,€and€rated€me€as€thoughÐ €("% ÐI€had€been€a€dog.ððÐ l)#& Ðà  àIt€was€not€long€after€this,€that€in€disputing€with€a€divine€reputed€to€be€quite€learned,€TyndaleÐ X*ô#' Ðutterly€confounded€him€with€certain€texts€of€Scripture;€upon€which€the€irritated€papist€exclaimed,Ð D+à$( Ðð!ð€ð ðIt€were€better€for€us€to€be€without€Godððs€laws,€than€without€the€Popeððs!ðð€This€was€a€little€tooÐ 0,Ì%) Ðmuch€for€Tyndale,€who€boldly€replied,€ð ðI€defy€the€Pope,€and€all€his€laws;€and€if€God€spare€my€life,Ð d Ðere€many€years,€òòI€will€cause€a€boy€that€driveth€the€plough€to€know€more€of€the€Scripture€than€youÐ Pì Ðdo!ððóó€A€noble€boast;€and€nobly€redeemed€at€the€cost€of€his€life!€He€now€clearly€saw,€that€nothingÐ <Ø Ðcould€rescue€the€mass€of€the€English€nation€from€the€impostures€of€the€high€priests€and€low€priestsÐ ( Ä Ðof€Rome,€unless€the€Scriptures€were€placed€in€the€hands€of€all.€ð ðWhich€thing€onlyðð€he€says,€ð ðmovedÐ  ° Ðme€to€translate€the€Ô_ÔNew€Testament.€Because€I€had€perceived€by€experience,€how€that€it€wasÐ  œ Ðimpossible€to€establish€the€lay€people€in€any€truth,€except€the€Scripture€were€plainly€laid€before€theirÐ ì ˆ Ðeyes€in€the€mother€tongue.ððÐ Ø t Ðà  àWhen€he€could€no€longer€remain€at€Sir€John€Walshððs€without€bringing€that€worthy€knight,Ð Ä ` Ðas€well€as€himself,€into€danger,€Tyndale€went€to€London,€with€letters€introducing€him,€as€a€ripeÐ °L  ÐGreek€scholar,€to€the€patronage€of€that€Dr.€Tun-stall,€then€bishop€of€London,€who€afterwards€burnedÐ œ8  Ðso€many€of€Tyndaleððs€New€Testaments.€The€courtly€and€classical€bishop€refused€to€befriend€him;Ð ˆ$  Ðand€he€who€had€hoped€in€that€prelateððs€own€house€to€translate€the€New€Testament,€was€obliged€toÐ t  Ðseek€a€harbor€elsewhere.€For€nearly€a€year,€he€resided€in€the€house€of€Humphrey€Munmouth,€aÐ `ü  Ðwealthy€citizen€of€London,€and€afterwards€an€alderman,€knight,€and€sheriff.€During€this€time,€he€usedÐ Lè  Ðto€preach€in€the€Church€of€St.€Dunstanððs€in€the€West.€By€this€time,€he€was€convinced€that€no€whereÐ 8Ô  Ðin€all€England€would€he€be€permitted€to€put€in€act€the€glorious€resolve€he€had€formed€at€LittleÐ $À ÐSodbury.Ð ¬ Ðà  àIn€January,€1524,€with€a€heart€full€of€love€and€pity€for€his€native€land,€Tyndale€sailed€forÐ ü˜ ÐHamburg,€being€ð ðhelped€over€the€seaðð€by€the€generous€Munmouth,€who€also€assisted€him€during€hisÐ è„ Ðfifteen€monthsðð€abode€in€that€city.€Here€he€so€improved€his€time,€that€in€May,€1525,€he€went€toÐ Ôp ÐCologne,€and€began€to€print€his€New€Testament€in€quarto€form.€Ten€sheets€had€hardly€been€workedÐ À\ Ðoff,€before€an€alarm€was€raised,€and€the€public€authorities€forbade€the€work€to€go€on.€Tyndale€andÐ ¬H Ðhis€amanuensis,€William€Roye,€managed€to€save€those€sheets€and€to€sail€with€them€up€the€Rhine€toÐ ˜4 ÐWorms,€where€they€finished€the€edition€of€three€thousand€copies€in€comparative€safety.€A€preciousÐ „  Ðrelic,€containing€the€Prologue€and€twenty-two€chapters€of€Matthew,€is€all€that€is€known€to€exist€ofÐ p  Ðthis€memorable€edition,€which€is€in€the€German€Gothic€type.€In€the€same€year€and€place,€there€wasÐ \ø Ðprinted€another€edition,€in€small-octavo,€of€which€one€copy€is€extant€in€the€Bristol€Museum.€DuringÐ Hä Ðthe€subsequent€ten€years€of€the€Translatorððs€unquiet€life,€spent€in€labor€and€concealment€from€foes,Ð 4 Ð Ðmore€than€twenty€editions€of€this€work,€with€repeated€revisions€by€himself,€were€passed€through€theÐ  !¼ Ðpress.€These,€through€the€agency€of€pious€merchants€and€others,€were€secretly€conveyed€intoÐ  "¨ ÐEngland,€and€there€with€great€privacy€sold€and€circulated,€not€without€causing€constant€peril€andÐ ø"” Ðfrequent€suffering€to€those€into€whose€hands€they€came.€Many€copies€fell€into€the€grasp€of€theÐ ä#€  Ðenemy,€and€were€destroyed;€but€very€many€more€were€secretly€read€and€pondered€in€castles€and€inÐ Ð$l! Ðcottages,€and€powerfully€prepared€the€way€for€the€liberation€of€England€from€the€yoke€of€Rome.€ThisÐ ¼%X" ÐNew€Testament€has€been€separately€printed€in€not€less€than€fifty-six€editions,€as€well€as€in€fourteenÐ ¨&D # Ðeditions€of€the€Holy€Bible.Ð ”'0!$ Ðà  àBesides€all€these€impressions€of€the€work€as€Tyndale€left€it,€it€has€been€five€times€revised€byÐ €("% Ðable€translators,€including€those€appointed€by€King€James;€and€still€forms€substantially,€though€withÐ l)#& Ðvery€numerous€amendments,€the€version€in€common€use.€The€changes€made€in€these€revisions,Ð X*ô#' Ðthough€generally€for€the€better,€were€not€always€so.€The€substitution€of€the€word€charity,€whereÐ D+à$( ÐTyndale€had€used€love,€was€not€a€happy€change;€neither€was€that€of€church,€where€he€had€employedÐ 0,Ì%) Ðòòcongregation.€óóStill,€large€portions€of€his€work€remain€untouched,€and€are€read€verbally€as€he€leftÐ d Ðthem,€except€in€the€matter€of€spelling.€The€fidelity€of€his€rendering€is€such€as€might€be€expected€fromÐ Pì Ðhis€conscientious€care.€ð ðFor€I€call€God€to€record,ðð€he€says,€in€his€reply€to€Lord€Chancellor€More,Ð <Ø Ðð ðagainst€the€day€we€shall€appear€before€our€Lord€Jesus,€to€give€a€reckoning€of€our€doings,òò€that€IÐ ( Ä Ðnever€altered€one€syllable€of€Godððs€Word€against€my€conscience;óó€nor€would€this€day,€if€all€that€isÐ  ° Ðin€the€earth,€whether€it€be€pleasure,€honor,€or€riches,€might€be€given€me.ððÐ  œ Ðà  àNot€only€was€this€holy€man€faithful€in€his€great€work,€but€he€was€fully€qualified€for€it€by€hisÐ ì ˆ Ðscholarship.€His€sound€learning€is€evident€enough€on€reading€his€pages.€Certain€historians,€however,Ð Ø t Ðwhile€acknowledging€his€proficiency€in€Greek€literature,€have€represented€him€as€having€little€or€noÐ Ä ` Ðacquaintance€with€Hebrew,€and€as€making€his€translations€of€the€Old€Testament€from€the€òòLatinóó€orÐ °L  Ðelse€the€òòGerman.€óóAs€for€German,€then€a€rude€speech€just€taking€its€ð ðform€and€pressureðð€from€theÐ œ8  Ðgenius€of€Martin€Luther,€there€is€no€evidence€that€Tyndale€ever€had€much€acquaintance€with€it.€ButÐ ˆ$  Ðof€his€knowledge€of€Hebrew-€there€can€be€no€question.€In€his€answer€to€Sir€Thomas€Moreððs€hugeÐ t  Ðvolume€against€him,€he€accuses€the€prelates€of€having€lost€the€understanding€of€the€plain€text,€ð ðandÐ `ü  Ðof€the€Greek,€Latin,€and€especially€of€the€HEBREW,€òòwhich€is€MOST€of€need€to€be€known,€óóand€of€allÐ Lè  Ðphrases,€the€proper€manner€of€speakings,€and€borrowed€speech€of€the€òòHebrews.ððóó€In€these€words€heÐ 8Ô  Ðclearly€indicates€his€critical€familiarity€with€the€òòHebraismsóó€of€the€New€Testament,€which€containsÐ $À Ðso€many€expressions€conformed€rather€to€the€idiom€of€the€Hebrew€tongue€than€to€that€of€the€Greek.Ð ¬ ÐGeorge€Joye,€once€occupied€as€his€amanuensis,€who€turned€against€him,€bears€unwitting€testimonyÐ ü˜ Ðupon€this€point.€ð ðI€am€not€afraid,ðð€he€says,€ð ðto€answer€Master€Tyndale€in€this€matter,òò€for€all€his€highÐ è„ Ðlearning€in€Hebrew,€Greek€and€Latin,€etc.ððóó€What€were€the€other€tongues€Joye€referred€to,€we€learnÐ Ôp Ðfrom€Herman€Buschius,€a€learned€professor,€who€was€acquainted€with€Tyndale€both€at€Marburg€andÐ À\ ÐWorms.€Spalatin,€the€friend€of€Luther,€says€in€his€Diary,€ð!ð€ð ðBuschius€told€me,€that,€at€Worms,€sixÐ ¬H Ðthousand€copies€of€the€New€Testament€had€been€printed€in€English.€The€work€was€translated€by€anÐ ˜4 ÐEnglishman€staying€there€with€two€others,€ð!ð€a€man€so€skilled€in€the€seven€languages,€òòHebrew,€óóGreek,Ð „  ÐLatin,€Italian,€Spanish,€English,€and€French,€that€whichever€he€spake,€you€would€suppose€it€his€nativeÐ p  Ðtongue.ððÐ \ø Ðà  àWe€must€draw€this€account€of€Tyndale€to€a€close.׃×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú6Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€But€one€curious€incident€must€beÐ Hä Ðmentioned,€which€took€place€in€1529.€Tunstall,€then€bishop€of€the€wealthy€see€of€Durham,€boughtÐ 4 Ð Ðup€the€balance€of€an€edition€of€the€New€Testament,€which€hung€on€Tyndaleððs€hands€at€Antwerp,€andÐ  !¼ Ðburned€them.€The€purchase€was€made€through€one€Packington,€a€merchant€who€secretly€favoredÐ  "¨ ÐTyndale.€The€latter€rejoiced€to€sell€off€his€unsold€copies,€being€anxious€to€put€to€press€a€new€andÐ ø"” Ðcorrected€edition,€which€he€was€too€poor€to€publish€till€thus€furnished€with€the€means€by€TunstallððsÐ ä#€  Ðsimplicity.€A€year€or€two€after,€George€Constantine,€one€of€Tyndaleððs€coadjutors,€fell€into€the€handsÐ Ð$l! Ðof€Sir€Thomas€More.€That€bitter€persecutor€promised€his€prisoner€a€pardon,€provided€he€would€giveÐ ¼%X" Ðup€the€name€of€the€person€who€defrayed€the€expense€of€this€Bible-printing€business.€Constantine,Ð ¨&D # Ðbeing€something€of€a€wag,€and€aware€that€More€was€a€dear€lover€of€a€joke,€accepted€the€offer,€andÐ ”'0!$ Ðamused€the€Chancellor€by€informing€him€that€the€bishop€of€Durham€was€their€greatest€encourager;Ð €("% Ðfor,€by€buying€up€the€unsold€copies€at€a€good€round€sum,€he€had€enabled€them€to€produce€a€secondÐ d Ðand€improved€edition.€Sir€Thomas€greatly€enjoyed€the€joke,€and€said€he€had€told€Tunstall€at€the€time,Ð Pì Ðthat€such€would€be€the€result€of€his€fine€speculation.€ð ðThis,ðð€as€DððIsraeli€says,€ð ðwas€the€first€lessonÐ <Ø Ðwhich€taught€persecutors€that€it€is€easier€to€burn€authors€than€books.ððÐ ( Ä Ðà  àEarly€in€1535,€Tyndale€who€had€been€constantly€hunted€by€the€emissaries€of€his€EnglishÐ  ° Ðpersecutors,€was€betrayed€by€one€Phillips,€a€tool€of€Stephen€Gardiner,€the€cruel€and€crafty€bishop€ofÐ  œ ÐWinchester.€He€suffered€an€imprisonment€of€more€than€eighteen€months€in€the€castle€of€Vil-vorde,Ð ì ˆ Ðwhere€he€was€the€means€of€converting€the€jailor,€the€jailorððs€daughter,€and€others€of€the€household.Ð Ø t ÐAll€that€conversed€with€him€in€the€castle€bore€witness€to€the€purity€of€his€character;€and€even€theÐ Ä ` ÐEmperor€Charles€the€Fifthððs€Procurator-General,€or€chief€prosecuting€officer,€who€saw€him€there,Ð °L  Ðsaid€that€he€was€ð ðhomo€doctus,€pius,€et€bonus,ðð€ð!ð€ð ða€learned,€pious,€and€good€man.ðð€It€was€Friday,Ð œ8  Ðthe€sixth€of€October,€1536,€when€this€man,€ð ðof€whom€the€world€was€not€worthy,ðð€and€who€ought€toÐ ˆ$  Ðbe€famed€as€the€noblest€and€greatest€benefactor€of€the€English€race€in€all€the€world,€was€brought€forthÐ t  Ðto€die.€Being€fastened€to€the€stake,€he€cried€out€with€a€fervent€zeal,€and€a€loud€voice,€ð!ð€òòð ðóóLòòORD,Ð `ü  ÐOPEN€THE€EYES€OF€THE€KING€OF€ENGLANDóó!ðð€He€was€then€strangled,€and€burned€to€ashes.Ð Lè  ÐThus€departed€one€for€whom€heaven€was€ready;€but€for€whom€earth,€to€this€hour,€has€no€monument,Ð 8Ô  Ðexcept€the€Bible€he€gave€to€so€many€of€her€millions.Ð $À ÐÌÓ  Óà @ àð ðHe€lived€unknownÐ ü˜ ÐÓ­Óà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà8¸ ` x` xàTill€persecution€dragged€him€into€fame,€Ð脸 ¸  Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà8¸ ` x` xàAnd€chased€him€up€to€Heaven.€His€ashes€new€ð!ð€€ÐÔp¸ ¸  Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà8¸ ` x` xàNo€marble€tells€us€whither.€With€his€name€ÐÀ\¸ ¸  Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà8¸ ` x` xàNo€bard€embalms€and€sanctifies€his€song;€Ð¬H¸ ¸  Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà8¸ ` x` xàAnd€history,€so€warm€on€meaner€themes,€Ð˜4¸ ¸  Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà8¸ ` x` xàIs€cold€on€this.ððЄ ¸ ¸  ÐÌà  àBut€there€is€a€better€world,€where€he€is€not-forgotten.€ð ðAlso€now,€behold,€his€witness€is€inÐ \ø Ðheaven,€and€his€record€is€on€high.ððÐ Hä Ðà  àOld€John€Foxe,€the€martyrologist,€who€justly€calls€Tyndale€ð ðthe€Apostle€of€England,ðð€givesÐ 4 Ð Ðthe€following€beautiful€sketch€of€the€man€ð!ð€€ð ðFirst,€he€was€a€man€very€frugal,€and€spare€of€body,€aÐ  !¼ Ðgreat€student€and€earnest€laborer€in€setting€forth€the€Scriptures€of€God.€He€reserved€or€hallowed€toÐ  "¨ Ðhimself,€two€days€in€the€week,€which€he€named€his€pastime,€Monday€and€Saturday.€On€Monday€heÐ ø"” Ðvisited€all€such€poor€men€and€women€as€were€fled€out€of€England,€by€reason€of€persecution,€untoÐ ä#€  ÐAntwerp;€and€these,€once€well€understanding€their€good€exercises€and€qualities,€he€did€very€liberallyÐ Ð$l! Ðcomfort€and€relieve;€and€in€like€manner€provided€for€the€sick€and€diseased€persons.€On€the€Saturday,Ð ¼%X" Ðhe€walked€round€the€town,€seeking€every€corner€and€hole,€where€he€suspected€any€poor€person€toÐ ¨&D # Ðdwell;€and€where€he€found€any€to€be€well€occupied,€and€yet€over-burthened€with€children,€or€elseÐ ”'0!$ Ðwere€aged€and€weak,€these€also€he€plentifully€relieved.€And€thus€he€spent€his€two€days€of€pastime,Ð €("% Ðas€he€called€it.€And€truly€his€alms€were€very€large,€and€so€they€might€well€be;€for€his€exhibition€[I.Ð l)#& Ðe.€pension]€that€he€had€yearly€of€the€English€merchants€at€Antwerp,€when€living€there,€wasÐ X*ô#' Ðconsiderable,€and€that€for€the€most€part€he€bestowed€upon€the€poor.€The€rest€of€the€days€of€the€weekÐ D+à$( Ðhe€gave€wholly€to€his€Book,€wherein€he€most€diligently€travailed.€When€the€Sunday€came,€then€wentÐ 0,Ì%) Ðhe€to€some€one€merchantððs€chamber,€or€other,€whither€came€many€other€merchants,€and€unto€themÐ d Ðwould€he€read€some€one€parcel€of€Scripture;€the€which€proceeded€so€fruitfully,€sweetly,€and€gentlyÐ Pì Ðfrom€him,€much€like€to€the€writing€of€John€the€Evangelist,€that€it€was€a€heavenly€comfort€and€joy€toÐ <Ø Ðthe€audience,€to€hear€him€read€the€Scriptures:€likewise,€after€dinner,€he€spent€an€hour€in€the€sameÐ ( Ä Ðmanner.€He€was€a€man€without€any€spot€or€blemish€of€rancor€or€malice,€full€of€mercy€andÐ  ° Ðcompassion,€so€that€no€man€living€was€able€to€reprove€him€of€any€sin€or€crime;€although€hisÐ  œ Ðrighteousness€and€justification€depended€not€thereupon€before€God;€but€only€upon€the€blood€ofÐ ì ˆ ÐChrist,€and€his€faith€upon€the€same.€In€this€faith€he€died,€with€constancy,€at€Vilvorde,€and€now€restethÐ Ø t Ðwith€the€glorious€company€of€Christððs€martyrs,€blessedly€in€the€Lord.ððÐ Ä ` Ðà  àThe€good€manððs€work€did€not€die€with€him.€During€the€last€year€of€his€life,€nine€or€moreÐ °L  Ðeditions€of€his€Testament€issued€from€the€press,€and€found€their€way€into€England€ð ðthick€andÐ œ8  Ðthreefold.ðð€But€what€is€strangest€of€all,€and€is€unexplained€to€this€day,€at€the€very€time€when€TyndaleÐ ˆ$  Ðby€the€procurement€of€English€ecclesiastics,€and€by€the€sufferance€of€the€English€king,€was€burnedÐ t  Ðat€Vilvorde,€a€folio-edition€of€his€Translation€was€printed€at€London,€with€his€name€on€the€title-page,Ð `ü  Ðand€by€Thomas€Berthelet,€the€kingððs€own€patent€printer.€This€was€the€first€copy€of€the€Scriptures€everÐ Lè  Ðprinted€on€English€ground.Ð 8Ô  Ðà  àThe€next€year,€1537,€two€translations€of€the€entire€Bible,€printed€in€folio€on€the€continent,Ð $À Ðmade€their€appearance€in€England.€One€of€these€was€Tyndaleððs€version,€completed€and€edited€by€hisÐ ¬ Ðdevoted€friend€and€assistant,€John€Rogers,€otherwise€known€as€Thomas€Matthew.€The€other€was€theÐ ü˜ Ðwork€of€Miles€Cover-dale,€afterwards€bishop€of€Exeter.Ð è„ Ðà  àRogers€was€born€at€Deritend€in€Warwickshire,€about€the€year€1500.€He€was€educated€atÐ Ôp ÐCambridge,€and€was€for€some€years€chaplain€to€the€English€factory€at€Antwerp.€He€also€ministeredÐ À\ Ðfor€twelve€years€to€a€German€congregation.€He€returned€to€England€during€the€reign€of€Edward€VI.,Ð ¬H Ðin€the€year€1550.€He€was€made€rector€of€St.€Margaret€Moyses,€and€after€that€vicar€of€St.€Sepulchreððs;Ð ˜4 Ðtwo€of€the€London€churches.€The€next€year€he€resigned€the€rectory€on€being€appointed€one€of€theÐ „  Ðprebendaries€of€St.€Paulððs.€When€ð ðbloody€Maryðð€came€to€the€throne,€he€was€at€once€in€trouble,€butÐ p  Ðrefused€to€escape€to€the€continent,€as€he€might€have€done.€For€half€a€year,€he€remained€a€prisoner€inÐ \ø Ðhis€own€house;€and€during€the€whole€of€1554€he€was€confined€in€Newgate€among€thieves€andÐ Hä Ðmurderers,€to€some€of€whom€he€was€an€instrument€of€good.€He€was€very€harshly€and€cruelly€treated,Ð 4 Ð Ðand€being€the€first€of€Maryððs€victims,€he€is€honorably€known€as€the€òòProto-martyróó€of€thatÐ  !¼ Ðfiery-persecution.€He€was€burned€alive€at€Smithfield,€January€4th,€1555.€He€thus€suffered€with€greatÐ  "¨ Ðconstancy€and€piety.€His€wife,€whom€he€had€married€eighteen€years€before,€was€a€German,€AdrianceÐ ø"” Ðde€Weyden.€She€is€sometimes€called€òòPrat,óó€which€is€the€English€form€of€the€same€name,€bothÐ ä#€  Ðmeaning€meadow.€He€was€refused€permission€to€see€her;€but€she€met€him€with€all€her€children,€asÐ Ð$l! Ðhe€was€on€his€way€to€the€fatal€stake.€It€has€been€much€disputed,€whether€they€had€nine,€ten,€or€elevenÐ ¼%X" Ðchildren.€The€fact€seems€to€be,€that,€at€the€time€of€his€imprisonment€in€Newgate,€they€had€nine;€andÐ ¨&D # Ðanother€was€born€afterwards.€In€documents€written€during€his€confinement,€he€repeatedly€speaks€ofÐ ”'0!$ Ðhis€ten€children.€His€widow€returned€with€her€fatherless€flock€to€Germany.€Daniel€Rogers,€probablyÐ €("% Ðthe€eldest€child,€lived€to€be€Queen€Elizabethððs€ambassador€to€Belgium,€Germany,€and€Denmark.Ð l)#& ÐRichard€Rogers,€the€famous€Puritan€minister€of€Weathersfield,€was,€in€all€probability,€another€sonÐ X*ô#' Ðof€the€martyr;€and€if€so,€then€the€numerous€families€in€New€England€which€trace€their€descent€fromÐ D+à$( ÐRichard,€are€descended€from€the€illustrious€Bible€Translator€and€Protomartyr.€Ð 0,Ì%) Ðà  àThe€origin€of€Miles€Coverdale€is€very€obscure,€no€other€person€being€known€of€that€surname.Ð d ÐHe€was€a€native€of€Yorkshire,€and€born€in€1488.€It€is€said€that€he€graduated€as€Bachelor€of€CanonÐ Pì ÐLaw,€at€Cambridge,€in€1531.€He€afterwards€received€a€Doctorððs€degree€from€Tubingen€andÐ <Ø ÐCambridge.€He€was€an€Augustine€friar,€and€enjoyed€the€powerful€protection€of€the€lord€CrumwellÐ ( Ä Ðwhile€he€was€the€prime€minister€of€England.€He€was€an€eminent€scholar;€and€was€put€upon€the€workÐ  ° Ðof€translating€the€Bible€by€some€influential€patrons,€who€also€paid€the€cost€of€publication.€The€firstÐ  œ Ðedition€purports€to€be€faithfully€translated€out€of€the€German€and€Latin,€and€is€dedicated€to€HenryÐ ì ˆ ÐVIII.€and€his€queen,€Anne€Boleyn.€It€is€dated€1535;€but€the€place€where€it€was€printed€is€uncertain.Ð Ø t ÐIt€is€a€mistake€to€suppose,€as€many€have€done,€that€he€acted€in?€concert€with€either€Tyndale€orÐ Ä ` ÐRogers.€That€he€was€skilled€in€the€Hebrew€and€Greek€tongues€is€certain,€though€he€professes€toÐ °L  Ðtranslate€from€the€German€and€Latin,€in€which€languages€he€had€five€versions€before€him.€His€workÐ œ8  Ðwas€ð ðset€forth€with€the€Kyngeððs€most€gracious€license;ðð€and€was€warmly€favored€by€the€potentÐ ˆ$  ÐCrumwell,€and€by€Cranmer,€archbishop€of€Canterbury.Ð t  Ðà  àBut€notwithstanding€all€this€favor,€his€book€could€not€displace€the€labors€of€the€martyredÐ `ü  ÐTyndale,€which€received€and€retained€such€a€decided€preference,€that€Coverdale€himself€repeat€edlyÐ Lè  Ðedited€impressions€of€the€rival€translation.€Cranmer€gave€a€decided€preference€to€RogersððsÐ 8Ô  Ðpublication€of€his€own€and€Tyndaleððs€labors,€and€entreated€the€Vicar-General€Crumwell€to€exertÐ $À Ðhimself€to€procure€the€Kingððs€consent,€that€it€may€be€ð ðread€of€every€person,€without€danger€of€anyÐ ¬ Ðact,€proclamation,€or€ordinance€heretofore€granted€to€the€contrary,€until€such€time€that€we,€theÐ ü˜ ÐBishops,€shall€set€forth€a€better€translation,€which€I€think€will€not€be€till€a€day€after€doomsday.ðð€TheÐ è„ Ðlicense€was€fully€conceded;€and€thus,€almost€before€the€ashes€of€Tyndale€had€had€time€to€cool,€hisÐ Ôp Ðlabors€received€the€warm€sanction€and€approbation€of€the€great€men€who€had€denied€him€allÐ À\ Ðcountenance€or€support,€and€who€ten€years€before€were€quite€indignant€at€his€efforts.€This€translationÐ ¬H Ðwill€never€be€suppressed€again.€It€may€be€corrected€and€improved,€and€at€times€it€may€be€denouncedÐ ˜4 Ðand€burned;€and€after€seventy€years,€King€Jamesððs€fifty€learned€men€may€spend€three€or€four€yearsÐ „  Ðin€making€it,€as€they€say,€ð ðmore€smooth€and€easy,€and€agreeable€to€the€text.ðð€But€the€work€has€beenÐ p  Ðsubstantially€the€basis€of€all€the€subsequent€editions€of€the€Bible€in€English€unto€this€day.Ð \ø Ðà  àGrafton,€who€printed€Rogersððs€Bible€just€mentioned,€commenced€the€next€folio€edition,€ofÐ Hä Ðtwo€thousand€five€hundred€copies,€at€Paris,€in€1538.€The€reason€for€executing€the€work€at€that€placeÐ 4 Ð Ðwas€the€high€perfection€to€which€the€art€of€printing€was€then€carried€there.€But€when€the€edition€wasÐ  !¼ Ðnearly€completed,€the€Inquisition€pounced€upon€it,€and€had€nearly-succeeded€in€destroying€it.€TheÐ  "¨ Ðprinted€sheets,€however,€were€rescued€and€carried€to€London!€Also€the€printing€presses€and€typesÐ ø"” Ðwere€purchased;€and€even€the€workmen€removed€with€them;€so€that€in€two€months€more€the€entireÐ ä#€  Ðvolume€was€completed€at€London.€At€the€end€of€these€copies€is€found€the€inscription,€ð!ð€ð ðThe€EndeÐ Ð$l! Ðof€the€New€Testament,€and€of€the€whole€Byble,€fynished€in€Apryll€anno€1539.€It€is€the€Lordððs€doing.ððÐ ¼%X" ÐThe€work€was€accomplished€at€the€procurement€and€expense€of€the€Lord€Chancellor€Crumwell.€ThusÐ ¨&D # Ðafter€a€struggle€of€fifteen€yearsðð€continuance,€since€Tyndale€left€England,€his€Bible€obtains€a€secureÐ ”'0!$ Ðfooting€upon€his€native€soil.€Crumwell,€as€ð ðvicegerent€unto€the€Kingððs€Highness,ðð€issued€hisÐ €("% Ðinjunctions,€that€a€copy€of€this€book€should€be€conveniently€placed€in€every€parish-church,€at€theÐ l)#& Ðjoint€expense€of€the€parson€and€the€parishioners;€and€no€man€should€be€in€any€way€discouraged€fromÐ X*ô#' Ðreading,€or€hearing€it€readð"ðbut€contrariwise,€that€every€person€should€be€stirred€up€and€exhorted€toÐ D+à$( Ðthe€diligent€study€of€the€Word€of€God.€In€another€of€the€injunctions,€the€clergyman€in€every€churchÐ 0,Ì%) Ðis€required€to€make,€or€cause€to€be€made,€one€sermon,€every€quarter€of€the€year€at€least,€wherein€heÐ d Ðshall€ð ðpurely€and€sincerely€declare€the€very€gospel€of€Christ.ðð€The€issuing€of€such€an€injunction€givesÐ Pì Ða€deplorable€view€of€the€qualifications€of€the€ministry,€and€of€the€miserable€plight€of€the€people€asÐ <Ø Ðto€religious€instruction,€at€that€day.€An€old€historian,€Strype,€thus€speaks€of€the€interest€excited€byÐ ( Ä Ðthose€old€folios,€usually€secured€by€a€chain€to€a€reading-desk€attached€to€one€of€the€pillars€in€theÐ  ° Ðchurches,€ð!ð€It€was€wonderful€to€see€with€what€joy€this€book€of€God€was€received,€not€only€amongÐ  œ Ðthe€learneder€sort,€but€generally€all€England€over,€among€all€the€vulgar€and€common€people;€andÐ ì ˆ Ðwith€what€greediness€the€Word€of€God€was€read,€and€what€resort€to€places€where€the€reading€of€itÐ Ø t Ðwas!€Every€body€that€could,€bought€the€book,€or€busily€read€it,€or€got€others€to€read€it€to€them,€if€theyÐ Ä ` Ðcould€not€themselves.€Divers€more€elderly€people€learned€to€read€on€purpose;€and€even€little€boysÐ °L  Ðflocked,€among€the€rest,€to€hear€portions€of€the€Holy€Scripture€read.ðð€Thus€was€brought€to€pass€thatÐ œ8  Ðmemorable€saying€of€Tyndaleððs€to€the€mitred€Abbots€of€Winchcombe€and€Tewksbury,€ð!ð€ð ðIf€GodÐ ˆ$  Ðspare€my€life,€ere€many€years,€I€will€cause€a€boy€that€drives€the€plough€to€know€more€of€theÐ t  ÐScriptures€than€you€do!ðð€All€this€was€gall€and€wormwood€to€Stephen€Gardiner,€and€the€other€popishÐ `ü  Ðclergy,€who,€as€Foxe€says,€ð ðdid€mightily€stomach€and€malign€the€printing€of€this€Bible.ððÐ Lè  Ðà  àDuring€the€next€year,€1539,€the€printing€and€circulation€of€the€Bible€went€on€with€greatÐ 8Ô  Ðactivity.€The€King€himself,€in€a€public€proclamation,€urged€upon€his€subjects,€ð ðthe€free€and€liberalÐ $À Ðuse€of€the€Bible€in€their€own€maternal€English€tongue,ðð€as€the€only€means€by€which€they€could€learnÐ ¬ Ðtheir€duty€to€God€or€man.Ð ü˜ Ðà  àIn€the€following€year,€those€great€Bibles,€now€called€ð ðCranmerððs€Bibles,ðð€first€appeared.Ð è„ ÐThese€were€published€under€the€archbishopððs€direction,€with€a€preface€written€by€him,€warmlyÐ Ôp Ðpleading€in€behalf€of€the€domestic€reading€of€the€Word€of€God;€and€quoting,€in€favor€of€the€practice,Ð À\ Ðsome€eloquent€passages€from€Chrysostom€and€Gregory€the€Nazienzene.€The€following€passage€isÐ ¬H Ðtaken€from€Chrysostom,€who€insists€ð ðthat€every€man€should€read€by€himself€at€home,€in€the€meanÐ ˜4 Ðdays€and€time,€between€sermon€and€sermon;€that€when€they€were€at€home€in€their€houses,€theyÐ „  Ðshould€apply€themselves,€from€time€to€time,€to€the€reading€of€the€Holy€Scriptures.€For€the€Holy€SpiritÐ p  Ðhath€so€ordered€and.€attempered€the€Scriptures,€that€in€them,€as€well€publicans,€fishers€andÐ \ø Ðshepherds,€may€find€their€edification,€as€great€doctors€their€erudition.€But€still€you€will€say,€I€cannotÐ Hä Ðunderstand€it!€What€marvel?€How€shouldest€thou€understand,€if€thou€wilt€not€read€nor€look€upon€it?Ð 4 Ð ÐTake€the€books€into€thine€hands,€read€the€whole€story,€and€that€thou€understandest,€keep€it€well€inÐ  !¼ Ðmemory;€that€thou€understandest€not,€read€it€again€and€again.€Here€all€manner€of€persons,€men,Ð  "¨ Ðwomen;€young,€old;€learned,€unlearned;€rich,€poor;€priests,€laymen;€lords,€ladies;€officers,€tenants,Ð ø"” Ðand€mean€men;€virgins,€wives,€widows;€lawyers,€merchants,€artificers,€husbandmen,€and€all€mannerÐ ä#€  Ðof€persons,€of€what€estate€or€condition€soever€they€be,€may€in€this€Book€learn€all€things,€what€theyÐ Ð$l! Ðought€to€believe,€what€they€ought€to€do,€and€what€they€should€not€do,€as€well€concerning€AlmightyÐ ¼%X" ÐGod,€as€also€concerning€themselves€and€all€others.ðð€One€edition€of€ð ðCranmerððs€Bible,ðð€which€variesÐ ¨&D # Ðbut€slightly€from€Tyndale€and€Rogers,€was€issued€this€year,€under€the€royal€command,€sanctionedÐ ”'0!$ Ðin€-the€title-page€and€preface€by€two€prelates€of€the€popish€party,€Cuthbert€Tunstal,€bishop€ofÐ €("% ÐDurham,€and€Nicolas€Heath,€bishop€of€Rochester.€So€potent€was€the€will€of€the€tyrant,€who,€aboutÐ l)#& Ðthat€same€time,€executed€in€one€day,€and€at€the€same€spot,€three€advocates€of€the€ð ðold€learning,ðð€andÐ X*ô#' Ðas€many€of€the€ð ðnew€learning,ðð€as€popery€and€Protestantism€were€then€respectively€known.€SoÐ D+à$( Ðimpartial€in€cruelties€and€persecutions€was€that€odious€monster€of€lust€and€tyranny.€What€an€age!Ð 0,Ì%) Ðwhen€men€suffered€equally€for€not€reading€the€Bible,€and€for€not€reading€it€with€the€despotððs€eyes.Ð d ÐBut€how€wonderful€are€the€ways€of€divine€Providence€in€so€ordering€it,€that€the€very€Tunstal€whoÐ Pì Ðwas€so€eager€to€buy€up€and€burn€the€labors€of€Tyndale€when€printed€at€Antwerp€but€half€a€score€ofÐ <Ø Ðyears€before,€is€now€editing€the€same€at€London,€in€repeated€editions!€These€noble€and€finely€print-e4Ð ( Ä Ðfolios,€of€which€four€or€five€impressions€were€made€in€little€more€than€a€year,€were€published€at€theÐ  ° Ðexpense€and€risk€of€Anthony€Marler,€a€London€merchant.€Even€the€Bishop€of€London,€the€ð ðbloodyÐ  œ ÐBonner,ðð€chief€butcher€of€the€Protestant€martyrs€in€the€subsequent€ð ðburning€timesðð€of€Queen€Mary,Ð ì ˆ Ðactively€promoted€the€circulation€and€reading€of€the€Scriptures€in€English.€This€vile€hypocrite,€andÐ Ø t Ðflatterer€of€royalty,€set€up€six€large€Bibles€for€public€perusal€in€his€cathedral€of€St.€Paulðð-s,€whereÐ Ä ` Ðthey€were€read€aloud€to€attentive€throngs€of€young€and€old.€Stephen€Gardiner,€the€wily€Bishop€ofÐ °L  ÐWinchester,€and€other€crafty€and€malignant€opposers,€tried€many€crooked€policies€to€hinder€the€freeÐ œ8  Ðcourse€of€Godððs€word,€but€their€subtle€devices€came€to€naught.€As€Thomas€Becon,€afterwardsÐ ˆ$  ÐChristððs€faithful€martyr,€witnessed,€ð ðThe€most€Sacred€Bible€is€most€freely€permitted€to€be€read€ofÐ t  Ðevery€man€in€the€English€tongue.€Many€savor€Christ€aright,€and€daily€the€number€increaseth,€thanksÐ `ü  Ðbe€to€God!ððÐ Lè  Ðà  àTyndaleððs€translation€had€been€many€times€printed€under€the€names€of€Matthew,€Taverner,Ð 8Ô  ÐCranmer,€Tunstal€and€Heath;€and€under€all€of€them,€had€received€the€royal€sanction,€and€had€beenÐ $À Ðð ðappointed€to€be€read€in€Churches.ðð€But€still€the€name€of€Tyndale€was€offensive€to€the€brutal€HenryÐ ¬ Ðand€his€slavish€parliament.€By€act€of€parliament,€in€1543,€his€translation,€though€in€current€andÐ ü˜ Ðalmost€exclusive€use,€was€branded€as€crafty,€false,€and€untrue,ðð€and€was€ð ðforbidden€to€be€kept€andÐ è„ Ðused€in€this€realm,€or€elsewhere€in€any€of€the€Kingððs€dominions.ðð€Acts€of€parliament€are€said€to€beÐ Ôp Ðso€near€omnipotent,€that€ð ðthey€can€do€any€thing€except€changing€a€man€into€a€woman;ðð€but€they€canÐ À\ Ðno€more€bind€the€Word€of€God,€than€they€can€change€the€winds€and€light€of€heaven.€The€same€actÐ ¬H Ðof€parliament€which€prohibited€this€version€in€one€clause,€ignorantly€enforced€its€use€in€its€otherÐ ˜4 Ðclauses,€and€also€vainly€attempted€to€restrict€its€use€by€the€ð ðlower€ordersðð€of€the€people.Ð „  Ðà  àThe€wretched€Henry€VIII.€died€in€1546.€He€was€succeeded€by€his€only€surviving€son,€EdwardÐ p  ÐVI,€who€held€the€throne€but€six€years€and€five€months,€when€he€died€of€consumption,€at€the€age€ofÐ \ø Ðsixteen.€This€intellectual-€and€pious€child€was€one€of€those€ð ðwho€trembled€at€Godððs€Word,ðð€whichÐ Hä Ðhe€loved€and€venerated;€and€which€had€ð ðfree€course€and€was€glorifiedðð€during€his€brief€reign.€At€hisÐ 4 Ð Ðcoronation,€three€swords€were€brought,€to€be€carried€before€him,€in€token€that€three€realms€wereÐ  !¼ Ðsubject€to€his€sway.€The€precocious€prince€said€that€yet€another€sword€must€be€brought;€and€whenÐ  "¨ Ðthe€attending€nobles€asked€what€sword€that€might€be,€he€answered,€ð!ð€ð ðThe€Bible!ðð€That,€said€he,€ð ðisÐ ø"” Ðthe€sword€of€the€Spirit,€and€to€be€preferred€before€these€swords.€That€ought,€in€all€right,€to€governÐ ä#€  Ðus,€who€use€the€others€for€the€peopleððs€safety,€by€Godððs€appointment.ðð€Adding€some€similarÐ Ð$l! Ðexpressions,€he€commanded€the€Sacred€Volume€to€be€brought,€and€to€be€borne€reverently€before€himÐ ¼%X" Ðin€the€grand€procession.€In€the€course€of€his€reign,€the€Bible€cause€prospered€greatly.€At€leastÐ ¨&D # Ðthirty-five€editions€of€the€New€Testament€appeared,€and€fourteen€editions€of€the€whole€Bible€inÐ ”'0!$ ÐEnglish.Ð €("% Ðà  àEdwardððs€first€Parliament€repealed€the€Act€passed€by€his€fatherððs€last€parliament€against€theÐ l)#& Ðlabors€of€Tyndale.€Cranmer,€who€was€at€the€head€of€the€regency,€made€no€attempt€to€press€the€useÐ X*ô#' Ðof€his€own€correction€or€revision€of€Tyndaleððs€version;€and€most€of€the€editions€followed€the€olderÐ D+à$( Ðcopies,€which€were€the€more€popular.€When€Henry€died,€there€were€fourteen€printing-offices€inÐ 0,Ì%) ÐEngland.€In€Edwardððs€time€these€were€increased€to€fifty-seven;€of€which,€not€less€than€thirty-one,€andÐ d Ðthese€the€most€respectable,€were€engaged€either€in€printing€or€publishing€the€Sacred€Scriptures.€ThisÐ Pì Ðshort€reign€was€a€period€of€unexampled€activity€in€the€good€work,€which€was€sadly€interrupted€byÐ <Ø Ðthe€lamented€death€of€the€king€in€1553.Ð ( Ä Ðà  àHis€reign€was€followed€by€that€of€his€sister,€the€bigoted€and€melancholy€Mary;€who,€duringÐ  ° Ðher€reign€of€five€years€and€more,€did€her€utmost€to€suppress€the€Word€of€God€in€her€realm,€and€toÐ  œ Ðrestore€the€authority€of€Romish€corruptions€and€pretended€traditions.€It€was€not€till€she€had€beenÐ ì ˆ Ðmore€than€a€year€and€a€half€on€the€throne,€that€she€felt€herself€seated€firmly€enough€to€dip€her€handsÐ Ø t Ðin€the€blood€of€her€Protestant€subjects.€During€this€time,€hundreds€who€saw€the€gradual€rising€of€theÐ Ä ` Ðstorm€of€persecution,€fled€for€shelter€to€continental€Europe.€Nearly€one€thousand€of€these€exiles€wereÐ °L  Ðlearned€Englishmen,€who€were€scattered€abroad€in€many€cities.€Meanwhile,€in€England,€two€hundredÐ œ8  Ðand€eighty-eight€faithful€martyrs,€including€one€arch-bishop,€four€bishops,€many€clergymen€andÐ ˆ$  Ðdoctors€in€divinity,€as€also€men,€women€and€children€of€every€rank€in€life,€were€committed€to€theÐ t  Ðflames€for€their€love€to€Godððs€Word,€and€their€adherence€to€its€teachings.€The€first€who€thus€sufferedÐ `ü  Ðwas€that€John€Rogers€who€had€done€so€much€toward€the€translation,€printing,€and€circulation€of€theÐ Lè  ÐBible€in€English.€There€is€now,€in€this€country,€in€the€hands€of€one€of€his€descendants,€a€copy€of€theÐ 8Ô  ÐBible€which€had€been€for€the€private€use€of€that€holy€martyr,€whose€effigy€makes€such€a€prominentÐ $À Ðfigure€in€the€famous€New€England€Primer.€Many€others€were€famished€to€death,€or€pined€and€expiredÐ ¬ Ðin€unwholesome€dungeons.€Miles€Coverdale,€who€had€been€so€active€in€the€business€of€translatingÐ ü˜ Ðand€editing€the€Bible,€had€been€made€Bishop€of€Exeter€by€Edward€VI.;€but€two€years€after,€on€theÐ è„ Ðaccession€of€Mary,€he€lost€his€office,€and€was€imprisoned€for€two€years€and€a€half.€He€was€severalÐ Ôp Ðtimes€examined€before€his€inquisitors,€and€was€in€extreme€peril€of€his€life.€But€in€February,€1555,Ð À\ Ðhe€was€allowed€to€leave€the€realm,€at€the€intercession€of€Christian€II.,€King€of€Denmark.׃×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú7Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×Ð ¬H Ðà  àDuring€the€Marian€persecution,€there€was€no€proclamation€expressly€prohibiting€the€readingÐ ˜4 Ðof€the€Bible,€or€calling€in€the€copies€to€be€burned.€Still€several€occasions€are€recorded,€in€whichÐ „  Ðcopies€of€the€sacred€volume€were€consigned€to€the€flames.€Very€many€were€carried€abroad€by€theÐ p  Ðnumerous€fugitives.€And€many€were€concealed€in€private€places.€Some€were€even€built€up€in€closetsÐ \ø Ðwhose€doors€were€concealed€by€masonry.Ð Hä ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àð ðFierce€whiskered€guards€that€volume€sought€in€vain,€Ð !¼` x` x Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð àEnjoyed€by€stealth,€and€hid€with€anxious€pain;€Ð "¨` x` x Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð àWhile€all€around€-was€misery€and€gloom,€Ðø"”` x` x Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð àThis€shewed€the€boundless€bliss€beyond€the€tomb;€Ðä#€ ` x` x Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð àFreed€from€the€venal€priest,€ð!ð€the€feudal€rod,€ÐÐ$l!` x` x Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð àIt€led€the€suffererððs€weary€steps€to€God:€Ð¼%X"` x` x Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð àAnd€when€his€painful€course€on€earth€was€run,€Ðd` x` x Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð àThis,€his€chief€wealth,€descended€to€his€son.ððÐPì` x` x ÐÌIt€is€a€remarkable€fact,€that,€while€of€a€large€proportion€of€the€many€books€printed€in€England€up€toÐ ( Ä Ðthis€date,€1558,€not€a€vestige€is€to€be€found€in€our€day,€there€is€scarce€one€of€the€many€editions€of€theÐ  ° ÐBible€and€Testament€of€which€one€or€more€copies€are€not€preserved.€Such€has€ever€been€GodððsÐ  œ Ðwatchful€care€in€the€preservation€of€his€blessed€Book.Ð ì ˆ Ðà  àThe€cessation€of€open€operations€in€publishing€the€Bible€in€England€was€attended€by€oneÐ Ø t Ðsignal€advantage.€It€gave€opportunity€for€a€new€and€very€important€revision€of€the€translation.Ð Ä ` Ðà  àThe€great€work€first€effected€by€the€exiled€Tyndale€some€twenty-five€years€before,€during€hisÐ °L  Ðbanishment€in€Europe,€was€now€ably€revised€by€another€exiled€scholar,€and€again€introduced€intoÐ œ8  ÐEngland€when€every€port€seemed€to€be€shut€against€it.€This€was€the€celebrated€ð ðGeneva€Testament,ððÐ ˆ$  Ðwhich€is€a€reprint€of€Tyndaleððs,€after€carefully€comparing€it€once€more€with€the€Greek€original,€andÐ t  Ðvarious€translations€in€other€tongues,€and€making€many€decided€improvements,€forming€by€far€theÐ `ü  Ðbest€form€of€the€English€version,€which€had€till€then€appeared.€The€first€edition,€which€is€now€rare,Ð Lè  Ðis€noted€for€the€beauty€of€the€type€and€paper.€It€left€the€press€in€June,€1557.€It€is€the€first€EnglishÐ 8Ô  ÐTestament€divided€into€verses,€and€it€led€the€way€to€a€revision€of€the€whole€Bible.€It€is€not€positivelyÐ $À Ðknown€by€whom€this€good€work€was€done;€but€there€is€no€doubt€but€that€the€person€was€WilliamÐ ¬ ÐWhittingham.€He€was€a€native€of€Lanchester,€near€Durham,€born€in€1524.€He€was€of€a€good€family,Ð ü˜ Ða€Fellow€of€one€of€the€Colleges€at€Oxford;€and€had€spent€three€years€in€foreign€travel,€and€at€theÐ è„ ÐUniversities€in€France.€When€Mary€mounted€the€throne,€he€betook€himself€first€to€Frankfort€inÐ Ôp ÐGermany.€A€year€later,€in€1555,€he€removed€to€Geneva,€where€he€was€ordained€as€minister€of€theÐ À\ ÐEnglish€Congregation,€of€some€hundred€members,€and€where€he€married€Catharine€Chauvin,€theÐ ¬H Ðsister€of€John€Calvin.׃×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú8Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€Having€issued€the€New€Testament€of€the€Geneva€version,€he€was€aided€toÐ ˜4 Ðsome€extent€by€two€of€his€learned€fellow-exiles€in€revising€the€entire€Scriptures,€on€which€they€wereÐ „  Ðengaged€night€and€day€in€1558,€the€year€that€hapless€Mary€died€of€a€broken€heart.׃ |×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú9Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€They€continuedÐ p  Ðtheir€labors€till€April,€1560,€when€the€whole€work€was€finished.€The€expense€was€defrayed€by€theÐ \ø Ðwealthier€members€of€the€English€Congregation€at€Geneva.€Of€this€revision,€numerous€editions€wereÐ Hä Ðprinted€in€the€course€of€the€next€eighty€years.€It€was€several€times€reprinted€even€after€King€JamesððsÐ 4 Ð Ðtranslation€was€published,€as€it€was€very€popular€with€the€Puritans€on€account€of€the€numerous€veryÐ  !¼ Ðbrief€marginal€annotations.€As€soon€as€the€first€edition€had€passed€the€press€at€Geneva,€the€editorsÐ  "¨ Ðreturned€to€England.Ð ø"” Ðà  àWhittingham,€soon€after,€went€to€France€as€chaplain€to€the€British€ambassador,€the€Earl€ofÐ ä#€  ÐBedford.€On€his€return,€he€acted€in€the€same€capacity€for€the€Earl€of€Warwick.€Through€the€influenceÐ Ð$l! Ðof€that€excellent€nobleman,€he€was€appointed€to€the€deanery€of€Durham,€in€1563,€notwithstandingÐ d Ðhis€sturdy€opposition€to€the€popish€ceremonies€retained€in€the€Church€of€England.€His€abilities€wereÐ Pì Ðso€highly€esteemed,€that€when€the€Secretary€Cecil€became,€by€promotion,€Lord€Treasurer€Burleigh,Ð <Ø Ðthe€vacant€secretaryship€might€have€been€taken€by€Mr.€Whittingham,€had€he€desired€it.€He€wasÐ ( Ä Ðrepeatedly€impleaded€in€the€ecclesiastical€courts€for€his€non-conformity,€and€for€his€presbyterialÐ  ° Ðordination€at€Geneva;€and€he€was€once€excommunicated€by€the€Archbishop€of€York.€On€appeal€toÐ  œ ÐQueen€Elizabeth,€she€appointed€Henry,€Earl€of€Huntington,€who€was€Lord€President€of€the€CouncilÐ ì ˆ Ðof€the€North,€and€Dr.€Hutton,€Dean€of€York,€as€a€commission€to€examine€and€decide€the€case.€TheÐ Ø t ÐCommission€boldly€declared,€ð ðthat€Mr.€Whittingham€was€ordained€in€a€better€sort€than€even€theÐ Ä ` ÐArchbishop€himself.ðð€Another€attempt€on€the€part€of€that€dignitary€succeeded€no€better.€Before€theseÐ °L  Ðprosecutions€were€ended,€Mr.€Whittingham€died€in€possession€of€his€benefice,€in€1579,€and€in€theÐ œ8  Ðsixty-fifth€year€of€his€age.€He€was€buried€in€the€cathedral€at€Durham.€He€was€an€eminently€pious€andÐ ˆ$  Ðpowerful€preacher,€and€an€ornament€to€religion€and€learning,€to€which€he€greatly€contributed€by€hisÐ t  Ðpublications,€and€chiefly€by€his€agency€in€the€revision€of€the€English€Bible.€He€was€the€author€ofÐ `ü  Ðseveral€of€those€metrical€versions€of€the€Psalms,€which-are€still€sung€in€the€Episcopal€Churches€ofÐ Lè  ÐEngland€and€America,€even€as€Tyndaleððs€prose€translations€of€the€Psalms€are€still€printed€and€readÐ 8Ô  Ðin€the€Book€of€Common€Prayer.׃!×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú10Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×Ð $À Ðà  àAnthony€Gilby,€who€was€associated€with€Mr.€Whittingham€in€preparing€the€Geneva€Bible,Ð ¬ Ðwas€born€in€Lincolnshire,€and€educated€in€Christððs€College,€Cambridge,€where€he€acquired€a€veryÐ ü˜ Ðexact€and€critical€skill€in€the€Latin,€Greek,€and€Hebrew€languages;€and€became€a€bold€reformer€asÐ è„ Ðto€the€habits,€ceremonies,€and€corruptions€of€the€national€Church.€When€Queen€Mary€went€about€herÐ Ôp Ðbloody€and€burning€work,€he€fled€to€the€continent,€tarrying€most€of€his€time€at€Geneva.€Soon€afterÐ À\ Ðthe€accession€of€Elizabeth€to€the€throne,,he€went€back€to€England,€and€was€placed€in€the€wealthyÐ ¬H Ðvicarage€of€Ashby-de-la-Zouch,€where€he€lived€ð ðas€great€as€a€bishop.ðð€He€was€a€ð ðfamous€andÐ ˜4 Ðreverend€divine,ðð€and€God€wonderfully€blessed€his€zealous€and€faithful€ministry.€He€stood€in€theÐ „  Ðhighest€esteem€with€the€best€and€noblest€in€the€land,€which€did€not€screen€him€from€being€harassedÐ p  Ðfor€his€non-conformity.€He€lived€to€a€great€age,€but€the€time€of€his€death€is€unknown.€He€was€notedÐ \ø Ðfor€a€flaming€zeal€against€the€errors€and€abominations€of€papistry,€and€all€the€remnants€and€patchesÐ Hä Ðof€it€retained€in€the€Church€of€England.Ð 4 Ð Ðà  àThe€other€helper€of€Mr.€Whittingham€at€Geneva€was€Thomas€Sampson,€D.€D.,€born€aboutÐ  !¼ Ð1517,€and€educated€at€Oxford.€He€was€a€stout€Protestant€and€Puritan,€and€a€very€great€scholar.€InÐ  "¨ Ð1551,€he€became€rector€of€Allhallows,€Bread-street,€London;€and€next€year€Dean€of€Winchester.€HeÐ ø"” Ðcontinued€a€famous€preacher€of€Godððs€Word,€till€the€death€of€King€Edward.€After€that,€he€wasÐ ä#€  Ðobliged€to€live€in€concealment;€and€at€last,€with€great€difficulty,€escaped€from€his€country.€At€GenevaÐ Ð$l! Ðhe€found€the€best€of€employments€in€aiding€to€perfect€the€Bible€in€English.€On€returning€to€EnglandÐ ¼%X" Ðunder€the€reign€of€Elizabeth,€he€was€offered€the€bishopric€of€Norwich,€and€declined€it€fromÐ ¨&D # Ðconscientious€scruples.€He€was€noted€in€the€pulpit€for€his€wonderful€memory€and€fine€elocution;€andÐ ”'0!$ Ðwas€for€several€years€one€of€the€most€popular€court-preachers.€In€1560,€he€became€Dean€of€ChristÐ €("% ÐChurch,€Oxford.€The€numerous€men€distinguished€for€their€learning,€and€who€were€connected€withÐ d Ðthat€College,€thus€speak€of€him,€in€a€letter€soliciting€his€appointment,€ð!ð€ð ðAfter€well€considering€allÐ Pì Ðthe€learned€men€in€the€land,€they€found€none€to€be€compared€to€him€for€singular€learning€and€greatÐ <Ø Ðpiety,€having€the€praise€of€all€men.€And€it€is€very€doubtful€whether€there€is€a€better€man,€a€greaterÐ ( Ä Ðlinguist,€a€more€complete€scholar,€a€more€profound€divine.ðð€In€1564,€he€was€arraigned€forÐ  ° Ðnon-conformity€before€the€odious€High€Commission€Court,€and€deprived€of€his€office,€and€confined.Ð  œ ÐIt€was€not€without€much€trouble,€that€he€procured€his€release.€He€was€made€Prebendary€of€PancrasÐ ì ˆ Ðin€St.€Paulððs€Cathedral€in€1570.€In€1573,€having€suffered€some€from€a€paralytic€affection,€he€wasÐ Ø t Ðappointed€to€the€mastership€of€the€Hospital€at€Leicester,€a€position€of€influence,€where€he€madeÐ Ä ` Ðhimself€very€useful€for€sixteen€years,€till€his€death€in€1589,€at€the€age€of€seventy-two.Ð °L  Ðà  àIt€is€evident€that€these€three€companions€in€exile€were€abundantly€qualified€for€the€work€ofÐ œ8  Ðrevising€the€translation,€and€publishing€what€for€nearly€eighty€years€was€the€favorite€household€BibleÐ ˆ$  Ðof€the€English€nation.€It€was€a€wonderful€providence€of€God,€which€drove€those€learned€exilesÐ t  Ðabroad€to€give€them€the€opportunity€for€making€this€improved€translation,€and€prepared€the€way€forÐ `ü  Ðits€free€introduction€among€the€English€people€as€soon€as€it€was€ready.€Thus€the€persecution€of€theÐ Lè  ÐScriptures,€like€thatÐ 8Ô  ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà8¸ ` x` xàð ðVaulting€ambition€which€oððerleaps€itself.€Ð¬¸ ¸  Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà8¸ ` x` xàAnd€falls€on€thðð€other€side,ððÐü˜¸ ¸  ÐÌdefeats€its€own€object,€and€helps€on€what€it€would€have€destroyed.€Haman,€while€pursuing€in€hisÐ Ôp Ðpride€the€destruction€of€the€whole€Jewish€race,€was€elevated€at€least€ð ðfifty€cubitsðð€higher€than€he€hadÐ À\ Ðever€thought€or€dreamt€of!Ð ¬H Ðà  àDuring€the€reign€of€Elizabeth,€ð ðwhose€inclinations,ðð€says€Coleridge.€ð ðwere€as€popish€as€herÐ ˜4 Ðinterests€were€protestant,ðð€the€printing€of€English€Bibles€went€on,€at€first,€more€by€connivance€thanÐ „  Ðby€royal€approbation.€Soon€after€she€began€to€reign,€a€gentleman€somewhat€publicly€said€to€her,€thatÐ p  Ðshe€had€released€many€persons€from€undeserved€confinement,€but€that€there€were€still€four€prisonersÐ \ø Ðof€most€excellent€character,€who€craved€liberation.€On€her€asking€who€they€were,€the€courtier€replied,Ð Hä Ðthat€they€were€the€holy€Evangelists,€Matthew,€Mark,€Luke,€and€John;€and€he€craved€that€they€mightÐ 4 Ð Ðhave€leave€to€walk€abroad€as€formerly€in€the€English€tongue.€To€this€the€politic€spinster€replied,€thatÐ  !¼ Ðshe€ð ðwould€first€know€the€minds€of€the€prisoners,€whether€they€desired€any€such€liberty.ðð€But€thoughÐ  "¨ Ðthe€sovereign€refrained€from€committing€herself€at€the€outset,€the€year€1561€had€not€expired,€beforeÐ ø"” Ðnew€editions€of€the€four€versions€of€Tyndale,€Coverdale,€Cranmer,€and€the€Geneva€exiles,€were€inÐ ä#€  Ðfree€circulation.€Ð Ð$l! Ðà  àIt€was€in€1568,€when€Elizabeth€had€been€queen€for€ten€years,€that€the€ð ðBishopððs€Bibleðð€wasÐ ¼%X" Ðpublished€under€the€supervision€of€Parker,€Archbishop€of€Canterbury.€This€text€was€most€carefullyÐ ¨&D # Ðrevised€by€fifteen€very€learned€men,€the€majority€of€whom€were€bishops;€and€hence€the€name€of€theÐ ”'0!$ Ðwork.€As€each€of€these€divines€completed€his€share,€the€Archbishop€gave€to€their€labors€a€finalÐ €("% Ðrevision.€Thus€the€translation€was€still€further€perfected.€This€first€imprint€was€the€most€splendid€thatÐ l)#& Ðhad€ever€been€issued.€It€is€a€magnificent€folio,€and€contains€nearly€a€hundred€and€fifty€engravings.Ð X*ô#' ÐIt€has€long€been€supposed€that€this€revision€was€undertaken€at€the€queenððs€command;€but€such€wasÐ D+à$( Ðnot€the€case.€It€was€eight€times€printed€before€the€death€of€Parker€in€1775;€but€was€not€appointed,Ð 0,Ì%) Ðlike€Cranmerððs€Bible,€ð ðto€be€read€in€churches.ððÐ d Ðà  àUp€to€this€time,€the€Geneva€Bible€had€been€repeatedly€printed€on€the€continent,€and€mostlyÐ Pì Ðat€Geneva€itself;€but€not€in€England.€Yet€this€was€decidedly€the€peopleððs€Bible,€and€enjoyed€theÐ <Ø Ðpopular€preference€for€domestic€use.€From€that€time,€almost€all€the€Bibles,€for€more€than€thirty-fiveÐ ( Ä Ðyears,€were€issued€from€the€press€of€the€Barkers,€father€and€son;€whereas€previously€it€had€affordedÐ  ° Ðemployment€to€a€large€number€of€different€printers.€While€Elizabeth,€ð ðthe€throned€vestal,ðð€was€inÐ  œ Ðall€her€glory,€not€less€than€one€hundred€and€thirty€different€editions€of€the€Bible€and€Testament€wereÐ ì ˆ Ðissued;€eighty-five€of€them€being€of€the€Bible,€and€forty-five€of€the€Testament.€Of€these€editionsÐ Ø t Ðninety,€or€more€than€two-thirds,€were€of€the€Geneva€version.€Of€the€eighty-five€issues€of€the€entireÐ Ä ` ÐBible,€sixty€were€of€this€latter€version.€The€sale€of€so€many€copies,€and€at€tenfold€higher€prices€thanÐ °L  Ðare€paid€now,€was€a€ð ðsign€of€the€times,ðð€and€evinced€the€growing€eagerness€of€the€nation€for€theÐ œ8  Ðprecious€Book€of€God.Ð ˆ$  Ðà  àWhen€James€I.€succeeded€to€the€kingdom€in€1603,€they€who€desired€a€thorough€reformationÐ t  Ðin€the€Church€of€England,€and€against€whom€the€terrible€Elizabeth€had€ever€ð ðerected€her€lion-port,ððÐ `ü  Ðthen€indulged€high€hopes€of€obtaining€their€desires.€His€Presbyterian€education,€and€the€hypocriticalÐ Lè  Ðprofessions€he€had€made€with€real€Stuart€perfidy,€had€raised€their€hopes€only€to€dash€them€moreÐ 8Ô  Ðcruelly€to€the€dust.€He€soon€gave€them€to€understand,€that,€in€his€view,€ð ðpresbytery€and€monarchyÐ $À Ðagreed€together€as€well€as€God€and€the€devil:ðð€and€loudly€proclaimed€his€famous€maxim€ofòòÐ ¬ Ðking-craft,€óóð!ð€ð ðNo€bishop,€no€king!ðð€As€he€entered€his€new€realm€of€England,€he€received€what€wasÐ ü˜ Ðcalled€the€ð ðmillenary€petition,ðð€because€it€purported€to€bear€the€names€of€about€a€thousand€ministers,Ð è„ Ðthough€the€exact€number€of€signers€is€not€known.€The€petition€craved€reformation€of€sundry€abusesÐ Ôp Ðin€the€worship,€ministry,€revenues,€and€discipline€of€the€national€Church.€The€Universities€utteredÐ À\ Ðtheir€remonstrances€against€this€petition.€The€king,€who€was€eminently€qualified€to€perform€theÐ ¬H Ðleading€part€in€ð ðthe€royal€game€of€Goose,ðð€undertook€to€settle€the€business€at€a€conference€betweenÐ ˜4 Ðthe€parties,€at€which€he€was€to€moderate€and€decide.€He€sent€out€a€proclamation,€ð ðtouching€a€meetingÐ „  Ðfor€the€hearing,€and€for€the€determining,€things€òòpretended€to€be€amiss€óóin€the€Church.ðð€ThisÐ p  Ðconference€was€held€at€Hampton€Court,€on€the€14th,€16th,€and€18th€days€of€January,€1604.€On€theÐ \ø Ðpart€of€the€Puritans,€the€king€summoned€òòfouróó€of€their€divines,€selected€by€himself.€To€match€them,Ð Hä Ðhe€called€nine€bishops,€as€many€cathedral€clergymen,€and€four€divinity€professors€from€CambridgeÐ 4 Ð Ðand€Oxford.€It€soon€became€manifest,€that€the€only€object€of€the€meeting€was€to€give€the€king€anÐ  !¼ Ðopportunity€to€declare€his€bitter€hostility€to€the€Puritans,€who€were€brow-beaten,€insulted,€andÐ  "¨ Ðtrampled€upon€by€the€tyrant€and€his€ghostly€minions.€The€Puritans€were€confuted,€ð ðas€bitter€bishopÐ ø"” ÐBaleðð€said€on€another€occasion,€ð ðwith€seven€solid€arguments,€thus€reckoned€up,€Authority,€Violence,Ð ä#€  ÐCraft,€Fraud,€Intimidation,€Terror€and€Tyranny.ðð׃"×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú11Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×The€monarch€roundly€declared€that€he€wouldÐ Ð$l! Ðð ðharry€out€of€the€landðð€all€who€would€not€conform€their€consciences€to€his€dictation.Ð ¼%X" Ðà  àOne€good€result,€however,€came€from€this€ð ðmock€conference,ðð€as€it€was€usually€called€by€theÐ ¨&D # Ðoppressed€Puritans.€Among€other€of€their€demands,€Dr.€Reynolds,€who€was€the€chief€speaker€in€theirÐ ”'0!$ Ðbehalf,€requested€that€there€might€be€a€new€translation€of€the€Bible,€without€note€or€comment.€In€anÐ €("% Ðaccount€of€the€proceedings,€given€by€Patrick€Galloway,€one€of€the€Kingððs€Scotch€chaplains,€who€wasÐ d Ðpresent,€and€whose€account€was€corrected€by€the€kingððs€own€hand,€it€is€set€forth€as€the€second€of€theÐ Pì Ðarticles€noted€among€things€to€be€reformed,€and€presented€by€Reynolds,€ð!ð€ð ðThat€a€translation€beÐ <Ø Ðmade€of€the€whole€Bible,€òòas€consonant€as€can€be€to€the€original€Hebrew€and€Greek;€óóand€this€to€beÐ ( Ä Ðset€out€and€printed,€òòwithout€any€marginal€notes,€óóand€only€to€be€used€in€all€churches€of€England,€inÐ  ° Ðtime€of€divine€service.ðð€To€this€demand€the€King€acceded;€but€it€was€not€till€nearly€six€months€afterÐ  œ Ðthe€Hampton€Court€Conference,€that€the€selection€of€scholars€to€undertake€the€work€was€made.€TheirÐ ì ˆ Ðlabors€began€soon€after,€and€the€first€revision€of€the€sacred€text€by€the€whole€company€occupiedÐ Ø t Ðabout€four€years.€The€second€revision,€by€a€committee€of€twelve€of€them,€took€up€nine€months€more.Ð Ä ` ÐThe€sheets€were€then€some€two€years€in€passing€through€the€press;€and€the€new€and€immortal€versionÐ °L  Ðwas€finished€and€published€in€1611,€after€seven€years€of€most€thorough€and€careful€preparation.Ð œ8  Ðà  àThus€it€came€to€pass,€that€the€English€Bible€received€its€present€form,€after€a€fivefold€revisionÐ ˆ$  Ðof€the€translation€as€it€was€left€in€1537€by€Tyndale€and€Rogers.€During€this€interval€of€seventy-fourÐ t  Ðyears,€it€had€been€slowly€ripening,€till€this€last,€most€elaborate,€and€thorough€revision€under€KingÐ `ü  ÐJames€matured€the€work€for€coming€centuries.€It€is€a€very€great€advantage,€that€the€work,€which€wasÐ Lè  Ðwell€done€at€first,€had€the€benefit€of€this€accumulated€labor€and€pious€care€bestowed€upon€it€by€soÐ 8Ô  Ðmany€zealous€and€erudite€scholars€in€long€succession.€To€this€is€to€be€ascribed€much€of€its€intrinsicÐ $À Ðexcellence€and€lasting€popularity.€Its€origin€and€history€so€strongly€commended€it,€that€it€speedilyÐ ¬ Ðcame€into€general€use€as€the€standard€version,€by€the€common€consent€of€the€English€people;€andÐ ü˜ Ðrequired€no€act€of€parliament€nor€royal€proclamation€to€establish€its€authority.׃#×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú12Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€Some€of€the€olderÐ è„ Ðversions€continued€to€be€reprinted€for€forty€years;€but€no€long€time€elapsed€ere€the€common€versionÐ Ôp Ðquietly€and€exclusively€occupied€the€field.€Who€believes€it€possible€that€another€translation€can€beÐ À\ Ðproduced€in€our€time,€which€shall€command€the€like€acceptance;€and€without€strife€or€controversy,Ð ¬H Ðtake,€among€the€English-speaking€population€of€the€globe,€the€place€now€held€by€our€venerableÐ ˜4 Ðversion?Ð „  Ðà  àòòThis€translation€was€completed€at€a€fortunate€time.€óóThe€English€language€had€passed€throughÐ p  Ðmany€and€great€changes,€and€had€at€last€reached€the€very€height€of€its€purity€and€strength.€The€BibleÐ \ø Ðhas€ever€since€been€the€grand€English€classic.€It€is€still€the€noblest€monument€of€the€power€of€theÐ Hä ÐEnglish€speech.€It€is€the€pattern€and€standard€of€excellence€therein.€It€is€the€most€full€and€refreshingÐ 4 Ð Ðof€all€the€ð ðwells€of€English€undefiled.ðð€It€has€given€a€fixed€character€to€our€language.€It€is€asÐ  !¼ Ðintelligible€now€as€when€it€was€first€imprinted;€and€will€be€as€easily€understood€by€readers€of€comingÐ  "¨ Ðcenturies€as€by€those€of€the€past€and€the€present.€It€is€singularly€free€from€what€used€to€be€calledÐ ø"” Ðð ðink-horn€terms;ðð€that€is,€such€words€as€are€more€used€in€writing€than€in€speaking,€and€are€not€wellÐ ä#€  Ðunderstood€except€by€scholars.€ð ðIn€the€church,€among€the€congregation,ðð€says€Luther,€ð ðwe€ought€toÐ d Ðspeak€as€we€use€at€home,€in€the€house,€ð!ð€the€plain€mother-tongue,€which€every€one€understandethÐ Pì Ðand€is€acquainted€withal.ððÐ <Ø Ðà  àThat€King€Jamesððs€scholars€wisely€clave€to€the€language€of€the€cottage€and€the€market-place,Ð ( Ä Ðappears€by€what€Thomas€Fuller€wrote€of€Nottinghamshire€in€1662;€ð ðThe€language€of€the€commonÐ  ° Ðpeople€is€generally€the€best€of€any€shire€in€England.€A€proof€whereof,€when€a€boy,€I€received€fromÐ  œ Ða€hand-laboring€man€therein,€which€since€hath€convinced€my€judgment.ððWe€speak,€I€believe,ððsaidÐ ì ˆ Ðhe,€ððas€good€English€as€any€shire€in€England;€because,€though€in€the€singing-Psalms€some€words€areÐ Ø t Ðused€to€make€the€metre,€unknown€to€us,€yet€the€last€translation€of€the€Bible,€which€no€doubt€wasÐ Ä ` Ðdone€by€those€learned€men€in€the€best€English,€agreeth€perfectly€with€the€common€speech€of€ourÐ °L  Ðcounty.ðððð€Thus€we€came€to€have€a€version€as€easy€of€comprehension€as€the€nature€of€the€case€willÐ œ8  Ðadmit.€It€is€the€most€precious€boon€possessed€by€the€vast€masses,€to€whom€it€speaks€ð ðin€their€ownÐ ˆ$  Ðtongue€the€wonderful€works€of€God.ðð€Well€does€the€Translatorsðð€Preface€speak€of€Godððs€SacredÐ t  ÐWord€as€ð ðthat€inestimable€treasure€which€excelleth€all€the€riches€of€the€earth.ðð€And€well€was€it€saidÐ `ü  Ðof€them€by€that€same€Thomas€Fuller;€ð ðThese,€with€Jacob,€rolled€away€the€stone€from€the€mouth€ofÐ Lè  Ðthe€well€of€life;€so€that€now€even€Rachels,€weak€women,€may€freely€come,€both€to€drink€themselves,Ð 8Ô  Ðand€water€the€flocks€of€their€families€at€the€same.ððÐ $À Ðà  àBut€were€those€ancient€scholars€competent€to€make€their€translation€correct,€as€well€as€plain?Ð ¬ ÐThis€is€a€question€of€the€utmost€importance€in€estimating€the€value€of€their€work,€and€the€degree€ofÐ ü˜ Ðconfidence€to€which€it€is€entitled€among€readers€who€cannot€examine€for€themselves€the€originalÐ è„ Ðtongues€of€the€inspired€writers.€It€is,€therefore,€the€principal€object€of€this€little€volume€to€presentÐ Ôp Ðbrief€biographical€sketches€of€our€Translators.€By€showing€who€were€the€men,€and€what€were€theirÐ À\ Ðqualifications€for€their€work,€we€shall€best€enable€the€common€reader€to€decide€for€himself,€how€farÐ ¬H Ðhe€may€depend€upon€their€ability€and€fidelity.€Considering€the€boundless€circulation€andÐ ˜4 Ðunapproachable€popularity€of€their€work,€it€seems€most€strange€that€no€person,€up€to€this€time,ð"ðnotÐ „  Ðeven€in€the€mother-country,€ð!ð€has€attempted€to€do€this,€except€in€the€most€slight€and€compendiousÐ p  Ðmanner.Ð \ø Ðà  àAs€to€the€capability€of€those€men,€we€may€say€again,€that,€by€the€good€providence€of€God,Ð Hä Ðtheir€work€was€undertaken€in€a€fortunate€time.€Not€only€had€the€English€language,€that€singularÐ 4 Ð Ðcompound,€then€ripened€to€its€full€perfection,€but€the€study€of€Greek,€and€of€the€oriental€tongues,€andÐ  !¼ Ðof€rabbinical€lore,€had€then€been€carried€to€a€greater€extent€in€England€than€ever€before€or€since.€ThisÐ  "¨ Ðparticular€field€of€learning€has€never€been€so€highly€cultivated€among€English€divines€as€it€was€atÐ ø"” Ðthat€day.€To€evince€this€fact,€so€far€as€necessary€limits€will€admit,€it€will€be€requisite€to€sketch€theÐ ä#€  Ðcharacters€and€scholarship€of€those€men,€who€have€made€all€coming€ages€their€debtors.€When€thisÐ Ð$l! Ðpleasing€task€is€done,€it€is€confidently€expected€that€the€reader€of€these€pages€will€yield€to€theÐ ¼%X" Ðconviction,€that€all€the€colleges€of€Great€Britain€and€America,€even€in€this€proud€day€of€boastings,Ð ¨&D # Ðcould€not€bring€together€the€same€number€of€divines€equally€qualified€by€learning€and€piety€for€theÐ ”'0!$ Ðgreat€undertaking.€Few€indeed€are€the€living€names€worthy€to€be€enrolled€with€those€mighty€men.Ð €("% ÐIt€would€be€impossible€to€convene€out€of€any€one€Christian€denomination,€or€out€of€all,€a€body€ofÐ l)#& Ðtranslators,€on€whom€the€whole€Christian€community€would€bestow€such€confidence€as€is€reposedÐ X*ô#' Ðupon€that€illustrious€company,€or€who€would€prove€themselves€as€deserving€of€such€confidence.Ð D+à$( ÐVery€many€self-styled€ð ðimproved€versionsðð€of€the€Bible,€or€of€parts€of€it,€have€been€paraded€beforeÐ 0,Ì%) Ðthe€world,€but€the€religious€public€has€doomed€them€all,€without€exception,€to€utter€neglect.Ð d Ðà  àNot€that€absolute€perfection€is€claimed€for€our€common€English€Bible.€But€this€blessed€bookÐ Pì Ðis€so€far€complete€and€exact,€that€the€unlearned€reader,€being€of€ordinary€intelligence,€may€enjoy€theÐ <Ø Ðdelightful€assurance,€that,€if€he€study€it€in€faith€and€prayer,€and€give€himself€up€to€its€teachings,€heÐ ( Ä Ðshall€not€be€confounded€or€misled€as€to€any€matter€essential€to€his€salvation€and€his€spiritual€good.Ð  ° ÐIt€will€as€safely€guide€him€into€all€the€things€needful€for€faith€and€practice,€as€would€the€originalÐ  œ ÐScriptures,€if€he€could€read€them,€or€if€they€could€speak€to€him€as€erst€they€spake€to€the€Hebrew€inÐ ì ˆ ÐJerusalem,€or€to€the€Greek€in€Corinth.€Nor€is€this€any€disparagement€of€the€benefits€of€a€criticalÐ Ø t Ðknowledge€of€the€original€tongues.€For€while€a€good€translation€is€the€best€commentary€on€theÐ Ä ` Ðoriginal€Scriptures,€the€originals€themselves€are€the€best€commentary€on€the€translation.€PassagesÐ °L  Ðsomewhat€obscure€in€the€translation€often€become€very€plain€when€we€recur€to€the€original,€becauseÐ œ8  Ðwe€then€distinctly€see€what€it€was€that€the€translators€meant€to€say.׃$×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú13Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€To€one€who€can€readilyÐ ˆ$  Ðunderstand€both,€the€original€must,€in€the€nature€of€the€case,€always€be€the€easier€of€the€two;€just€asÐ t  Ðit€is€easier€for€a€man€to€walk€by€the€sight€of€his€own€eyes,€than€by€the€guidance€of€another€manððsÐ `ü  Ðeyes.€It€is€only€maintained,€that€the€common€English€reader€enjoys,€by€the€good€providence€of€God,Ð Lè  Ðthat€which€comes€the€nearest€to€the€privilege€of€the€classical€scholar;€and€has€a€translation€so€exact,Ð 8Ô  Ðplain,€and€trustworthy,€that€he€may€follow€it€with€implicit€confidence€as€ð ða€light€to€his€feet€and€aÐ $À Ðlamp€to€his€paths.ððÐ ¬ Ðà  àThe€King€was€for€appointing€fifty-four€learned€men€to€this€great€and€good€work;€but€theÐ ü˜ Ðnumber€actually€employed€upon€it,€in€the€first€instance,€was€forty-seven.€Order€was€also€taken,€thatÐ è„ Ðthe€bishops,€in€their€several€dioceses,€should€find€what€men€of€learning€there€were,€who€might€beÐ Ôp Ðable€to€assist;€and€the€bishops€were€to€write€to€them,€earnestly€charging€them,€at€the€kingððs€desire,Ð À\ Ðto€send€in€their€suggestions€and€critical€observations,€that€so,€as€his€Majesty€remarks,€ð ðour€saidÐ ¬H Ðintended€translation€may€have€the€help€and€furtherance€of€all€our€principal€learned€men€within€thisÐ ˜4 Ðour€kingdom.ððÐ „  Ðà  àSeventeen€of€the€translators€were€to€work€at€Westminster,€fifteen€at€Cambridge,€and€as€manyÐ p  Ðat€Oxford.€Those€who€met€at€each€place€were€divided€into€two€companies;€so€that€there€were,€in€all,Ð \ø Ðsix€distinct€companies€of€translators.€They€received€a€set€of€rules€for€their€direction.€The€firstÐ Hä Ðinstructed€them€to€make€the€ð ðBishopððs€Bible,ðð€so€called,€the€basis€of€their€work,€altering€it€no€furtherÐ 4 Ð Ðthan€fidelity€to€the€originals€required.€In€the€result,€however,€the€new€version€agreed€much€more€withÐ  !¼ Ðthe€Geneva€than€with€any€other;€though€the€huffing€king,€at€the€Hampton€Court€Conference,Ð  "¨ Ðreproached€it€as€ð ðthe€worst€of€all.ðð€The€second€rule€requires€that€the€mode€then€used€of€spelling€theÐ ø"” Ðproper€names€should€be€retained€as€far€as€might€be.€The€third€rule€requires€ð ðthe€old€ecclesiasticalÐ ä#€  Ðwords€to€be€kept,ðð€such€as€ð ðchurch€ð ð€instead€of€ð ðcongregation.ðð€The€fourth€rule€prescribes,€thatÐ Ð$l! Ðwhere€a€word€has€different€meanings,€that€is€to€be€preferred€which€has€the€general€sanction€of€theÐ d Ðmost€ancient€Fathers,€regard€being€had€to€ð ðthe€propriety€of€the€place,€and€the€analogy€of€faith.ðð€TheÐ Pì Ðfifth€rule€directs€that€the€divisions€into€chapters€be€altered€as€little€as€may€be.€The€sixth€rule,Ð <Ø Ðagreeably€to€Dr.€Reynoldsððs€wise€suggestion€at€Hampton€Court,€prohibits€all€notes€or€comments,€thusÐ ( Ä Ðobliging€the€translators€to€make€their€version€intelligible€without€those€dangerous€helps.€The€seventhÐ  ° Ðrule€provides€for€marginal€references€to€parallel€or€explanatory€passages.€The€eighth€rule€enjoins€thatÐ  œ Ðeach€man€in€each€company€shall€separately€examine€the€same€chapter€or€chapters,€and€put€theÐ ì ˆ Ðtranslation€into€the€best€shape€he€can.€The€whole€company€must€then€come€together,€and€compareÐ Ø t Ðwhat€they€have€done,€and€agree€on€what€shall€stand.€Thus€in€each€company,€according€to€the€numberÐ Ä ` Ðof€members,€there€would€be€from€seven€to€ten€distinct€and€carefully€labored€revisions,€the€whole€toÐ °L  Ðbe€compared,€and€digested€into€one€copy€of€the€portion€of€the€Bible€assigned€to€each€particularÐ œ8  Ðcompany.€The€ninth€rule€directs,€that€as€fast€as€any€company€shall,€in€this€manner,€complete€any€oneÐ ˆ$  Ðof€the€sacred€books,€it€is€to€be€sent€to€each€of€the€other€companies,€to€be€critically€reviewed€by€themÐ t  Ðall.€The€tenth€rule€prescribes,€that€if€any€company,€upon€reviewing€a€book€so€sent€to€them,€find€anyÐ `ü  Ðthing€doubtful€or€unsatisfactory,€they€are€to€note€the€places,€and€their€reasons€for€objecting€thereto,Ð Lè  Ðand€send€it€back€to€the€company€from€whence€it€came.€If€that€company€should€not€concur€in€theÐ 8Ô  Ðsuggestions€thus€made,€the€matter€was€to€be€finally€arranged€at€a€general€meeting€of€the€chief€personsÐ $À Ðof€all€the€companies€at€the€end€of€the€work.€Thus€every€part€of€the€Bible€would€be€fully€considered,Ð ¬ Ðfirst,€separately,€by€each€member€of€the€company€to€which€it€was€originally€assigned;€secondly,€byÐ ü˜ Ðthat€whole€company€in€concert;€thirdly,€by€the€other€five€companies€severally;€and€fourthly,€by€theÐ è„ Ðgeneral€committee€of€revision.€By€this€judicious€plan,€each€part€must€have€been€closely€scrutinizedÐ Ôp Ðat€least€òòfourteenóó€times.€The€eleventh€rule€provides,€that€in€case€of€any€special€difficulty€or€obscurity,Ð À\ Ðletters€shall€be€issued€by€authority€to€any€learned€man€in€the€land,€calling€for€his€judgment€thereon.Ð ¬H ÐThe€twelfth€rule€requires€every€bishop€to€notify€the€clergy€of€his€diocese€as€to€the€work€in€hand,€andÐ ˜4 Ðto€ð ðmove€and€charge€as€many€as,€being€skilful€in€the€tongues,€have€taken€pains€in€that€kind,€to€sendÐ „  Ðhis€particular€observationsðð€to€some€one€of€the€companies.€The€thirteenth€rule€appoints€the€directorsÐ p  Ðof€the€different€companies.€The€fourteenth€rule€names€five€other€translations€to€be€used,€ð ðwhen€theyÐ \ø Ðagree€better€with€the€text€than€the€Bishopððs€Bible.ðð€These€are€Tyndaleððs;€ð!ð€Matthewððs,€which€is€byÐ Hä ÐTyndale€and€John€Rogers;€ð!ð€Coverdaleððs;€ð!ð€Whitchurchððs,€which€is€ð ðCranmerððs,ðð€or€the€ð ðGreatÐ 4 Ð ÐBible,ððand€was€òòprintedóó€by€Whitchurch;€ð!ð€and€the€Geneva€Bible.€The€object€of€this€regulation€wasÐ  !¼ Ðto€avoid,€as€far€as€possible,€the€suspicious€stamp€of€novelty.€To€the€careful€observance€of€theseÐ  "¨ Ðinjunctions,€which,€with€the€exception€of€the€first€five,€are€highly€judicious,€is€to€be€ascribed€muchÐ ø"” Ðof€the€excellence€of€the€completed€translation.Ð ä#€  Ðà  àTo€these€rules,€which€were€delivered€to€the€Translators,€there€appears€to€have€been€addedÐ Ð$l! Ðanother,€providing€that,€besides€the€directors€of€the€six€companies,€ð ðthree€or€four€of€the€most€ancientÐ ¼%X" Ðand€grave€divines€in€either€of€the€Universities,€not€employed€in€translating,ðð€be€designated€by€theÐ ¨&D # ÐVice-Chancellors€and€Heads€of€Colleges,€ð ðto€be€overseers€of€the€Translation,€as€well€Hebrew€asÐ ”'0!$ ÐGreek,€for€the€better€observation€of€the€fourth€rule.ððÐ €("% Ðà  àThe€learned€Selden€says,€that€when€the€Translators€met€to€compare€what€they€had€done,€eachÐ l)#& Ðof€them€held,€in€his€hand€a€Bible€in€some€language.€If€any€thing€struck€any€one€as€requiringÐ X*ô#' Ðalteration,€he€spoke;€otherwise€the€reading€went€on.€The€final€revision€was€made,€not€by€six€men,Ð D+à$( Ðas€the€tenth€of€the€above€rules€would€seem€to€indicate,€but€by€twelve.€At€least,€such€was€theÐ 0,Ì%) Ðstatement€made€in€the€Synod€of€Dort€in€161S,€by€Dr.€Samuel€Ward,€who€was€one€of€the€most€activeÐ d Ðof€the€Translators.€It€seems€to€have€bee?,€carried€through€the€press€by€Dr.€Miles€Smith€and.€BishopÐ Pì ÐBilson,€aided€perhaps€by€Archbishop€Bancroft€and€other€prelates.€All€the€expense€of€making€andÐ <Ø Ðprinting-the€translation€was€defrayed€by€Robert€Barker,€ð ðPrinter€to€the€Kingððs€most€ExcellentÐ ( Ä ÐMaiestie.ðð€The€copy-right€thus€cost€him€three€thousand€five€hundred€pounds;€and€his€heirs€andÐ  ° Ðassigns€retained€their€privilege€down€to€the€year€1709.€For€two€hundred€and€forty€years€and€more,Ð  œ ÐGod€has€been€speaking€by€this€precious€volume€to€the€multitudes€of€the€Anglo-Saxon€race.€Popery,Ð ì ˆ Ðapparently€believing€that€ignorance€is€the€mother€of€devotion,€and€especially€ignorance€of€the€WordÐ Ø t Ðof€God,€would€fain€have€supplanted€it€by€priestly€inventions€and€monkish€corruptions.Ð Ä ` ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àð ðBut€to€outweigh€all€harm,€the€Sacred€Book,€Ðœ8 ` x` x Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð àIn€dusty€sequestration€wrapt€too€long,€Ðˆ$ ` x` x Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð àAssumes€the€accents€of€our€native€tongue;€Ðt ` x` x Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð àAnd€he€who€guides€the€plow,€or€wields€the€crook,€Ð`ü ` x` x Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð àWith€understanding€spirit€now€may€look€ÐLè ` x` x Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð àUpon€her€records,€listen€to€her€song,€Ð8Ô ` x` x Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð àAnd€sift€her€laws,ð"ðmuch€wondering€that€the€wrong,€Ð$À` x` x Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð àWhich€faith€has€suffered,€Heaven€could€calmly€brook,€Ð¬` x` x Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð àTranscendant€boon!€noblest€that€earthly€king€Ðü˜` x` x Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð àEver€bestowed€to€equalize€and€bless€Ðè„` x` x Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð àUnder€the€weight€of€mortal€wretchedness.ððÐÔp` x` x ÐÌà  àThe€printing€of€the€English€Bible€has€proved€to€be€by€far€the€mightiest€barrier€ever€reared€toÐ ¬H Ðrepel€the€advance€of€Popery,€and€to€damage€all€the€resources€of€the€Papacy.€Originally€intended€forÐ ˜4 Ðthe€five€or€six€millions€who€dwelt€within€the€narrow€limits€of€the€British€Islands,€it€at€once€formedÐ „  Ðand€fixed€their€language,€till€then€unsettled;€and€has€since€gone€with€that€language€to€the€isles€andÐ p  Ðshores€of€every€sea.€ð ðAnd€now,€during€the€lapse€of€almost€two€and€a€half€centuries,€it€has€gladdenedÐ \ø Ðthe€hearts,€and€still€gladdens€the€hearts€of€millions€upon€millions,€not€only€in€Great€Britain,€butÐ Hä Ðthroughout€North€America€and€the€Indies,€in€portions€of€Africa,€and€in€Australia.€At€the€present€day,Ð 4 Ð Ðthe€English€is€probably€the€vernacular€tongue€of€more€millions€than€of€any€other€one€language€underÐ  !¼ Ðheaven;€and€the€English€Bible€has€brought€and€still€brings€home€the€knowledge€of€Godððs€revealedÐ  "¨ Ðtruth€to€myriads€more€of€minds€than€ever€received€it€through€the€original€tongues.€The€TranslatorsÐ ø"” Ðlittle€foresaw€the€vast€results€and€immeasurable€influence€of€what€they€had€thus€done,€both€for€timeÐ ä#€  Ðand€for€eternity.€Venerated€men!€their€very€names€are€now€hardly€known€to€more€than€a€few€persons;Ð Ð$l! Ðyet,€in€the€providence€of€God,€the€fruits€of€their€labors€have€spread€to€far€distant€climes;€have€laidÐ ¼%X" Ðbroad€and€deep€the€foundations€of€mighty€empires;€have€afforded€to€multitudes€strength€to€endureÐ ¨&D # Ðadversity,€and.€grace€to€resist€the€temptations€of€prosperity;€and€only€the€revelations€of€theÐ ”'0!$ Ðâ âjudgment-day€can€disclose€how€many€millions€and€millions,€through€the€instrumentality€of€theirÐ €("% Ðlabors,€have€been€made€wise€unto€salvation.׃%×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú14Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×Ð d Ðâ âà  àSurely€it€is€time,€that€the€names€of€these€ð ðvenerated€menðð€were€rescued€from€such€unjustÐ Pì Ðoblivion;€and€that€at€least€some€considerable€part€of€those€who€have€received€such€incalculableÐ <Ø Ðbenefits€at€their€hands,€should€know€to€whom€they€are€so€deeply€indebted.€The€sensation€of€gratitudeÐ ( Ä Ðis€one€of€pleasure;€and€it€is€hoped€that€this€little€book€may€serve€to€awaken€it€in€many€a€bosom,€bothÐ  ° Ðtoward€the€men€who€wrought€so€good€a€work,€ð ðand€made€all€corning€ages€their€own,ðð€ð!ð€and€towardÐ  œ ÐHim€who€gave€them€their€skill,€and€the€opportunity€to€exert€it€in€thus€widely€diffusing€his€savingÐ ì ˆ Ðtruth.Ð Ø t ÐÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÐ €("% ÐÑ&€¨Ñâ &âÑ € Ñâ &âÑ  ÑÌÔ‡ MiXXüŒÔÓ  Óò òTHE€TRANSLATORS€REVIVEDó óÔ#†XüŒX Miu³#ÔÐ œì ÐÓ”³ÓÌà  àHaving€thus€traced€the€history€of€our€Common€Version,€through€the€successive€steps€byÐ Â Ðwhich€it€nas€come€down€to€us€in€its€present€shape,€it€remains€for€us€to€inquire€as€to€the€persons€whoÐ ®þ Ðput€the€finishing€hand€to€the€work,€and€to€satisfy€ourselves€as€to€their€qualifications€for€the€task.€ItÐ š ê Ðis€obvious€that€this€personal€investigation€is€of€the€utmost€importance€in€settling€the€degree€ofÐ † Ö Ðconfidence€to€which€their€labors€are€entitled.€Unless€it€can€be€proved€that€they€were,€as€a€body,Ð r  Ðeminently€fitted€to€do€this€work€as€it€ought€to€be€done,€it€can€have€no€claim€to€be€regarded€as€aÐ ^ ® Ðð ðfinalityðð€in€the€matter€of€furnishing€a€translation€of€the€Word€of€God€for€the€English€speakingÐ J š  Ðpopulations€of€the€globe.Ð 6†  Ðà  àIt€is€exceedingly€strange€that€a€question€of€such€obvious€importance€has€been€so€long€leftÐ "r  Ðalmost€unnoticed.€Numerous€histories€of€the€Translation€itself€have€been€drawn€up€with€great€labor;Ð ^  Ðbut€no€man€seems€to€have€thought€it€worth€his€while€to€give€any€account€of€the€Translators,€exceptÐ úJ  Ðthe€most€meagre€notices€of€a€few€of€them,€and€general€attestations€to€their€reputations,€in€their€ownÐ æ6  Ðtime,€for€such€scholarship€and€skill€as€their€undertaking€required.€Even€the€late€excellent€ChristopherÐ Ò" ÐAnderson,€in€his€huge€volumes,€replete€as€they€are€with€research€and€information€upon€the€minutestÐ ¾ Ðpoints€relating€to€his€subject,€allots€but€a€page€or€two€of€his€smallest€type€to€this€essential€branch€ofÐ ªú Ðit.Ð –æ Ðà  àIt€is€nearly€twenty€years€since€the€writer€of€these€pages€began€to€consider€the€desirablenessÐ ‚Ò Ðof€knowing€more€of€those€eminent€divines,€and€he€has€ever€since€pursued€a€zealous€search€whereverÐ n¾ Ðhe€was€likely€to€effect€any€ð ðrestitution€of€decayed€intelligenceðð€respecting€them.€At€first,€he€almostÐ Zª Ðdespaired€of€ascertaining€much€more€than€the€bare€names€of€most€of€them.€But€by€degrees€he€hasÐ F– Ðcollected€innumerable€scraps€of€information,€gathered€from€a€great€variety€of€sources;€amplyÐ 2‚ Ðsufficient,€with€due€arrangement,€to€illustrate€the€subject.€His€object€is€simply€to€shew,€that€theÐ n ÐTranslators€commissioned€by€James€Stuart€were€ripe€and€critical€scholars,€profoundly€versed€in€allÐ  Z Ðthe€learning€required;€and€that,€in€these€particulars,€there€has€never€yet€been€a€time€when€a€betterÐ öF Ðqualified€company€could€#€have€been€collected€for€the€purpose.Ð â2 Ðà  àOf€the€forty-seven,€who€acted€under€king€Jamesððs€commission,€some€are€almost€unknownÐ Î Ðat€this€day,€though€of€high€repute€in€their€own€time.€A€few€have€left€us€but€little€more€than€theirÐ º  Ðnames,€worthy€of€immortal€remembrance,€were€it€only€for€their€connection€with€t-his€nobleÐ ¦ ö Ðmonument€of€learning€and€piety.€But€their€being€associated€with€so€many€other€scholars€and€divinesÐ ’!â Ðof€the€greatest€eminence,€is€proof€that€they€were€deemed€to€be€fit€companions€for€the€brightest€lightsÐ ~"Î  Ðof€the€land.€This€is€confirmed€by€the€fact€that,€though€the€king€designed€to€employ€in€this€work€theÐ j#º! Ðhighest€and€ripest€talents€in€his€realm,€there€were€still€many€men€in€England€distinguished€for€theirÐ V$¦" Ðlearning,€like€Broughton€and€Bedell,€who€were€not€enrolled€on€the€list€of€translators.€It€is€but€just€toÐ B%’ # Ðconclude,€therefore,€that€even€such€as€are€now€less€known€to€us,€were€then€accounted€to€deserve€aÐ .&~!$ Ðplace€with€the€best.€What€we€may€know€of€the€greater€part€of€them,€must€lead€to€the€highest€estimateÐ 'j"% Ðof€the€whole€body€of€these€good€men.€The€catalogue€begins€with€one€whose€name€is€worthy€of€t-heÐ (V#& Ðplace€it€fills.Ð ò(B$' ÐÌßA€X) °°dEä É*AßÐ Ê*&) ÐÌò òà@ìì*ìàˆÐ Å+'+ Їà@¢¢"ìàLANCELOT€ANDREWSó óˆÐ d ÐÌà  àHe€was€born€at€London,€in€1565.€He€was€trained€chiefly€at€Merchant€Taylorððs€school,€in€hisÐ <Ø Ðnative€city,€till€he€was€appointed€to€one€of€the€first€Greek€Scholarships€of€Pembroke€Hall,€in€theÐ ( Ä ÐUniversity€of€Cambridge.€Once€a€year,€at€Easter,€he€used€to€pass€a€month€with€his€parents.€DuringÐ  ° Ðthis€vacation,€he€would€find€a€master,€from€whom€he€learned€some€language€to€which€he€was€beforeÐ  œ Ða€stranger.€In€this€way€after€a€few€years,€he€acquired€most€of€the€modern€languages€of€Europe.€At€theÐ ì ˆ ÐUniversity,€he€gave€himself€chiefly€to€the€Oriental€tongues€and€to€divinity.€When€he€becameÐ Ø t Ðcandidate€for€a€fellowship,€there€was€but€one€vacancy;€and€he€had€a€powerful€competitor€in€Dr.Ð Ä ` ÐDove,€who€was€afterwards€Bishop€of€Peterborough.€After€long€and€severe€examination,€the€matterÐ °L  Ðwas€decided€in€favor€of€Andrews.€But€Dove,€though€vanquished,€proved€himself€in€this€trial€so€fineÐ œ8  Ða.€scholar,€that€the€College,€unwilling€to€lose€him,€appointed€him€as€a€sort€of€supernumerary€Fellow.Ð ˆ$  ÐAndrews€also€received€a€complimentary€appointment€as€Fellow€of€Jesus€College,€in€the€UniversityÐ t  Ðof€Oxford.€In€his€own€College,€he€was€made€a€catechist;€that€is€to€say,€a€lecturer€in€divinity.Ð `ü  Ðà  àHis€conspicuous€talents€soon€gained€him€powerful€patrons.€Henry,€Earl€of€Huntingdon,€tookÐ Lè  Ðhim€into€the€North€of€England;€where€he€was€the€means€of€converting€many€papists€by€his€preachingÐ 8Ô  Ðand€disputations.€He€was€also€warmly€befriended€by€Sir€Francis€Walsingham,€Secretary€of€State€toÐ $À ÐQueen€Elizabeth.€He€was€made€parson€of€Alton,€in€Hampshire;€and€then€Vicar€of€St.€Giles,€inÐ ¬ ÐLondon.€He€was€afterwards€made€Prebendary€and€Canon€Residentiary€of€St.€Paulððs,€and€also€of€theÐ ü˜ ÐCollegiate€Church€of€Southwark.€He€lectured€on€divinity€at€St.€Paulððs€three€times€each€week.€On€theÐ è„ Ðdeath€of€Dr.€Fulke,€in€1589,€Dr.€Andrews,€though€so€young,€was€chosen€Master€of€Pembroke€Hall,Ð Ôp Ðwhere€he€had€received€his€education.€While€at€the€head€of€this€College,€he€was€one€of€its€principalÐ À\ Ðbenefactors.€It€was€rather€poor€at€that€time,€but€by€his€efforts€its€endowments€were€much€increased;Ð ¬H Ðand€at€his€death,€many€years€later,€he€bequeathed€to€it,€besides€some€plate,€three€hundred€folioÐ ˜4 Ðvolumes,€and€a€thousand€pounds€to€found€two€fellowships.Ð „  Ðà  àHe€gave€up€his€Mastership€to€become€chaplain€in€ordinary€to€Queen€Elizabeth,€who€delightedÐ p  Ðin€his€preaching,€and€made€him€Prebendary€of€Westminster,€and€afterwards€Dean€of€that€famousÐ \ø Ðchurch.€In€the€matter€of€Church€dignities€and€preferments,€he€was€highly€favored.€It€was€while€heÐ Hä Ðheld€the€office€of€Dean€of€Westminster,€that€Dr.€Andrews€was€made€director,€or€president,€of€the€firstÐ 4 Ð Ðcompany€of€Translators,€composed€of€ten€members,€who€held€their€meetings€at€Westminster.€TheÐ  !¼ Ðportion€assigned€to€them€was€the€five€books€of€Moses,€and€the€historical€books€to€the€end€of€theÐ  "¨ ÐSecond€Book€of€Kings.€Perhaps€no€part€of€the€work€is€better€executed€than€this.Ð ø"” Ðà  àWith€King€James,€Dr.€Andrews€stood€in€still€higher€favor€than€he€had€done€with€Elizabeth.Ð ä#€  ÐThe€ð ðroyal€pedantðð€had€published€a€€ð ðDefence€of€the€Rights€of€Kings,ðð€in€opposition€to€the€arrogantÐ Ð$l! Ðclaims€of€the€Popes.€He€was€answered€most€bitterly€by€the€celebrated€Cardinal€Bellarmine.€The€KingÐ ¼%X" Ðset€Dr.€Andrews€to€refute€the€Cardinal;€which€he€did€in€a€learned€and€spirited€quarto,€highlyÐ ¨&D # Ðcommended€by€Casaubon.€To€that€quarto,€the€Cardinal€made€no€reply.€For€this€service,€the€KingÐ ”'0!$ Ðrewarded€his€champion,€by€making€him€Bishop€of€Chichester;€to€which€office€Dr.€Andrews€wasÐ €("% Ðconsecrated,€November€3d,€1605.€This€was€soon€after€his€appointment€to€be€one€of€the€TranslatorsÐ l)#& Ðof€the€Bible.€He€accepted€the€bishopric€with€great€humility,€having€already€refused€that€dignity€moreÐ X*ô#' Ðthan€once.€The€motto€graven€on€his€episcopal€seal€was€the€solemn€exclamation,€ð!ð€ð ðAnd€who€isÐ D+à$( Ðsufficient€for€these€things!ðð€At€this€time€he€was€also€made€Lord€Almoner€to€the€King,€a€place€of€greatÐ 0,Ì%) Ðtrust,€in€which€he€proved€himself€faithful€and€uncorrupt.€In€September,€1609,€he€was€transferred€toÐ d Ðthe€bishopric€of€Ely;€and€was€called€to€his€Majestyððs€privy€council.€In€February,€1618,€he€wasÐ Pì Ðtranslated€to€the€bishopric€of€Winchester;€which€if€less€dignified€than€the€archiepiscopal€see€ofÐ <Ø ÐCanterbury,€was€then€much€more€richly€endowed;€so€that€it€used€to€be€said,€ð!ð€ð ðCanterbury€is€theÐ ( Ä Ðhigher€rack,€but€Winchester€is€the€better€manger.ðð€At€the€time€of€this€last€preferment€Dr.€AndrewsÐ  ° Ðwas€appointed€Dean€of€the€Kingððs€chapel;€and€these€stations€he€retained€till€his€death.€Ð  œ Ðà  àIn€the€high€offices€Bishop€Andrews€filled,€he€conducted€himself€with€great€ability€andÐ ì ˆ Ðintegrity.€The€crack-brained€king,€who€scarce€knew€now€to€restrain€his€profaneness€and€levity€underÐ Ø t Ðthe€most€serious€circumstances,€was€overawed€by€the€gravity€of€this€prelate,€and€desisted€from€mirthÐ Ä ` Ðand€frivolity€in€his€presence.€And€yet€the€good€bishop€knew€how€to€be€facetious€on€occasion.Ð °L  ÐEdmund€Waller,€the€poet,€tells€of€being€once€at€court,€and€overhearing€a€conversation€held€by€theÐ œ8  Ðking€with€Bishop€Andrews,€and€Bishop€Neile,€of€Durham.€The€monarch,€who€was€always€a€jealousÐ ˆ$  Ðstickler€for€his€prerogatives,€and€something€more,€was€in€those€days€trying€to€raise€a€revenue€withoutÐ t  Ðparliamentary€authority.€In€these€measures,€so€clearly€unconstitutional,€he€was€opposed€by€BishopÐ `ü  ÐAndrews€with€dignity€and€decision.€Waller€says,€the€king€asked€this€brace€of€bishops,€ð!ð€ð ðMy€lords,Ð Lè  Ðcannot€I€take€my€subjectððs€money€when€I€want€it,€without€all€this€formality€in€parliament?ðð€TheÐ 8Ô  ÐBishop€of€Durham,€one€of€the€meanest€of€sycophants€to€his€prince,€and€a€harsh€and€haughtyÐ $À Ðoppressor€of€his€puritan€clergy,€made€ready€answer,€ð!ð€ð ðGod€forbid,€Sir,€but€you€should;€you€are€theÐ ¬ Ðbreath€of€our€nostrils!ðð€Upon€this€the€king€looked€at€the€Bishop€of€Winchester,€ð!ð€ð ðWell,€my€lord,Ð ü˜ Ðwhat€say€you?ðð€Dr.€Andrews€replied€evasively,€ð!ð€ð ðSir,€I€have€no€skill€to€judge€of€parliamentaryÐ è„ Ðmatters.ðð€But€the€king€persisted,€ð!ð€ð ðNo€put€offs,€my€lord!€answer€me€presently.ðð€ð ðThen,€Sir,ðð€saidÐ Ôp Ðthe€shrewd€Bishop,€ð ðI€think€it€lawful€for€you€to€take€my€brother€Neileððs€money,€for€he€offers€it,ððÐ À\ ÐEven€the€petulant€king€was€hugely€pleased€with€this€piece€of€pleasantry,€which€gave€greatÐ ¬H Ðamusement€to€his€cringing€courtiers.Ð ˜4 Ðà  àð ðFor€the€benefit€of€the€afflicted,ððas€the€advertisements€have€it,€we€give€a€little€incident€whichÐ „  Ðmay€afford€a€useful€hint€to€some€that€need€it.€While€Dr.€Andrews€was€one€of€the€divines€atÐ p  ÐCambridge,€he€was€applied€to€by€a€worthy€alderman€of€that€drowsy€city,€who€was€beset€by€the€sorryÐ \ø Ðhabit€of€sleeping€under€the€afternoon€sermon;€and€who,€to€his€great€mortification,€had€been€publiclyÐ Hä Ðrebuked€by€the€minister€of€the€parish.€As€snuff€had€not€then€came€into€vogue,€Dr.€Andrews€did€notÐ 4 Ð Ðadvise,€as€some€matter-of-fact€persons€have€done€in€such€cases,€to€titillate€the€ð ðsneezerððwith€aÐ  !¼ Ðrousing€pinch.€He€seems€to€have€been€of€the€opinion€of€the€famous€Dr.€Romaine,€who€once€told€hisÐ  "¨ Ðfull-fed€congregation€in€London,€that€it€was€hard€work€to€preach€to€two€pounds€of€beef€and€a€pot€ofÐ ø"” Ðporter.€So€Dr.€Andrews€advised€his€civic€friend€to€help€his€wakefulness€by€dining€very€sparingly.€TheÐ ä#€  Ðadvice€was€followed;€but€without€avail.€Again€the€rotund€dignitary€slumbered€and€slept€in€his€pew;Ð Ð$l! Ðand€again€was€he€roused€by€the€harsh€rebukes€of€the€irritated€preacher.€With€tears€in€those€too€sleepyÐ ¼%X" Ðeyes€of€his,€the€mortified€alderman€repaired€to€Dr.€Andrews,€begging€for€further€counsel.€TheÐ ¨&D # Ðconsiderate€divine,€pitying€his€infirmity,€recommended€to€him€to€dine€as€usual,€and€then€to€take€hisÐ ”'0!$ Ðnap€before€repairing€to€his€pew.€This€plan€was€adopted;€and€to€the€next€discourse,€which€was€aÐ €("% Ðviolent€invective€prepared€for€the€very€purpose€of€castigating€the€aldermanððs€somnolent€habit,€heÐ l)#& Ðlistened€with€unwinking€eyes,€and€his€uncommon€vigilance€gave€quite€a€ridiculous€air€to€the€wholeÐ X*ô#' Ðbusiness.€The€unhappy€parson€was€nearly€as€much€vexed€at€his€huge-waisted€parishionerððs€unwontedÐ D+à$( Ðwakefulness,€as€before€at€his€unseemly€dozing.Ð 0,Ì%) Їà  àBishop€Andrews€continued€in€high€esteem€with€Charles€I.;€and€that€most€culpable€ofÐ d Ðmonarchs,€whose€only€redeeming€quality€was€the€strength€and€tenderness€of€his€domestic€affections,Ð Pì Ðin€his€dying€advice€to€his€children,€advised€them€to€study€the€writings€of€three€divines,€of€whom€ourÐ <Ø ÐTranslator€was€one.Ð ( Ä Ðà  àLancelot€Andrews€died€at€Winchester€House,€in€Southwark,€London,€September€25th,€1626,Ð  ° Ðaged€sixty-one€years.€He€was€buried€in€the€Church€of€St.€Saviour,€where€a€fair€monument€marks€theÐ  œ Ðspot.€Having€never€married,€he€bequeathed€his€property€to€benevolent€uses.€John€Milton,€then€butÐ ì ˆ Ða€youth,€wrote€a€glowing€Latin€elegy€on€his€death.Ð Ø t Ðà  àAs€a€preacher,€Bishop€Andrews€was€right€famous€in€his€day.€He€was€called€the€ð ðstar€ofÐ Ä ` Ðpreachers.ðð€Thomas€Fuller€says€that€he€was€ð ðan€inimitable€preacher€in€his€way;€and€such€plagiaristsÐ °L  Ðas€have€stolen€his€sermons€could€never€steal€his€preaching,€and€could€make€nothing€of€that,€whereofÐ œ8  Ðhe€made€all€things€as€he€desired.ðð€Pious€and€pleasant€Bishop€Felton,€his€contemporary€and€colleague,Ð ˆ$  Ðendeavored€in€vain€in€his€sermons€to€assimilate€to€his€style,€and€therefore€said€merrily€of€himself,Ð t  Ðð!ð€ð ðI€had€almost€marred€my€own€natural€trot€by€endeavoring€to€imitate€his€artificial€amble.ðð€Let€thisÐ `ü  Ðbe€a€warning€to€all€who€would€fain€play€the€monkey,€and€especially€to€such€as€would€ape€theÐ Lè  Ðeccentricities€of€genius.€Nor€is€it€desirable€that€Bishop€Andrewsðð€style€should€be€imitated€evenÐ 8Ô  Ðsuccessfully;€for€it€abounds€in€quips,€quirks,€and€puns,€according€to€the€false€taste€of€his€time.€FewÐ $À Ðwriters€are€ð ðso€happy€as€to€treat€on€matters€which€must€always€interest,€and€to€do€it€in€a€mannerÐ ¬ Ðwhich€shall€for€ever€please.ðð€To€build€up€a€solid€literary€reputation,€taste€and€judgment€inÐ ü˜ Ðcomposition€are€as€necessary€as€learning€and€strength€of€thought.€The€once€admired€folios€of€BishopÐ è„ ÐAndrews€have€long€been€doomed€to€the€dusty€dignity€of€the€lower€shelf€in€the€library.Ð Ôp Ðà  àMany€hours€he€spent€each€day€in€private€and€family€devotions;€and€there€were€some€whoÐ À\ Ðused€to€desire€that€ð ðthey€might€end€their€days€in€Bishop€Andrewsððs€chapel.ðð€He€was€one€in€whomÐ ¬H Ðwas€proved€the€truth€of€Lutherððs€saying,€that€ð ðto€have€prayed€well,€is€to€have€studied€well.ðð€HisÐ ˜4 Ðmanual€for€his€private€devotions,€prepared€by€himself,€is€wholly€in€the€Greek€language.€It€has€beenÐ „  Ðtranslated€and€printed.€This€praying€prelate€also€abounded€in€alms-giving;€usually€sending€hisÐ p  Ðbenefactions€in€private,€as€from€a€friend€who€chose€to€remain€unknown.€He€was€exceedingly€liberalÐ \ø Ðin€his€gifts€to€poor€and€deserving€scholars.€His€own€instructors€he€held€in€the€highest€reverence.€HisÐ Hä Ðold€schoolmaster€Mulcaster€always€sat€at€the€upper€end€of€the€episcopal€table;€and€when€theÐ 4 Ð Ðvenerable€pedagogue€was€dead,€his€portrait€was€placed€over€the€bishopððs€study€door.€These€were€justÐ  !¼ Ðtokens€of€respect;Ð  "¨ ÐÌà8  àð ðFor€if€the€scholar€to€such€height€did€reach,€Ðä#€ Ð Ð  Ðà8  àThen€what€was€he€who€did€that€scholar€teach?ððÐÐ$l!Ð Ð  ÐÌà  àThis€worthy€diocesan€was€much€ð ðgiven€to€hospitality,ðð€and€especially€to€literary€strangers.Ð ¨&D # ÐSo€bountiful€was€his€cheer,€that€it€used€to€be€said,€ð!ð€ð ðMy€lord€of€Winchester€keeps€Christmas€all€theÐ ”'0!$ Ðyear€round.ðð€He€once€spent€three€thousand€pounds€in€three€days,€though€ð ðin€this€we€praise€him€not,ððÐ €("% Ðin€entertaining€King€James€at€Farnham€Castle.€His€society€was€as€much€sought,€however,€for€theÐ l)#& Ðcharm€of€his€rich€and€instructive€conversation,€as€for€his€liberal€housekeeping€and€his€exaltedÐ X*ô#' Ðstations.Ð D+à$( Ðà  àBut€we€are€chiefly€concerned€to€know€what€were€his€qualifications€as€a€Translator€of€theÐ 0,Ì%) ÐBible.€He€ever€bore€the€character€of€ð ða€right€godly€man,ðð€and€ð ða€prodigious€student.ðð€One€competentÐ d Ðjudge€speaks€of€him€as€ð ðthat€great€gulf€of€learning!ðð€It€was€also€said,€that€ð ðthe€world€wanted€learningÐ Pì Ðto€know€how€learned€this€man€was.ðð€And€a€brave€old€chronicler€remarks,€that,€such€was€his€skill€inÐ <Ø Ðall€languages,€especially€the€Oriental,€that,€had€he€been€present€at€the€confusion€of€tongues€at€Babel,Ð ( Ä Ðhe€might€have€served€asòò€Interpreter-General!€óóIn€his€funeral€sermon€by€Dr.€Buckeridge,€Bishop€ofÐ  ° ÐRochester,€it€is€said€that€Dr.€Andrews€was€conversant€with€fifteen€languages.Ð  œ ÐÌßA€X) °°dEä × AßÐ Ø t ÐÌò òÓ  ÓJOHN€OVERALLó óÐ Ó o  ÐÓ/ÿÓÌThis€divine€is€the€next€on€the€list€of€those€good€men,€of€whom€the€marginal€comment€in€the€PopishÐ «G  Ðtranslation€says,€ð!ð€ð ðThey€will€be€abhorred€in€the€depths€of€hell!ðð€They€may€be€abhorred€there,€but,Ð —3  Ðafter€a€while€no€where€else.€He€was€born€in€1559,€at€Hadley,€and€was€bred€in€the€free€school€at€thatÐ ƒ  Ðplace.€He€lived€through€the€whole€of€that€happy€period,€which€many,€beside€the€bard€of€RydalÐ o  ÐMount,€regard€as€the€best€days€of€old€England,€Ð [÷  ÐÌà8  àð ðWhen€faith€and€hope€were€in€their€prime,€Ð3ÏÐ Ð  Ðà8  àIn€great€Elizaððs€golden€time.ððлРР ÐÌà  àIn€due€season,€he€was€entered€as€a€scholar€at€St.€Johnððs€College,€Cambridge.€He€was€nextÐ ÷“ Ðchosen€Fellow€of€Trinity€College,€in€the€same€University.€In€1596,€he€was€made€Kingððs€ProfessorÐ ã Ðof€Divinity;€and€at€the€same€time€took€his€doctorððs€degree,€being€about€thirty-seven€years€of€age.€ItÐ Ïk Ðis€noted€of€this€eminent€theologian€by€Bishop€Hacket,€that€it€was€his€custom€to€ground€his€theses€inÐ »W Ðthe€schools€on€two€or€three€texts€of€Scripture,€shewing€what€latitude€of€opinion€or€interpretation€wasÐ §C Ðadmissible€upon€the€point€in€hand.€He€was€celebrated€for€the€appropriateness€of€his€quotations€fromÐ “/ Ðthe€Fathers.€He€was€soon€after€made€Master€of€Catharine€Hall€very€much€against€his€will.€To€end€aÐ  Ðbitter€contention€in€regard€to€two€rival€candidates,€he€was€elected,€if€election€it€could€be€called,€underÐ k Ðthe€Queenððs€absolute€mandate.€When€Archbishop€Whitgift€wished€the€new€Master€ð ðjoy€of€his€place,ððÐ Wó Ðthe€latter€replied€that€it€was€ð ðterminus€diminuens;ðð€which€is€Latin€for€ð ðan€Irish€promotion,ðð€or€aÐ C ß Ðð ðhoist€down€hill.ðð€But€his€Grace,€in€the€true€spirit€of€a€courtier€ð ðall€of€the€olden€time,ðð€told€theÐ /!Ë Ðdissatisfied€Professor,€that€ð ðif€the€injuries,€much€more€the€less€courtesies,€of€princes€must€beÐ "· Ðthankfully€taken,€as€the€ushers€to€make€way€for€greater€favors.ðð€These€appointments€must€be€takenÐ #£  Ðas€full€proof€of€Dr.€Overallððs€superior€scholarship€in€that€learned€age,€when€such€preferments€wereÐ ó#! Ðonly€won€by€dint€of€the€severest€application€to€study.Ð ß${" Ðà  àIn€1601,€on€the€recommendation€of€Lord€Brooke,€that€noble€friend€and€patron€of€men€ofÐ Ë%g# Ðlearning€and€genius,€Dr.€Overall€was€made€Dean€of€St.€Paulððs,€in€London.€It€may€be€doubted€whetherÐ ·&S $ Ðthis€studious€recluse,€absorbed€in€deep€studies,€shone€with€his€brightest€lustre€in€the€pulpit.€ð ðBeingÐ £'?!% Ðappointed,ðð€says€Thomas€Fuller,€ð ðto€preach€before€the€Queen,€he€professed€to€my€father,€who€wasÐ (+"& Ðmost€intimate€with€him,€that€he€had€spoken€Latin€so€long,€it€was€trouble^€some€to€him€to€speakÐ {)#' ÐEnglish€in€a€continued€oration.ððÐ g*$( Ðà  àSoon€after€the€throne€was€filled€by€James€the€First,€whom€that€accomplished€statesman,€theÐ S+ï$) ÐDuke€of€Sully,€called€ð ðthe€most€learned€fool€in€Europe,ðð€the€Convocation,€or€parliament€of€theÐ ?,Û%* Ðclergy,€came€together.€Dr.€Overall€was€prolocutor,€or€speaker,€of€the€lower€house€of€Convocation.Ð d ÐTo€this€body€he€presented€a€volume€of€canons,€the€only€book€from€his€pen€now€extant.€Its€object€wasÐ Pì Ðto€vindicate€the€divine€right€of€government.€But€though€it€was€adopted€by€the€Convocation,€the€KingÐ <Ø Ðprevented€the€publication€of€the€book€at€that€time,€because€it€taught,€that€when,€after€a€revolution€orÐ ( Ä Ðconquest,€a€new€government€or€dynasty€was€firmly€established,€this€also,€in€its€turn,€could€plead€forÐ  ° Ðitself€a€divine€right,€and€could€claim€the€obedience€of€the€people€as€a€matter€of€duty€toward€God.Ð  œ ÐThis€ð ðConvocation€Book,ðð€now€so€long€forgotten,€was€printed€many€years€after€the€death€of€ð ðKingÐ ì ˆ ÐJamie;ðð€and€obtained€some€historical€and€political€celebrity,€because€it€had€the€very€effect€which€wasÐ Ø t Ðapprehended€by€the€monarch€who€suppressed€it.€For€when€his€grandson,€James€the€Second,€wasÐ Ä ` Ðexpelled€from€the€soil€and€throne€of€England,€many€bishops€and€other€clergymen,€called€ð ðnonjurors,ððÐ °L  Ðrefused€through€conscientious€scruples,€to€swear€allegiance€to€the€new€government€of€William€andÐ œ8  ÐMary.€Bishop€Sherlock€and€many€others,€who€at€first€declined€the€oath,€professed€to€be€convertedÐ ˆ$  Ðfrom€that€error€by€the€reading€of€Dr.€Overallððs€book.€But€conversions€so€favorable€to€thrift€are€aptÐ t  Ðto€be€held€in€suspicion.€Dr.€Overall€was€the€author€of€the€questions€and€answers€relating€to€theÐ `ü  Ðsacraments,€which€have€been€much€admired,€by€the€ablest€judges€of€such€matters,€and€which€wereÐ Lè  Ðsubjoined€to€the€Catechism€of€the€Church€of€England,€in€the€first€year€of€James€the€First.Ð 8Ô  Ðà  àIt€was€while€he€was€Dean€of€St.€Paulððs€Cathedral,€that€he€was€joined€in€the€commission,€theÐ $À Ðhighest€of€his€honors,€for€translating€the€Bible.€Though€long€familiarity€with€other€languages€mayÐ ¬ Ðhave€made€him€somewhat€inapt€for€continuous€public€discourse€in€his€mother-tongue,€he€was€therebyÐ ü˜ Ðthe€better€fitted€to€discern€the€sense€of€the€sacred€original.€He€was€styled€by€Camden€ð ða€prodigiousÐ è„ Ðlearned€man;ðð€and€is€said€by€Fuller€to€have€been€ð ðof€a€strong€brain€to€improve€his€great€reading.ððÐ Ôp Ðà  àJohn€Overall,€who€ð ðcarried€superintendency€in€his€surname,ðð€was€made€Bishop€of€LitchfieldÐ À\ Ðand€Coventry,€in€1614.€Four€years€later€he€was€transferred€to€the€see€of€Norwich,€where,€in€a€fewÐ ¬H Ðmonths,€he€died,€at€the€age€of€sixty€years.€This€was€in€1619.€He€frequently€had€in€his€mouth€theÐ ˜4 Ðwords€of€the€Psalmist,€ð!ð€ð ðWhen€thou€with€rebukes€dost€correct€man€for€iniquity,€thou€makest€hisÐ „  Ðbeauty€to€consume€away€like€a€moth;€surely€every€man€is€vanity.ððÐ p  Ðà  àIn€his€later€years,€he€was€unhappily€inclined€to€Arminianism.€He€was€a€correspondent€ofÐ \ø ÐVossius€and€Grotius,€and€other€famous€scholars€on€the€continent.€He€was€greatly€addicted€to€theÐ Hä Ðscholastic€theology,€now€so€much€decried.€Since€the€days€of€Bacon€the€schoolmen€have€been€muchÐ 4 Ð Ðdepreciated,€because€there€was€so€little€practical€fruit€of€their€studies.€And€yet€there€was€somethingÐ  !¼ Ðwonderful€in€the€keenness€and€subtlety€of€their€disputes;€though€it€is€lawful€to€smile€at€the€excessÐ  "¨ Ðof€logical€refinement€which€subdivided€the€stream€of€their€genius€into€a€ramification€of€rills,Ð ø"” Ðabsorbed€at€last€in€the€dry€desert€of€metaphysics.€One€of€them€is€highly€praised€by€Cardan,€ð ðfor€thatÐ ä#€  Ðonly€one€of€his€arguments€was€enough€to€puzzle€all€posterity;€and€that€when€he€was€grown€old,€heÐ Ð$l! Ðwept€because€he€could€not€understand€his€own€books.ðð€We€can€conceive,€however,€that€theÐ ¼%X" Ðrefinement€of€the€schoolmen€as€to€precise€definitions,€and€nicer€shades€of€thought,€might€be€aÐ ¨&D # Ðvaluable€quality€in€some,€at€least,€of€the€company€of€Translators.Ð ”'0!$ ÐÌßA€X) °°dEä k)AßÐ l)#& ÐÌÓ  Óò òHADRIAN€SARAVIAó óÐ g*$( ÐÓ:ÓÌà  àThis€noted€scholar€was€a€Belgian€by€birth.€His€father€was€a€Spaniard,€his€mother€was€aÐ ?,Û%* ÐBelgian,€and€both€were€Protestants.€He€was€born€in€1530,€at€Hedin€in€Artois.€Of€his€early€life€noÐ d Ðnotices€have€reached€us.€He€was,€for€some€years,€a€pastor€both€in€Flanders€and€Holland.€He€was,€inÐ Pì Ðhis€principles,€a€terrible€high-church-man;€and€seems,€from€his€zeal€for€the€divine€right€ofÐ <Ø Ðepiscopacy,€to€have€had€some€trouble€with€his€colleagues€and€the€magistrates€at€Ghent,€where€he€wasÐ ( Ä Ðone€of€the€ministers€in€1566.€From€that€place€he€retired€to€England.€He€was€sent€by€QueenÐ  ° ÐElizabethððs€Council€as€a€sort€of€missionary€to€the€islands€of€Guernsey€and€Jersey,€where€he€was€oneÐ  œ Ðof€the€first€Protestant€ministers;€knowing,€as€he€says€of€himself,€in€a€letter,€ð ðwhich€were€theÐ ì ˆ Ðbeginnings,€and€by€what€means€and€occasions€the€preaching€of€Godððs€word€was€planted€there.ðð€HeÐ Ø t Ðlabored€there€in€a€twofold€capacity,€doing€the€work€of€an€evangelist,€and€conducting€a€newlyÐ Ä ` Ðestablished€school,€called€Elizabeth€College.Ð °L  Ðà  àFrom€his€island-home,€he€was€recalled€to€the€continent€by€the€Belgian€churches,€in€1577.€HeÐ œ8  Ðwas€invited€to€become€Professor€of€Divinity€at€the€University€of€Leyden,€in€1582;€and€soon€after€wasÐ ˆ$  Ðalso€made€preacher€of€the€French€Church€in€that€city.€In€1587€he€came€to€England€with€the€Earl€ofÐ t  ÐLeicester,€and€became€master€of€the€grammar-school€m€Southampton,€where,€in€the€course€of€a€fewÐ `ü  Ðyears,€he€trained€many€distinguished€pupils.Ð Lè  Ðà  àHis€zeal€for€episcopacy€led€him€to€publish€several€Latin€treatises€against€Beza,€Danseus,€andÐ 8Ô  Ðother€Presbyterians.€He€also€published€a€treatise€on€papal€primacy€against€the€Jesuit€Gretser.€All€hisÐ $À Ðpublications€relate€to€such€matters,€and€were€collected€into€a€folio€edition,€in€the€year,1611.€They€areÐ ¬ Ðstill€highly€praised€by€the€ð ðOxford€divines,ðð€who€have€given€occasion€to€Macauley€to€say,€in€hisÐ ü˜ Ðcaustic€style,€ð!ð€ð ðThe€glory€of€being€further€behind€the€age€than€any€other€class€of€the€British€people,Ð è„ Ðis€one€which€that€learned€body€acquired€early,€and€has€never€lost.ððÐ Ôp Ðà  àIn€1590,€Saravia€was€made€Doctor€of€Divinity€at€Oxford,€as€had€been€done€long€before€at€theÐ À\ ÐUniversity€of€Leyden.€He€was€made€Prebendary€of€Gloucester,€next€of€Canterbury,€in€1695;€and€thenÐ ¬H Ðof€Westminster€in€1601.€This€last€was€his€highest€preferment.€He€added€to€it€the€rectorship€of€GreatÐ ˜4 ÐChart,€in€Kent,€some€eight€years€after.€He€died€at€Canterbury,€January€15th,€1612,€aged€eighty-twoÐ „  Ðyears.€Thus€his€fluctuating€life€ended€in€a€quiet€old€age,€and€a€peaceful€death.Ð p  Ðà  àHe€is€said,€by€Anthony€a-Wood,€to€have€been€ð ðeducated€in€all€kinds€of€literature€in€hisÐ \ø Ðyounger€days,€especially€in€several€languages.ðð€It€was€his€fortune€to€find€friends€and€patrons€amongÐ Hä Ðthe€great.€Archbishop€Whitgift,€that€stern€suppressor€of€Puritanism,€held€him€in€high€esteem,€andÐ 4 Ð Ðmade€great€use€of€his€aid€in€conducting€his€share€in€the€controversies€of€the€time.€In€particular€theÐ  !¼ Ðarch-prelate€relied€much€on€Dr.€Saraviaððs€ð ðHebrew€learningðð€in€his€contests€with€Hugh€Broughton,Ð  "¨ Ðthat€stiff€Puritan,€whom€Light-foot€styles€ð ðthe€great€Albionean€divine,€renowned€in€many€nations€forÐ ø"” Ðrare€skill€in€Salemððs€and€Athensðð€tongues,€and€familiar€acquaintance€with€all€Rabbinical€learning.ððÐ ä#€  ÐThus€the€Prebendary€of€Westminster€was€accustomed€to€cross€swords€with€no€mean€adversaries;€andÐ Ð$l! Ðwas,€no€doubt,€thoroughly€furnished€with€the€knowledge€necessary€for€a€Bible€translator.Ð ¼%X" Ðà  àWhile€Dr.€Saravia€was€Prebendary€of€Canterbury,€the€famous€Richard€Hooker€was€parsonÐ ¨&D # Ðof€the€village€of€Borne,€about€three€miles€distant.€Between€these€worthies€there€sprang€up€aÐ ”'0!$ Ðfriendship,€cemented€by€the€agreement€of€their€views€and€studies.€Professor€Keble€says,€that€SaraviaÐ €("% Ðwas€Hookerððs€ð ðconfidential€adviser,ðð€while€the€latter€was€preparing€his€celebrated€books€ð ðOf€theÐ l)#& ÐLaws€of€Ecclesiastical€Polity.ðð€Old€Izaak€Walton€gives€the€following€beautiful€picture€of€theirÐ X*ô#' ÐChristian€intimacy;€ð!ð€ð ðThese€two€excellent€persons€began€a€holy€friendship,€increasing€daily€to€soÐ D+à$( Ðhigh€and€mutual€affections,€that€their€two€wills€seemed€to€be€but€one€and€the€same;€and€their€designs,Ð 0,Ì%) Ðboth€for€the€glory€of€God,€and€peace€of€the€church,€still€assisting€and€improving€each€otherððs€virtues,Ð d Ðand€the€desired€comforts€of€a€peaceable€piety.ððÐ Pì ÐÌßA€X) °°dEä ' AßÐ ( Ä ÐÌà@KK#ìàò òRICHARD€CLARKEó óˆÐ # ¿ ÐÌà  àDr.€Clarke€is€spoken€of€as€a€Fellow€of€Christððs€College,€Cambridge;€and€as€a€very€learnedÐ û — Ðclergyman€and€eminent€preacher.€He€was€Vicar€of€Minster€and€Monkton€in€Thanet,€and€one€of€theÐ ç ƒ Ðsix€preachers€of€the€cathedral€church€in€Canterbury.€He€died€in€1634.€Three€years€after€his€death,€aÐ Ó o  Ðfolio€volume€of€his€learned€sermons€was€published.€But€alas€for€ð ðfoliosðð€and€ð ðlearned€sermonsðð€inÐ ¿[  Ðthese€days.€When€people€look€on€such€a€thing,€they€are€ready€to€exclaim,€like€Robert€Hall,€at€theÐ «G  Ðsight€of€Dr.€Gillððs€voluminous€Commentary,€ð!ð€ð ðWhat€a€continent€of€mud!ððÐ —3  ÐÌßA€X) °°dEä nAßÐ o  ÐÌò òÓ  ÓJOHN€LAIFIELDó óÐ j  ÐÓŸ6ÓÌà  àDr.€Laifield€was€Fellow€of€Trinity€College,€Cambridge,€and€Rector€of€the€Church€of€St.Ð BÞ ÐClementððs,€Daneððs,€in€London.€Of€him€it€is€said,€ð ðthat€being€skilled€in€architecture,€his€judgment€wasÐ .Ê Ðmuch€relied€on€for€the€fabric€of€the€tabernacle€and€temple.ðð€He€died€at€his€rectory€in€1617.€FewÐ ¶ Ðthings€are€more€difficult,€than€the€giving€of€architectural€details€in€such€a€manner€as€to€be€intelligibleÐ ¢ Ðto€the€unprofessional€reader.Ð òŽ ÐÌßA€X) °°dEä ÉAßÐ Êf ÐÌò òÓ  ÓROBERT€TIGHEó óÐ Åa ÐÓ`9ÓÌThis€name,€in€all€the€printed€lists€of€the€Translators,€has€been€misspelled€Leigh.€It€should€beòò€TeighÐ 9 Ðóóoròò€Tighe׃'×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú15Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×.€óó€Dr.€Tighe€was€born€at€Deeping,€Lincolnshire;€and€was€educated€partly€at€Oxford,€andÐ ‰% Ðpartly€at€Cambridge.€He€was€Archdeacon€of€Middlesex€and€Vicar€of€the€Church€of€All€Hallows,Ð u ÐBarking,€London.€He€is€characterized€as€ð ðan€excellent€textuary€and€profound€linguist.ðð€Dr.€TigheÐ a ý Ðdied€in€1620,€leaving€to€his€son€an€estate€of€one€thousand€pounds€a€year;€which€is€worth€mentioningÐ M!é  Ðbecause€so€rarely€done€by€men€of€the€clerical€profession.Ð 9"Õ! ÐÌßA€X) °°dEä $AßÐ $­# ÐÌò òÓ  ÓFRANCIS€BURLEIGHó óÐ  %¨% ÐÓú<ÓÌDr.€Burleigh,€or€Burghley,€was€made€Vicar€of€Bishopððs€Stortford€in€1590,€which€benefice€he€heldÐ ä&€ ' Ðat€the€time€of€his€appointment€to€the€important€service€of€this€Bible€translation.Ð Ð'l!( ÐÐ ¼(X") ÐßA€X) °°dEä cAßÐ d ÐÌÌÓ  Óò òGEOFFRY€KINGó óÐ Kç ÐÓŠ>ÓÌà  àMr.€King€was€Fellow€of€Kingððs€College,€Cambridge.€It€is€a€fair€token€of€his€fitness€to€takeÐ # ¿ Ðpart€in€this€translation-work,€that€he€succeeded€Mr.€Spaulding,€another€of€these€Translators,€asÐ  « ÐRegius€Professor€of€Hebrew€in€that€University.€Men€were€not€appointed€in€those€days€to€such€dutiesÐ û — Ðof€instruction,€with€the€expectation€that€they€would€qualify€themselves€after€their€induction€intoÐ ç ƒ Ðoffice.׃(×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú16Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×Ð Ó o  ÐÌßA€X) °°dEä ªAßÐ «G  ÐÌÓ  Óò òRICHARD€THOMPSONó óÐ ¦B  ÐÓxAÓÌà  àMr.€Thompson,€at€the€time€of€his€appointment,€was€Fellow€of€Clare€Hall,€Cambridge.Ð ~  ÐAccording€to€Wood€he€was€ð ða€Dutchman,€born€of€English€parents.ðð€By€the€Presbyterian€divines,€heÐ j  Ðwas€called€ð ðthe€grand€propagator€of€Arminian-ism.ðð€Of€the€prelatic€Arminians€Coleridge€too€trulyÐ Vò  Ðsaid,€that€ð ðthey€emptied€revelation€of€all€the€doctrines€that€can€properly€be€said€to€have€beenÐ BÞ Ðrevealed.ðð€If€ð ðsin€be€the€greatest€heresy,ðð€as€that€class€usually€affirms,€a€more€serious€error€imputedÐ .Ê Ðto€Mr.€Thompson€is€intemperance€in€his€later€years.€As€to€his€literary€qualifications,€he€is€describedÐ ¶ Ðby€the€learned€Richard€Montague€as€ð ða€most€admirable€philologer,ðð€who€was€ð ðbetter€known€in€Italy,Ð ¢ ÐFrance,€and€Germany,€than€at€home.ððÐ òŽ ÐÌßA€X) °°dEä ÉAßÐ Êf ÐÌÓ  Óò òWILLIAM€BEDWELLó óÐ Åa ÐÓ±EÓÌMr.€Bedwell€was€educated€at€St.€Johnððs€College,€Cambridge.€He€was€Vicar€of€Tottenham€HighÐ 9 ÐCross,€near€London.€He€died€at€his€vicarage,€at€the€age€of€seventy,€May€5th,€1632,€justly€reputed€toÐ ‰% Ðhave€been€ð ðan€eminent€oriental€scholar.ðð€×ƒ)T×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú17Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€He€published€in€quarto€an€edition€of€the€epistles€of€St.Ð u ÐJohn€in€Arabic,€with€a€Latin€version,€printed€at€the€press€of€Raphelengius,€at€Antwerp,€in€1612.€HeÐ a ý Ðalso€left€many€Arabic€manuscripts€to€the€University€of€Cambridge,€with€numerous€notes€upon€them,Ð M!é  Ðand€a€font€of€types€for€printing€them.€His€fame€for€Arabic€learning€was€so€great,€that€when€Erpenius,Ð 9"Õ! Ða€most€renowned€Orientalist,€resided€in€England,€in€1606,€he€was€much€indebted€to€Bedwell€forÐ %#Á" Ðdirection€in€his€studies.€To€Bedwell,€rather€than€to€Erpenius,€who€commonly€enjoys€it,€belongs€theÐ $­# Ðhonor€of€being€the€first€who€considerably€promoted€and€revived€the€study€of€the€Arabic€language€andÐ ý$™$ Ðliterature€in€Europe.€He€was€also€tutor€to€another€Orientalist€of€renown,€Dr.€Pococke.€For€manyÐ d Ðyears,€Mr.€Bedwell€was€engaged€in€preparing€an€Arabic€Lexicon€in€three€volumes;€and€went€toÐ Pì ÐHolland€to€examine€the€collections€of€Joseph€Scaliger.€But€proceeding€very€slowly,€from€desire€toÐ <Ø Ðmake€his€work€perfect€as€possible,€Golius€forestalled€him,€by€the€publication€of€a€similar€work.Ð ( Ä Ðà  àAfter€Bedwellððs€death,€the€voluminous€manuscripts€of€his€lexicon€were€loaned€by€theÐ  ° ÐUniversity€of€Cambridge€to€aid€in€the€compilation€of€Dr.€Castellððs€colossal€work,€the€LexiconÐ  œ ÐHeptaglotton.€Some€modern€scholars€have€fancied,€that€we€have€an€advantage€in€our€times€over€theÐ ì ˆ Ðtranslators€of€King€Jamesððs€day,€by€reason€of€the€greater€attention€which€is€supposed€to€be€paid€atÐ Ø t Ðpresent€to€what€are€called€the€ð ðcognateðð€and€ð ðShemiticðð€languages,€and€especially€the€Arabic,€byÐ Ä ` Ðwhich€much€light€is€thought€to€be€reflected€upon€Hebrew€words€and€phrases.€It€is€evident,€however,Ð °L  Ðthat€Mr.€Bedwell€and€others,€among€his€fellow-laborers,€were€thoroughly€conversant€in€this€part€ofÐ œ8  Ðthe€broad€field€of€sacred€criticism.Ð ˆ$  Ðà  àMr.€Bedwell€also€commenced€a€Persian€dictionary,€which€is€among€Archbishop€LaudððsÐ t  Ðmanuscripts,€still€preserved€in€the€Bodleian€Library€at€Oxford.€In€1615,€he€published€his€book,€ð ðAÐ `ü  ÐDiscovery€of€the€Impostures€of€Mahomet€and€of€the€Koran.ðð€To€this€was€annexed€his€ð ðArabianÐ Lè  ÐTrudgeman.ðð€òòTrudgeman€óóoròò€truckman€óóis€the€word€òòDragomanóó€in€its€older€form,€and.€is€derived€fromÐ 8Ô  Ða€Chaldee€word€meaning€òòinterpreter.€óóThis€Arabian€Trudgeman€is€a€most€curious€illustration€ofÐ $À Ðoriental€etymology€and€history.Ð ¬ Ðà  àDr.€Bedwell€had€a€fondness€for€mathematical€studies.€He€invented€a€ruler€for€geometricalÐ ü˜ Ðpurposes,€like€what€we€call€Gunterððs€Scale,€which€went€by€the€name€of€ð ðBedwellððs€Ruler.ððÐ è„ Ðà  àThis€closes€what€we€have€to€say€of€that€first€Westminster€Company,€of€ten€members,€toÐ Ôp Ðwhom€was€committed€the€historical€books,€beginning€with€Genesis€and€ending€with€the€SecondÐ À\ ÐBook€of€Kings,€once€ð ðcommonly€called,ðð€as€its€title€still€says,€ð ðThe€Fourth€Book€of€the€Kings.ððÐ ¬H ÐÌßA€X) °°dEä ƒAßÐ „  ÐÌà  àThe€second€company€of€King€Jamesððs€translators€held€its€meetings€in€Cambridge.€To€thisÐ  Ðsection€of€those€learned€divines,€was€assigned€from€the€beginning€of€Chronicles€to€the€end€of€ð ðTheÐ k ÐSong€of€Songs,€which€is€Solomonððs.ðð€The€eight€men€to€whom€this€important€part€of€the€work€wasÐ Wó Ðassigned,€were€no€whit€behind€their€associates,€in€fitness€for€their€great€undertaking.Ð C ß ÐÌßA€X) °°dEä "AßÐ "· ÐÌÓ  Óò òEDWARD€LIVELYó óÐ #²! ÐÓDWÓÌà  àHe€is€commemorated€as€ð ðone€of€the€best€linguists€in€the€world.ðð€He€was€a€student,€andÐ î$Š# Ðafterwards€a€fellow,€of€Trinity€College,€Cambridge,€and€Kingððs€Professor€of€Hebrew.€He€wasÐ Ú%v$ Ðactively€employed€in€the€preliminary€arrangements€for€the€Translation,€and€appears€to€have€stoodÐ Æ&b % Ðhigh€in€the€confidence€of€the€King.€Much€dependence€was€placed€on€his€surpassing€skill€in€theÐ ²'N!& Ðoriental€tongues.€But€his€death,€which€took€place€in€May,€1605,€disappointed€all€such€expectations;Ð ž(:"' Ðand€is€said€to€have€considerably€retarded€the€commencement€of€the€work.€Some€say€that€his€deathÐ Š)&#( Ðwas€hastened€by€his€too€close€attention€to€the€necessary€preliminaries.€His€stipend€had€been€butÐ v*$) Ðsmall,€and€after€many€troubles,€and€the€loss€of€his€wife,€the€mother€of€a€numerous€family,€he€wasÐ b+þ$* Ðwell€provided€for€by€Dr.€Barlow,€that€he€might€be€enabled€to€devote€himself€to€the€business€of€theÐ d Ðgreat€Translation.€He€died€of€a€quinsy,€after€four€daysðð€illness,€leaving€eleven€orphans,€ð ðdestitute€ofÐ Pì Ðnecessaries€for€their€maintenance,€but€only€such€as€God,€and€good€friends,€should€provide.ðð€He€wasÐ <Ø Ðauthor€of€a€Latin€exposition€of€five€of€the€minor€Prophets,€and€of€a€work€on€chronology.€Dr.€Pusey,Ð ( Ä Ðof€Oxford,€says,€that€Lively,€ð ðwhom€Pococke€never€mentions€but€with€great€respect,€was€probably,Ð  ° Ðnext€to€Pococke,€the€greatest€of€our€Hebraists.ððÐ  œ ÐÌßA€X) °°dEä × AßÐ Ø t ÐÌÓ  Óò òJOHN€RICHARDSONó óÐ Ó o  ÐÓ8^ÓÌà  àThis€profound€divine€was€born€at€Linton,€in€Cambridgeshire.€He€was€first€Fellow€of€EmanuelÐ «G  ÐCollege,€then€Master€of€Peterhouse€from€1608€to€1615;€and€next€Master€of€Trinity€College.€He€wasÐ —3  Ðalso€Kingððs€Professor€of€Divinity.€He€was€chosen€Vice-Chancellor€of€the€University€in€1617,€andÐ ƒ  Ðagain€in€1618.€He€died€in€1625,€and€was€buried€in€Trinity€College€Chapel.€He€left€a€bequest€of€oneÐ o  Ðhundred€pounds€to€Peterhouse.Ð [÷  Ðà  àHe€was€noted€as€a€ð ðmost€excellent€linguist,ðð€as€every€good€theologian€must€be;€for,€asÐ Gã  ÐColeridge€says,€ð ðlanguage€is€the€armory€of€the€human€mind;€and€at€once€contains€the€trophies€of€itsÐ 3Ï Ðpast,€and€the€weapons€of€its€future€conquests.ððÐ » Ðà  àIn€those€days,€it€was€the€custom,€at€seats€of€learning,€for€the€ablest€men€to€hold€publicÐ  § Ðdisputes,€in€the€Latin€tongue,€with€a€view€to€display€their€skill€in€the€weapons€of€logic,€and€ð ðtheÐ ÷“ Ðdialectic€fence.ðð€As€the€ancient€knights€delighted€to€display€and€exercise€their€skill€and€strength€inÐ ã Ðrunning€at€tilt,€and€amicably€breaking€spears€with€one€another;€so€the€great€scholars€used€to€copeÐ Ïk Ðwith€each€other€in€the€arena€of€public€argument,€and€strive€for€literary€ð ðmasteries.ðð€Those€scholasticÐ »W Ðtournaments€were€sure€to€be€got€up€whenever€the€halls€of€science€were€visited€by€the€king,€or€someÐ §C Ðchief€magnate€of€the€land;€and€the€logical€conflicts,€always€conducted€in€the€Latin€tongue,€wereÐ “/ Ðattended€with€as€much€absorbing€interest€as€were€the€shows€of€gladiators€among€the€Romans.Ð  Ðà  àOn€such€an€occasion,€when€James€the€First€was€visiting€Cambridge,€ð ðan€extraordinary€actððÐ k Ðin€divinity€was€kept€for€His€Majestyððs€entertainment.€Dr.€John€Davenant,€a€famous€man,€andÐ Wó Ðafterwards€Bishop€of€Salisbury,€was€ð ðrespondent.ðð€His€business€was€to€meet€all€comers,€who€mightÐ C ß Ðchoose€to€assail€the€point€he€was€to€defend,€ð!ð€namely,€that€kings€might€never€be€excommunicated.Ð /!Ë ÐWell€did€Dr.€Davenant€urge€the€wordy€war,€till€our€Dr.€Richardson€pushed€him€tremendously€withÐ "· Ðthe€example€of€Ambrose,€the€famous€Bishop€of€Milan,€who,€to€the€admiration€of€the€whole€ChristianÐ #£  Ðworld,€excommunicated€the€emperor€Theodosius€the€Great.€Here€was€a€poser!€King€James,€who€wasÐ ó#! Ðalways€very€nervous€on€the€subject€of€regal€prerogative,€saw€that€his€champion€was€staggering€underÐ ß${" Ðthat€stunning€fact;€and,€to€save€him,€cried€out€in€a€passion,€ð!ð€€ð ðVerily,€this€was€a€great€piece€ofÐ Ë%g# Ðâ âinsolence€on€the€part€of€Ambrose!ðð€×ƒ*×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú18Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€To€this,€Dr.€Richardson€calmly€rejoined,€ð!ð€ð ðA€truly€royalÐ ·&S $ Ðresponse,€and€worthy€of€Alexander!€This€is€òòcuttingóó€our€knotty€arguments,€instead€of€untying€them.ððÐ d Ðâ âÔ_Ô׃+×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú19Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×Ô_Ô€And€so€taking€his€seat,€he€desisted€from€farther€discussion.€The€mild€dignity€of€this€remonstrance,Ð Pì Ðin€which€independence€and€submission€are€happily-combined,€presents€him€in€such€a€light€as€toÐ <Ø Ðconstrain€us€to€regret€that€this€detached€incident€is€about€all€we€know€of€the€personal€character€ofÐ ( Ä Ðthe€man.€We€can€readily€believe€that€he€was€a€wise€and€faithful,€as€well€as€learned,€Translator€of€theÐ  ° ÐBook€of€God.Ð  œ ÐÌßA€X) °°dEä × AßÐ Ø t ÐÌÓ  Óò òLAWRENCE€CHADERTONó óÐ Ó o  ÐÓømÓÌà  àThis€divine€was€a€staunch€Puritan,€brave€and€godly,€learned€and€laborious,€full€of€moderationÐ «G  Ðand€the€old€English€hardihood.€He€was€born€at€Chaderton€in€Lancashire,€in€the€year€1537.€His€familyÐ —3  Ðwas€wealthy,€but€bigotted€in€popery,€in€which€religion€he€was€carefully€bred.€Being€destined€to€theÐ ƒ  Ðbar,€he€was€sent€to€the€Inns€of€Court,€at€London,€where€he€spent€some€years€in€the€study€and€practiceÐ o  Ðof€the€law.€Here€he€be€came€a€pious€protestant;€and,€forsaking€the€law,€entered,€as€student,€at€ChristððsÐ [÷  ÐCollege,€Cambridge.€Oh€that,€in€a€far€higher€sense,€all€divinity-students€might€be€trained€in€ChristððsÐ Gã  Ðown€college,€and€learn€their€science€from€the€Great€Teacher€himself!Ð 3Ï Ðà  àThese€changes€took€place€in€1564.€Mr.€Chaderton€applied€to€his€father€for€some€pecuniaryÐ » Ðaid;€but€the€wrathful€old€papist€ð ðsent€him€a€poke,€with€a€groat€in€it,€to€go€a-begging;ðð€and€disinheritedÐ  § Ðhis€son€of€a€large€estate.€The€son€had€no€occasion€to€use€the€begging-poke.€His€high€character€andÐ ÷“ Ðscholarship€procured€him€much€favor;€while€his€mind€was€sustained€by€the€promises€of€the€Saviour,Ð ã Ðfor€whose€sake€he€had€ð ðendured€the€loss€of€all€things.ðð€He€took€his€first€degree€in€1567,€and€was€thenÐ Ïk Ðchosen€one€of€the€Fellows€of€his€College.€He€became€Master€of€Arts€in€1571;€and€Bachelor€ofÐ »W ÐDivinity€in€1584.€He€did€not€receive€the€degree€of€Doctor€in€Divinity€till€1613,€when€it€was€pressedÐ §C Ðupon€him,€at€the€time€when€Frederick,€Prince€Palatine€of€the€Rhine,€who€married€King€JamesððsÐ “/ Ðdaughter€Elizabeth,€visited€Cambridge€in€state.€Fuller,€remarking€upon€this€matter,€writes,€ð!ð€€ð ðWhatÐ  Ðis€said€of€Mount€Caucasus,ððthat€it€was€never€seen€without€snow€on€the€top,ððwas€true€of€this€reverendÐ k Ðfather,€whom€none€of€our€fatherððs€generation€knew€in€the€University€before€he€was€gray-headed.ððÐ Wó Ðà  àð ðHe€made€himself€familiar€with€the€Latin,€Greek,€and€Hebrew€tongues,€and€was€thoroughlyÐ C ß Ðskilled€in€them.€Moreover€he€had€diligently€investigated€the€numerous€writings€of€the€Rabbis,€so€farÐ /!Ë Ðas€they€seemed€to€promise€any€aid€to€the€understanding€of€the€Scriptures.€This€is€evident€from€theÐ "· Ðannotations€in€his€handwriting€appended€to€the€Biblia€Bombergi,׃,h×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú20Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€which€are€still€preserved€in€theÐ #£  Ðlibrary€of€Emanuel€College.ðð€×ƒ-×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú21Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€His€studies€were€such€as€eminently€to€qualify€him€to€bear€anÐ ó#! Ðimportant€part€in€the€translating€of€the€Bible.€In€1576,€he€held€a€public€dispute€with€Dr.€Baron,Ð ß${" ÐMargaret€Professor€of€Divinity,€upon€the€Arminian€sentiments€of€the€latter.€In€this€debate,€Dr.Ð d ÐChaderton€appeared€to€the€highest€advantage,€as€to€his€learning,€ability€and€temper.€Ð Pì Ðà  àFor€sixteen€years€he€was€lecturer€at€St.€Clementððs€Church,€in€Cambridge,€where€his€preachingÐ <Ø Ðwas€greatly€blessed.€In€1578,€he€delivered€a€sermon€at€Paulððs€Cross,€London,€which€appears€to€haveÐ ( Ä Ðbeen€his€only€printed€production.€About€that€time,€by€order€of€Parliament,€he€was€appointed€preacherÐ  ° Ðof€the€Middle€Temple,€with€a€liberal€salary.€It€was€thought€best,€perhaps,€that€a€flock€of€lawyersÐ  œ Ðshould€have€the€gospel€preached€to€them€by€one€who€had€been€bred€to€know€the€sins€of€their€calling.Ð ì ˆ Ðà  àIn€the€year€1584,€Sir€Walter€Mildmay,€one€of€Queen€Elizabethððs€noted€statesmen,€foundedÐ Ø t ÐEmanuel€College,€at€Cambridge.€Sir€Walter€was€not€supposed€to€be€a€very€high€Churchman,€and€theÐ Ä ` ÐQueen€charged€him€with€having€ð ðerected€a€Puritan€foundation.ðð€In€reply,€he€told€her,€that€he€had€setÐ °L  Ðan€acorn,€which,€when€it€became€an€oak,€God€only€knows€what€will€become€of€it.ðð€And€truly,€itÐ œ8  Ðpleased€God,€that€it€should€yield€plenteous€crops€of€Puritan€ð ðhearts€of€oak;ðð€and€afford€an€abundantÐ ˆ$  Ðsupply€of€that€sound,€substantial,€and€yet€spiritual€piety,€which€stands€in€strong€contrast€with€allÐ t  Ðsuperstition€and€formality.€Emanuel€College€chapel,€by€order€of€the€founder,€was€built€in€theÐ `ü  Ðuncanonical€direction€of€north€and€south.€Nearly€a€hundred€years€after,€this€non-conforming€buildingÐ Lè  Ðwas€punished€by€the€crabbed€prelates,€who€had€it€pulled€down,€and€rebuilt€in€the€holy€position€of€eastÐ 8Ô  Ðand€west,€agreeably€to€the€solemn€doctrine€of€the€ð ðorientation€of€churches!ðð€Perhaps€there€was€noÐ $À Ðbetter€way€to€convert€it€from€the€Puritanism€wherewith€it€was€infected,€than€thus€to€give€it€first€anÐ ¬ Ðoverturn,€and€then€a€half€turn€toward€popery.Ð ü˜ Ðà  àIt€is€likely,€however,€that€the€religious€peculiarities€which€long€marked€this€College€are€toÐ è„ Ðbe€ascribed€less€to€the€position€in€which€the€chapel€was€placed,€than€to€the€influence€of€its€firstÐ Ôp ÐMaster.€For€this€important€office,€Sir€Walter€Mildmay€made€choice€of€Dr.€Chaderton.€The€modestyÐ À\ Ðof€the€latter€made€him€quite€resolute€to€refuse€the€station,€till€Sir€Walter€plainly€told€him,€ð!ð€ð ðIf€youÐ ¬H Ðwill€not€be€the€Master,€I€will€not€be€the€Founder.ðð€Upon€this,€Dr.€Chaderton€accepted€the€office;€andÐ ˜4 Ðfilled€it€with€zeal,€and€industry,€and€high€repute,€for€thirty-eight€years.€Through€his€exertions,€theÐ „  Ðendowments€of€the€institution€were€greatly€increased,€and€it€became€a€nursing€mother€to€manyÐ p  Ðeminent€and€useful€men.Ð \ø Ðà  àAt€the€Hampton€Court€Conference,€in€1603,€Dr.€Chaderton€was€one€of€the€four€divinesÐ Hä Ðappointed€by€the€King€as€being€ð ðthe€most€grave,€learned,€and€modest€of€the€aggrieved€sort,ðð€toÐ 4 Ð Ðrepresent€the€Puritan€interest.€Dr.€Chaderton,€however,€took€no€part€in€the€debates,€perceiving€thatÐ  !¼ Ðthe€Conference€was€merely€a€royal€farce,€got€up€to€give€the€tyrant€an€opportunity€to€avow€his€bitterÐ  "¨ Ðhostility€to€Puritanism,€because€of€its€incompatibility€with€abject€submission€to€arbitrary€power.Ð ø"” ÐColeridge,€who€was€a€staunch€adherent€of€the€Church€of€England,€but€by€no€means€blinded€on€thatÐ ä#€  Ðaccount€to€the€truth€of€history,€thus€expresses€his€opinion€as€to€the€Hampton€Court€affair.€ð ðIf€anyÐ Ð$l! Ðman,€who,€like€myself,€hath€attentively€read€the€Church€history€of€the€reign€of€Elizabeth,€and€theÐ ¼%X" ÐConference€before,€and€with,€her€pedant€successor,€can€shew€me€any€essential€difference€betweenÐ ¨&D # ÐWhitgift€and€Bancroft,€during€their€rule,€and€Bonner€and€Gardiner€in€the€reign€of€Mary,€I€will€beÐ ”'0!$ Ðthankful€to€him€in€my€heart,€and€for€him€in€my€prayers.€One€difference€I€see,ð"ðnamely,€that€theÐ €("% Ðformer,€professing€the€New€Testament€to€be€their€rule€and€guide,€and€making€the€fallibility€of€allÐ l)#& Ðâ âchurches€and€individuals€an€article€of€faith,€were€more€inconsistent,€and€therefore,€less€excusableÐ X*ô#' Ðthan€the€popish€persecutors.ðð׃.×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú22Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×Ð d Ðâ âà  àIt€was€during€his€mastership€of€Emanuel€College,€that€Dr.€Chaderton€was€engaged€in€theÐ Pì ÐBible€translation,€in€which€good€work€he€was€well€fitted€and€disposed€to€take€his€part.€ð ðHe€was€aÐ <Ø Ðscholar,€and€a€ripe€and€good€one.ðð€Having€reached€his€three€score€years€and€ten,€his€knowledge€wasÐ ( Ä Ðfully€digested,€and€his€experience€matured,€while€ð ðhis€natural€force€was€not€abated,ðð€and€his€facultiesÐ  ° Ðburned€with€unabated€fire.€Even€to€the€close€of€his€long€life,€ð ðhis€eye€was€not€dim,ðð€and€his€sightÐ  œ Ðrequired€no€artificial€aid.Ð ì ˆ Ðà  àMany€years€after,€in€1622,€having€reached€the€great€age€of€eighty-five,€this€Nestor€among€theÐ Ø t Ðdivines€resigned€the€office€he€had€so€long€sustained.€Not€that€he€was€even€then€disqualified€for€itsÐ Ä ` Ðduties€by€infirmity;€but€because€of€the€rapid€spread€of€Arminianism,€and€the€fear€that,€if€the€businessÐ °L  Ðwere€left€till€after€his€death,€a€divine€of€lax€sentiments,€who€was€then€waiting€his€chance,€would€beÐ œ8  Ðthrust€into€the€place€by€the€interference€of€the€Court.€The€business€was€so€managed,€that€Dr.€Preston,Ð ˆ$  Ðthe€very€champion€of€the€Puritans,€was€inducted€as€Dr.€Chadertonððs€successor.€The€vivaciousÐ t  Ðpatriarch,€however,€lived€to€survive€Dr.€Preston;€and€to€see€Dr.€Sancroft,€and€after€him,€Dr.Ð `ü  ÐHoldsworth,€in€the€same€station.€This€latter€incumbent€preached€Dr.€Chadertonððs€funeral€sermon.Ð Lè  ÐDr.€Holdsworth€used€to€tell€him,€that,€as€long€as€he€lived,€he€should€be€Master€in€the€house,€thoughÐ 8Ô  Ðhe€himself€was€forced€to€be€Master€of€the€house.€The€patriarch€was€always€consulted€as€to€the€affairsÐ $À Ðof€the€College.Ð ¬ Ðà  àThe€most€protracted€and€useful€life€must€come€to€its€end.€There€have€been€various€accountsÐ ü˜ Ðof€the€time€of€Dr.€Chadertonððs€death,€and€of€the€place€of€his€interment.€But€all€mistakes€are€correctedÐ è„ Ðby€his€Latin€epitaph,€which€has€been€found€on€a€monumental€stone,€at€the€entrance€of€EmanuelÐ Ôp ÐCollege€chapel,€and€has€been€translated€as€follows;Ð À\ ÐÌÓ  ÓHereÐ ˜4 Ðlies€the€body€ofÐ „  ÐLawrence€Chaderton,€D.€D.,Ð p  Ðwho€was€the€first€Master€of€this€College.Ð \ø ÐHe€died€in€the€year€1640,Ð Hä Ðin€the€one€hundred€and€thirdÐ 4 Ð Ðyear€of€his€age.Ð  !¼ ÐÓ=–ÓÌà  àPerhaps€such€longevity€was€more€common€then€than€now.€It€is€on€record,€that€ð ðten€men€ofÐ ø"” ÐHerefordshire,€a€nest€of€Nestors,€once€danced€the€Morish€before€King€James,€their€united€agesÐ ä#€  Ðexceeding€a€thousand€years.ðð€Their€contemporary,€Dr.€Chaderton,€was€more€honored€by€the€gravityÐ Ð$l! Ðof€his€gray€hairs,€than€they€by€the€levity€of€their€giddy€heels.Ð ¼%X" Ðà  àHe€was€greatly€venerated.€All€his€habits€were€such€as€inspired€confidence€in€his€piety.€DuringÐ ¨&D # Ðthe€fifty-three€years€of€his€married€life,€he€never€suffered€any€of€his€servants€to€be€detained€fromÐ ”'0!$ Ðpublic€worship€by€the€preparation€of€food,€or€other€household€cares.€He€used€to€say,€ð!ð€ð ðI€desire€asÐ €("% Ðmuch€to€have€my€servants€to€know€the€Lord,€as€myself.ðð€These€things€are€greatly€to€his€honor;Ð l)#& Ðthough€his€regard€to€the€Lordððs€Day€may€excite€the€scorn€of€some€in€these€degenerate€times.Ð d Ðà  àDr.€Chaderton€is€described€by€Archdeacon€Echard,€as€ð ða€grave,€pious,€and€excellentÐ Pì Ðpreacher.ðð€As€an€instance€of€his€power€in€the€pulpit,€we€will€close€this€sketch€with€an€incident€whichÐ <Ø Ðcould€hardly€have€taken€place€any€where€on€earth€for€the€last€hundred€years.€It€is€stated€on€highÐ ( Ä Ðauthority,€that€while€our€aged€saint€was€visiting€some€friends€in€his€native€county€of€Lancashire,€heÐ  ° Ðwas€invited€to€preach.€Having€addressed€his€audience€for€two€full€hours€by€the€glass,€he€paused€andÐ  œ Ðsaid,€ð!ð€ð ðI€will€no€longer€trespass€on€your€patience.ðð€And€now€comes€the€marvel;€for€the€wholeÐ ì ˆ Ðcongregation€cried€out€with€one€consent,€ð!ð€ð ðFor€Godððs€sake,€go€on,€go€on!ðð€He,€accordingly,Ð Ø t Ðproceeded€much€longer,€to€their€great€satisfaction€and€delight.€ð ðWhen,ðð€says€Coleridge,€ð ðafterÐ Ä ` Ðreading€the€biographies€of€[Izaak]€Walton€and€his€contemporaries,€I€reflect€on€the€crowdedÐ °L  Ðcongregations,€who€with€intense€interest€came€to€their€hour-and-two-hour-long€sermons,€I€cannotÐ œ8  Ðbut€doubt€the€fact€of€any€true€progression,€moral€or€intellectual,€in€the€mind€of€the€many.€The€tone,Ð ˆ$  Ðthe€matter,€the€anticipated€sympathies€in€the€sermons€of€an€age,€form€the€best€moral€criterion€of€theÐ t  Ðcharacter€of€that€age.ðð€Let€us€not€be€so€unwise€as€to€inquire€concerning€this,€ð ðWhat€is€the€cause€thatÐ `ü  Ðthe€former€days€were€better€than€these?ðð€For€even€now€people€like€to€hear€such€preaching€as€isÐ Lè  Ðpreaching.€But€where€shall€we€find€men€for€the€work€like€those€who€gave€us€our€version€of€theÐ 8Ô  ÐBible?Ð $À ÐÌßA€X) °°dEä ûAßÐ ü˜ ÐÌò òÓ  ÓFRANCIS€DILLINGHAMó óÐ ÷“ ÐÓ%£ÓÌà  àHe€was€a€Fellow€of€Christððs€College,€Cambridge.€After€the€translation€was€finished,€heÐ Ïk Ðbecame€parson€of€Dean,€his€native€place,€in€Bedfordshire.€He€also€obtained€the€rich€benefice€ofÐ »W ÐWilden,€in€the€same€County,€where€he€died€a€single€and€wealthy€man.€ð ðMy€father,ðð€says€worthy€oldÐ §C ÐThomas€Fuller,€ð ðwas€present€in€the€bachelorððs€school,€when€a€Greek€act€was€kept׃/×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú23Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€between€FrancisÐ “/ ÐDillingham€and€William€Alabaster,€to€their€mutual€commendation.€A€disputation€so€famous,€that€itÐ  Ðserved€for€an€era€or€epoch,€for€the€scholars€in€that€age,€thence€to€date€their€seniority.ðð€From€this,€itÐ k Ðwould€seem,€that€he€was€not€without€reason€styled€the€ð ðgreat€Grecian.ðð€He€was€noted€as€an€excellentÐ Wó Ðlinguist€and€a€subtle€disputant,€and€was€author€of€various€theological€treatises.€His€brother€and€heir,Ð C ß ÐThomas€Dillingham,€also€minister€of€Dean,€was€chosen€one€of€the€famous€Assembly€of€Divines€atÐ /!Ë ÐWestminster;€but€on€account€of€age,€illness,€and€for€other€reasons,€did€not€take€his€seat.€FrancisÐ "· ÐDillingham€was€a€diligent€writer,€both€of€practical€and€polemical€divinity.€He€collected€out€ofÐ #£  ÐCardinal€Bellarmineððs€writings,€all€the€concessions€made€by€that€acute€author€in€favor€ofÐ ó#! ÐProtestantism.€He€published€a€Manual€of€the€Christian€faith,€taken€from€the€Fathers,€and€a€varietyÐ ß${" Ðof€treatises€on€different€points€belonging€to€the€Romish€controversy.Ð Ë%g# ÐÌßA€X) °°dEä ¢'AßÐ £'?!% ÐÌÓ  Óò òROGER€ANDREWSó óÐ ž(:"' ÐÓ‰ªÓÐ Š)&#( Ðà  àDr.€Andrews,€who€had€been€Fellow€in€Pembroke€Hall,€was€Master€of€Jesus€College,Ð d ÐCambridge.€He€also€became€Prebendary€of€Chichester€and€Southwell.€He€too€was€a€famous€linguistÐ Pì Ðin€his€time,€like€his€brother€Lancelot,€the€Bishop€of€Winchester,€whose€life€has€been€already€sketchedÐ <Ø Ðas€President€of€the€first€company€of€the€Translators.Ð ( Ä ÐÌßA€X) °°dEä ÿ AßÐ  œ ÐÌÓ  Óò òTHOMAS€HARRISON.ó óÐ û — ÐÓâ¬ÓÌà  àHe€had€been€student€and€Fellow€of€Trinity€College,€Cambridge;€and€was€now€Vice-MasterÐ Ó o  Ðof€that€important€seminary.€Thomas€Fuller€records€the€following€instance€of€his€meekness€andÐ ¿[  Ðcharity.€ð ðI€remember€when€the€reverend€Vice-Master€of€Trinity€College€in€Cambridge€was€told€thatÐ «G  Ðone€of€the€scholars€had€abused€him€in€an€oration.ððDid€he,ððsaid€he,€ððname€meðð?€Did€he€name€ThomasÐ —3  ÐHarrison?€€And€when€it€was€returned€that€he€named€him€not,€ð!ð€ððThen,ððsaid€he,€ððI€do€not€believe€thatÐ ƒ  Ðhe€meant€me.ððððWe€have€a€strong€evidence€of€his€reputation€in€the€University€in€another€duty€whichÐ o  Ðwas€assigned€him.€ð ðOn€account€of€his€exquisite€skill€in€the€Hebrew€and€Greek€idioms,€he€was€oneÐ [÷  Ðof€the€chief€examiners€in€the€University€of€those€who€sought€to€be€public€professors€of€theseÐ Gã  Ðlanguages.ðð׃0×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú24Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×Ð 3Ï ÐÌßA€X) °°dEä AßÐ  § ÐÌÓ  Óò òROBERT€SPAULDINGó óÐ ¢ ÐÓ±ÓÌDr.€Spaulding€was€Fellow€of€St.€Johnððs€College,€Cambridge.€He€succeeded€Edward€Lively,€of€whomÐ Þz Ðwe€have€briefly€spoken,€as€Regius€Professor€of€Hebrew.Ð Êf ÐÌßA€X) °°dEä ¡AßÐ ¢> ÐÓ  Óò òÌANDREW€BINGó óÐ 9 ÐÓ"³ÓÌà  àDr.€Bing€was€Fellow€of€Peterhouse,€Cambridge.€Tn€course€of€time€he€succeeded€GeoffryÐ u ÐKing,€who€was€Dr.€Spauldingððs€successor,€in€the€Regius€Professorship€of€Hebrew.€Dr.€Bing€wasÐ a ý ÐSub-dean€of€York€in€1606,€and€was€installed€Archdeacon€of€Norwich€in€1618.€He€died€during€theÐ M!é  Ðtimes€of€the€Commonwealth.Ð 9"Õ! Ðà  àThese€brief€notices€suffice€to€shew€that€the€members€of€this€company€deserved€their€placesÐ %#Á" Ðamong€the€translators.€The€quiet€and€uneventful€lives€of€these€secluded€students€and€deep€divinesÐ $­# Ðhave€left€no€strongly€marked€incidents€on€the€historic€page.€But€their€learning€still€lives€and€instructsÐ ý$™$ Ðon€the€pages€of€their€immortal€work.Ð é%…% Ðà  àThe€third€company€of€the€Translators,€composed€of€Oxford€divines,€met€at€that€famous€seatÐ Õ&q & Ðof€learning,€and€was€fully€equal€to€any€other€of€these€companies€in€qualifications€for€their€importantÐ Á']!' Ðundertaking.€The€part€assigned€to€this€division€was€from€the€beginning€of€Isaiah€to€the€end€of€the€OldÐ ­(I"( ÐTestament.Ð ™)5#) ЇßA€X) °°dEä cAßÐ d ÐÌÓ  Óò òJOHN€HARDINGó óÐ _û ÐÓ¸ÓÌà  àThis€divine€was€president€in€his€company;€a€station€which€shews€how€high€he€ranked€amongÐ 7 Ó Ðhis€brethren€who€knew€him;€though€bat€little€relating€to€his€character€and€history€has€come€down€toÐ # ¿ Ðour€times.€The€offices€filled€by€him€were€such€as€to€confirm€the€opinion€that€his€learning€and€pietyÐ  « Ðentitled€him€to€the€position€he€occupied€in€this€venerable€society€of€scholars.€At€the€time€of€hisÐ û — Ðappointment€to€aid€in€the€translation€of€the€Bible,€he€had€been€Royal€Professor€of€Hebrew€in€theÐ ç ƒ ÐUniversity€for€thirteen€years.€His€occupancy€of€that€chair,€at€a€time€when€the€study€of€sacredÐ Ó o  Ðliterature€was€pursued€by€thousands€with€a€zeal€amounting€to€a€passion,€is€a€fair€intimation€that€Dr.Ð ¿[  ÐHarding€was€the€man€for€the€post€he€occupied.€When€commissioned€by€the€King€to€take€part€in€thisÐ «G  Ðversion€of€the€Scriptures,€Dr.€Harding€was€also€President€of€Magdalen€College.€He€was€at€the€sameÐ —3  Ðtime€rector€of€Halsey,€in€Oxfordshire.€The€share€which€he,€with€his€brethren,€performed,€was,Ð ƒ  Ðperhaps,€the€most€difficult€portion€of€the€translation-work.€The€skill€and€beauty€with€which€it€isÐ o  Ðaccomplished€are€a€fair€solution€of€the€problem,€ð ðHow,€two€languages€being€given,€the€nearestÐ [÷  Ðapproximation€may€be€made€in€the€second,€to€the€expression€of€ideas€already€conveyed€through€theÐ Gã  Ðmedium€of€the€first?ððÐ 3Ï ÐÌßA€X) °°dEä AßÐ  § ÐÌÓ  Óò òJOHN€REYNOLDSó óÐ ¢ ÐÓI¿ÓÌà  àThis€famous€divine,€though€he€died€in€the€course€of€the€good€work,€deserves€especialÐ Þz Ðmention,€because€it€was€by€his€means€that€the€good€work€itself€was€undertaken.€He€was€born€inÐ Êf ÐPenhoe,€in€Devonshire,€in€the€year€1549.€He€entered€the€University€at€the€age€of€thirteen,€and€spentÐ ¶R Ðall€his€days€within€its€precincts.€Though€he€at€first€entered€Merton€College€in€1562,€he€was€chieflyÐ ¢> Ðbred€at€Corpus€Christi,€which€he€entered€the€next€year,€and€where€he€became€a€Fellow€in€1566,€atÐ Ž* Ðthe€early€age€of€seventeen.€Six€years€later€he€was€made€Greek€Lecturer€in€his€college,€which€wasÐ z Ðproud€of€the€early€ripeness€of€his€powers.Ð f ÐAbout€this€time€occurred€one€of€the€most€singular€events€in€the€history€of€religious€controversy.€JohnÐ R î ÐReynolds€was€a€zealous€papist.€His€brother€William,€who€was€his€fellow-student,€was€equallyÐ >!Ú Ðzealous€for€protestantism.€Each,€in€fraternal€anxiety€for€the€salvation€of€a€brotherððs€soul,€labored€forÐ *"Æ  Ðthe€conversion€of€the€other;€and€each€of€them€was€successful!€As€the€result€of€long€conference€andÐ #²! Ðdisputation,€William€became€an€inveterate€papist,€and€so€lived€and€died.€While€John€became€aÐ $ž" Ðdecided€protestant€of€the€Puritan€stamp,€and€continued€to€his€death€to€be€a€vigorous€champion€of€theÐ î$Š# ÐReformation.€From€the€time€of€his€conversion,€he€was€a€most€able€and€successful€preacher€of€GodððsÐ Ú%v$ Ðword.€Having€very€greatly€distinguished€himself€in€the€year€1578,€as€a€debater€in€the€theologicalÐ Æ&b % Ðdiscussions,€or€ð ðdivinity-actsððof€the€University,€he€was€drawn€into€the€popish€controversy.Ð ²'N!& ÐDetermined€to€explore€the€whole€field,€and€make€himself€master€of€the€subject,€he€devoted€himselfÐ ž(:"' Ðto€the€study€of€the€Scriptures€in€the€original€tongues,€and€read€all€the€Greek€and€Latin€fathers,€andÐ Š)&#( Ðall€the€ancient€records€of€the€Church.€Nor€did€this€flood€of€reading€roll€out€of€his€mind€as€fast€as€itÐ v*$) Ðpoured€in.€It€is€stated€that€ð ðhis€memory€was€little€less€than€miraculous.€He€could€readily€turn€to€anyÐ b+þ$* Ðmaterial€passage,€in€every€leaf,€page,€column€and€paragraph€of€the€numerous€and€voluminous€worksÐ d Ðhe€had€read.ðð€He€came€to€be€styled€ð ðthe€very€treasury€of€erudition;ðð€and€was€spoken€of€as€ð ða€livingÐ Pì Ðlibrary,€and€a€third€university.ððÐ <Ø Ðà  àAbout€the€year€1578,€John€Hart,€a€popish€zealot,€challenged€all€the€learned€men€in€the€nationÐ ( Ä Ðto€a€public€debate.€At€the€solicitation€of€one€of€Queen€Elizabethððs€privy€counsellors,€Mr.€ReynoldsÐ  ° Ðencountered€him.€After€several€combats,€the€Romish€champion€owned€himself€driven€from€the€field.Ð  œ ÐAn€account€of€the€conferences,€subscribed€by€both€parties,€was€published,€and€widely€circulated.Ð ì ˆ ÐThis€added€greatly€to,€the€reputation€of€Mr.€Reynolds,€who€soon€after€took€his€degrees€in€divinity,Ð Ø t Ðand€was€appointed€by€the€Queen€to€be€Royal€Professor€of€Divinity€in€the€University.€At€that€time,Ð Ä ` Ðthe€celebrated€Cardinal€Bellarmine,€the€Goliath€of€the€Philistines€at€Rome,€was€professor€of€theologyÐ °L  Ðin€the€English€Seminary€at€that€city.€As€fast€as€he€delivered€his€popish€doctrine,€it€was€taken€downÐ œ8  Ðin€writing,€and€regularly€sent€to€Dr.€Reynolds;€who,€from€time€to€time,€publicly€confuted€it€atÐ ˆ$  ÐOxford.€Thus€Bellarmineððs€books€were€answered,€even€before€they€were€printed.Ð t  Ðà  àIt€is€said,€that€Reynoldsðð€professorship€was€founded€by€the€royal€bounty€for€the€expressÐ `ü  Ðpurpose€of€strengthening€the€Church€of€England€against€the€Church€of€Rome,€and€of€widening€theÐ Lè  Ðbreach€between€them;€and€that€Dr.€Reynolds€was€first€placed€in€the€chair,€on€that€account,€becauseÐ 8Ô  Ðof€his€strenuous€opposition€to€the€corruptions€of€Rome.€ð ðOxford€divines,ðð€at€that€period,€were€of€aÐ $À Ðvery€different€stamp€from€their€Puseyite€successors€in€our€day.€But€even€at€Oxford,€there€are€faithfulÐ ¬ Ðwitnesses€for€the€truth.€Dr.€Hampden,€whose€appointment€to€the€bishopric€of€Hereford,€a€few€yearsÐ ü˜ Ðsince,€raised€such€a€storm€of€opposition€from€the€Romanizing€prelates€and€clergy,€was€for€manyÐ è„ Ðyears€a€worthy€successor€of€Dr.€Reynolds,€in€that€chair€which€was€endowed€so€long€ago€forÐ Ôp Ðmaintaining€the€Church€of€England€against€the€usurpations€of€Rome.Ð À\ Ðà  àYet€even€so€long€ago,€and€ever€since,€there€were€persons€there€whose€sentiments€resembledÐ ¬H Ðwhat€is€now€called€by€the€sublime€title€of€Pusey-ism.€The€first€reformers€of€the€English€Church€held,Ð ˜4 Ðas€Archbishop€Whately€does€now,€that€the€primitive€church-government€was€highly€popular€in€itsÐ „  Ðcharacter.€But€they€held€that€neither€this,€nor€any€other€form€ð ðof€discipline,€was€divinely-ordainedÐ p  Ðfor€perpetual€observance.€They€considered€it€to€be€the€prerogative€of€the€civil€government,€in€aÐ \ø ÐChristian€land,€to€regulate€these€matters,€and€to€organize€the€Church,€as€it€would€the€army,€or€theÐ Hä Ðjudiciary€and€police,€with€a€view€to€the€greatest€efficiency€according€to€the€state€of€circumstances.Ð 4 Ð ÐThey€held€that€all€good€subjects€were€religiously€bound€to€conform€to€the€arrangements€thus€made.Ð  !¼ ÐThese€views€are€what€is€commonly€called€Erastianism.€The€claim€of€a€ð ðdivine€rightðð€was€firstÐ  "¨ Ðadvanced€in€England€in€behalf€of€Presbyterianism.€It€was€very€strenuously€asserted€by€the€learnedÐ ø"” Ðand€long-suffering€Cartwright.€Some€of€the€Episcopal€divines€soon€took€the€hint,€and€set€up€the€sameÐ ä#€  Ðclaim€in€behalf€of€their€order;€though,€at€first,€it€sounded€strange€even€to€their€own€brethren.׃1×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú25Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×Ð Ð$l! Ðà  àDr.€Bancroft,€Archbishop€Whitgiftððs€chaplain,€and€his€successor€in€the€see€of€Canterbury,Ð d Ðmaintained€in€a€sermon,€preached€January€12th,€1588,€that€ð ðbishops€were€a€distinct€order€fromÐ Pì Ðpriests;€and€that€they€had€a€superiority€over€them€by€divine€right,€and€directly€from€God.ðð€ThisÐ <Ø Ðstartling€doctrine€produced€a€great€excitement.€Sir€Francis€Knollys,€one€of€Queen€ElizabethððsÐ ( Ä Ðdistinguished€statesmen,€remonstrated€warmly€with€Whitgift€against€it.€In€a€letter€to€Sir€Francis,€whoÐ  ° Ðhad€requested€his€opinion,€Dr.€Reynolds€observes,€ð!ð€ð ðAll€who€have€labored€in€reforming€the€Church,Ð  œ Ðfor€five€hundred€years,€have€taught€that€all€pastors,€whether€they€are€entitled€bishops€or€priests,€haveÐ ì ˆ Ðequal€authority€and€power€by€Godððs€word;€as€the€Waldenses,€next€Marsilius€Patavinus,€then€WiclifÐ Ø t Ðand€his€scholars,€afterwards€Huss€and€the€Hussites;€and€Luther,€Calvin,€Brentius,€Bullinger,€andÐ Ä ` ÐMusculus.€Among€ourselves,€we€have€bishops,€the€Queenððs€professors€of€divinity,€and€other€learnedÐ °L  Ðmen,€as€Bradford,€Lambert,€Jewell,€Pilkington,€Humphrey,€Fulke,€&c.€But€why€do€I€speak€ofÐ œ8  Ðparticular€persons?€It€is€the€opinion€of€the€Reformed€Churches€of€Helvetia,€Savoy,€France,€Scotland,Ð ˆ$  ÐGermany,€Hungary,€Poland,€the€Low€Countries,€and€our€own.€I€hope€Dr.€Bancroft€will€not€say,€thatÐ t  Ðall€these€have€approved€that€for€sound€doctrine,€which€was€condemned€by€the€general€consent€of€theÐ `ü  Ðwhole€church€as€heresy,€in€the€most€flourishing€time.€I€hope€he€will€acknowledge€that€he€wasÐ Lè  Ðoverseen,€when€he€announced€the€superiority€of€bishops€over€the€rest€of€the€clergy€to€be€Godððs€ownÐ 8Ô  Ðordinance.ððÐ $À Ðà  àGood€Dr.€Reynoldsðð€charitable€hopes,€though€backed€by€such€an€overwhelming€array€ofÐ ¬ Ðauthorities,€were€doomed€to€be€disappointed.€Bancroftððs€novel€doctrine€has€been€in€fashion€everÐ ü˜ Ðsince.€Still€there€are€not€wanting€many€who€soundly€hold,€in€the€words€of€Reynolds,€that€ð ðunto€usÐ è„ ÐChristians,€no€land€is€strange,€no€ground€unholy;€every€coast€is€Jewry,€every€town€Jerusalem,€everyÐ Ôp Ðhouse€Sion;€and€every€faithful€company,€yea,€every€faithful€body,€a€temple€to€serve€God€in.€TheÐ À\ Ðpresence€of€Christ€among€two€or€three,€gathered€together€in€his€name,€maketh€any€place€a€church,Ð ¬H Ðeven€as€the€presence€of€a€king€with€his€attendants€maketh€any€place€a€court.ððÐ ˜4 Ðà  àNotwithstanding€that€Elizabeth€was€no€lover€of€men€puritanically€inclined,€she€feltÐ „  Ðconstrained€to€notice€the€eminent€gifts€and€services€of€Dr.€Reynolds.€In€1598,€she€made€him€DeanÐ p  Ðof€Lincoln,€and€offered€him€a€bishopric.€The€latter€dignity€he€meekly€refused,€preferring€his€studiousÐ \ø Ðacademical€life€to€the€wealth€and€honors€of€any€such€ecclesiastical€station.€It€is€supposed,€however,Ð Hä Ðthat€conscientious€scruples€had€much€to€do€with€his€declining€the€prelatic€office.Ð 4 Ð Ðà  àHe€resigned€his€deanery€in€less€than€a€year,€and€also€the€Mastership€of€Queenððs€College,Ð  !¼ Ðwhich€latter€post€he€had€for€some€time€occupied€He€was€then€chosen€President€of€Corpus€ChristiÐ  "¨ ÐCollege,€in€which€office€he€was€exceedingly€active€and€useful€till€his€death.€This€College€had€longÐ ø"” Ðbeen€badly€infested€with€papistry.€The€presidency€being€vacant€in€1568,€the€Queen€sent€letters€to€theÐ ä#€  ÐFellows,€calling€upon€them€to€make€choice€of€Dr.€William€Cole,€who€had€been€one€of€the€exiles€inÐ Ð$l! Ðthe€time€of€Queen€Mary.€The€Fellows,€however,€made€choice€of€Robert€Harrison,€formerly€one€ofÐ ¼%X" Ðtheir€number,€but€an€open€Romanist.€The€Queen€pronounced€this€election€void,€and€commandedÐ ¨&D # Ðthem€to€elect€Cole.€On€their€refusal,€Dr.€Horn,€Bishop€of€Winchester,€the€Visitor€of€the€College,€wasÐ ”'0!$ Ðsent€to€induct€Cole;€which€he€did,€but€not€till€he€had€forced€the€College-gates.€A€commission,Ð €("% Ðappointed€by€the€Queen,€expelled€three€of€the€most€notorious€papists.€As€might€have€been€expected,Ð l)#& Ðthere€was€but€little€harmony€in€that€society.€In€1579,€Dr.€Reynolds€was€expelled€from€his€College,Ð X*ô#' Ðtogether€with€his€pupil,€the€renowned€Richard€Hooker,€author€of€the€ð ðEcclesiastical€Polity,ðð€andÐ D+à$( Ðthree€others.€On€what€ground€this€was€done€is€not€known.€It€was€the€act€of€Dr.€John€Barfoote,€thenÐ 0,Ì%) ÐVice-President€of€the€College,€and€Chaplain€to€the€potent€Earl€of€Warwick.€In€less€than€a€month,€theÐ d Ðexpelled€members€were€fully€restored€by€the€agency€of€Secretary€Walsingham.€In€1586,€this€SirÐ Pì ÐFrancis€Walsingham€offered€a€stipend€for€a€lectureship€on€controversial€divinity,€for€the€purpose,€asÐ <Ø ÐHeylin,€that€rabid€Laudian,€says,€of€making€ð ðthe€religion€of€the€Church€of€Rome€more€odious.ðð€Dr.Ð ( Ä ÐReynolds€accepted€this€lectureship,€and€for€that€purpose€resigned€his€fellowship€in€the€College;Ð  ° Ðð ðdissentions€and€factions€there,ðð€as€he€says,€ð ðhaving€made€him€weary€of€the€place.ðð€He€retired€toÐ  œ ÐQueenððs€College,€and€was€Master€there,€till,€as€has€been€stated,€he€became€President€of€CorpusÐ ì ˆ ÐChristi€in€1598,€on€the€resignation€of€Dr.€Cole.€Dr.€Barfoote€struggled€hard€to€secure€the€post;€butÐ Ø t Ðby€the€firm€procedure€of€that€ð ðso€noble-and€worthy€knight€Sir€Francis€Walsingham,ðð€Dr.€ReynoldsÐ Ä ` Ðcarried€the€day.Ð °L  Ðà  àKing€James€appointed€him,€in€1603,€to€be€one€of€the€four€divines€who€should€represent€theÐ œ8  ÐPuritan€interest€at€the€Hampton€Court€Conference.€Here€he€was€almost€the€only€speaker€on€his€sideÐ ˆ$  Ðof€the€question;€and€confronted€the€King€and€Primate,€with€eight€bishops,€and€as€many€deans.€TheÐ t  Ðrecords€of€what€took€place€are€wholly€from€the€pens€of€his€adversaries,€who€are€careful€that€heÐ `ü  Ðshould€not€appear€to€any€great€advantage.€It€is€manifest€from€their€own€account,€that,€in€this€ð ðmockÐ Lè  Ðconference,ðð€as€Rapin€calls€it,€the€Puritans€were€so€overborne€with€kingly€insolence€and€prelaticÐ 8Ô  Ðpride,€that,€finding€it€of€no€use€to€attempt€any€replies,€they€held€their€peace.€In€fact,€the€whole€affairÐ $À Ðwas€merely€got€up€to€give€the€King,€who€had€newly€come€to€the€throne€of€England,€an€opportunityÐ ¬ Ðto€declare€himself€as€to€the€line€of€ecclesiastical€policy€he€meant€to€pursue.Ð ü˜ Ðà  àThe€only€good€that€resulted€from€this€oppressive€and€insulting€conference€was€our€presentÐ è„ Ðadmirable€translation€of€the€Bible.€The€King€scornfully€rejected€nearly€every€other€request€of€theÐ Ôp ÐPuritans;׃2×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú26Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€but,€at€the€entreaty€of€Dr.€Reynolds,€consented€that€there€should€be€a€new€and€moreÐ À\ Ðaccurate€translation,€prepared€under€the€royal€sanction.€The€next€year€Dr.€Reynolds€was€put€upon€theÐ ¬H Ðlist€of€Translators,€on€account€of€his€well€known€skill€in€the€Hebrew€and€Greek.€He€labored€in€theÐ ˜4 Ðwork€with€zeal,€bringing€all€his€vast€acquisitions€to€aid€in€accomplishing€the€task,€though€he€did€notÐ „  Ðlive€to€see€it€completed.€In€the€progress€of€it,€he€was€seized€with€the€consumption,€yet€he€continuedÐ p  Ðhis€assistance€to€the€last.€During€his€decline,€the€company€to€which€he€belonged€met€regularly€everyÐ \ø Ðweek€in€his€chamber,€to€compare€anc[€perfect€what€they€had€done€in€their€private€studies.€Thus€heÐ Hä Ðended€his€days€like€Venerable€Bede;€and€ð ðwas€employed€in€translating€the€Word€of€Life,€even€tillÐ 4 Ð Ðhe€himself€was€translated€to€life€everlasting.ðð€His€days€were€thought€to€be€shortened€by€too€intenseÐ  !¼ Ðapplication€to€study.€But€when€urged€by€friends€to€desist,€he€would€reply,€ð!ð€ð ðNon€propter€vitam,Ð  "¨ Ðvivendi€perdere€causas,ðð€ð!ð€for€the€sake€of€life,€he€would€not€lose€the€very€end€of€living!€During€hisÐ ø"” Ðsickness,€his€time€was€wholly€taken€up€in€prayer,€and€in€hearing€and€translating€the€Scriptures.Ð ä#€  Ðà  àThe€papists€started€a€report,€that€their€famous€opposer€had€recanted€his€protestant€sentiments.Ð Ð$l! ÐHe€was€much€grieved€at€hearing€the€rumor;€but€being€too€feeble€to€speak,€set€his€name€to€theÐ ¼%X" Ðfollowing€declaration,€ð!ð€ð ðThese€are€to€testify€to€all€the€world,€that€I€die€in€the€possession€of€that€faithÐ ¨&D # Ðwhich€I€have€taught€all€my€life,€both€in€my€preachings€and€in€my€writings,€with€an€assured€hope€ofÐ d Ðmy€salvation,€only€by€the€merits€of€Christ€my€Saviour.ðð€The€next€day,€May€21òòSTóó€,€1607,€he€expiredÐ Pì Ðin€the€sixty-eighth€year€of€his€age.€He€was€buried€in€the€chapel€of€his€College,€with€great€solemnityÐ <Ø Ðand€academic€pomp,€and€the€general€lamentation€of€good€men.Ð ( Ä Ðà  àHis€industry€and€piety€are€largely€attested€by€his€numerous€writings,€which€long€continuedÐ  ° Ðin€high€esteem.€Old€Anthony€Wood,€though€so€cynical€toward€all€Puritans,€says€of€him,€that€he€wasÐ  œ Ðð ðmost€prodigiously€seen€in€all€kinds€of€learning;€most€excellent€in€all€tongues.ðð€ð ðHe€was€a€prodigyÐ ì ˆ Ðin€reading,ðð€adds€Anthony,€ð ðfamous€in€doctrine,€and€the€very€treasury€of€erudition;€and€in€a€word,Ð Ø t Ðnothing€can€be€spoken€against€him,€only€that€he€was€the€òòpillar€of€Puritanism,€óóand€the€òògrand€favorerÐ Ä ` Ðof€non-conformityóó.ðð€Dr.€Crackenthorpe,€his€intimate€acquaintance,€though€a€zealous€churchman,Ð °L  Ðgives€this€account€of€him,€ð!ð€ð ðHe€turned€over€all€writers,€profane,€ecclesiastical,€and€divine;€and€allÐ œ8  Ðthe€councils,€fathers,€and€histories€of€the€Church.€He€was€most€excellent€in€all€tongues€useful€orÐ ˆ$  Ðornamental€to€a€divine.€He€had€a€sharp€and€ready€wit,€a€grave€and€mature€judgment,€and€wasÐ t  Ðindefatigably€industrious.€He€was€so€well€skilled€in€all€arts€and€sciences,€as€if€he€had€spent€his€wholeÐ `ü  Ðlife€in€each€of€them.€And€as€to€virtue,€integrity,€piety,€and€sanctity€of€life,€he€was€so€eminent€andÐ Lè  Ðconspicuous,€that€to€name€Reynolds€is€to€commend€virtue€itself.ðð€From€other€testimonies€of€a€likeÐ 8Ô  Ðcharacter,€let€the€following€be€given,€from€the€celebrated€Bishop€Hall€of€Norwich,€ð!ð€ð ðHe€alone€wasÐ $À Ða€well-furnished€library,€full€of€all€faculties,€all€studies,€and€all€learning.€The€memory€and€readingÐ ¬ Ðof€that€man€were€near€to€a€miracle.ððÐ ü˜ Ðà  àSuch€was€one€of€the€worthies€in€that€noble€company€of€Translators.€Nothing€can€tend€moreÐ è„ Ðto€inspire€confidence€in€their€version€than€the€knowledge€of€their€immense€acquirements,€almostÐ Ôp Ðincredible€to€the€superficial€scholars€in€this€age€of€smatterers,€sciolists,€and€pretenders.€How€muchÐ À\ Ðmore€to€be€coveted€is€the€accumulation€of€knowledge,€and€the€dispensing€of€its€riches€to€numerousÐ ¬H Ðgenerations,€than€the€amassing€of€money,€and€the€bequeathing€of€hoarded€wealth.€Who€would€notÐ ˜4 Ðchoose€the€Christian€erudition€of€an€Andrews€or€a€Reynolds,€rather€than€the€millions€of€Astor€orÐ „  ÐGirard?Ð p  ÐÌßA€X) °°dEä GAßÐ Hä ÐÌÓ  Óò òTHOMAS€HOLLANDó óÐ C ß ÐÓbÓÌThis€good€man€was€born€at€Ludlow,€in€Shropshire,€in€the€year€1539.€He€was€educated€at€ExeterÐ "· ÐCollege,€Oxford;€and€graduated€in€1570,€with€great€applause.€Three€years€after,€he€was€madeÐ #£  Ðchaplain€and€Fellow€of€Baliol€College;€and€as€Anthony€Wood€says,€was€ð ðanother€Apollos,€mightyÐ ó#! Ðin€the€Scriptures,ðð€ð!ð€also€ð ða€solid€preacher,€a€most€noted€disputant,€and€a€most€learned€divine.ðð€HeÐ ß${" Ðwas€made€Doctor€in€Divinity€in€1584.€The€next€year,€when€Robert€Dudley,€the€famous€Earl€ofÐ Ë%g# ÐLeicester,€was€sent€as€governor€of€the€Netherlands,€then€just€emancipated€from€the€Spanish€yoke,Ð ·&S $ ÐDr.€Holland€went€with€him€in€the€capacity€of€chaplain.€In€1589,€he€succeeded€the€celebrated€Dr.Ð £'?!% ÐLawrence€Humphrey€as€the€Kingððs€Professor€of€Divinity,€a€duty€for€which€he€was€eminentlyÐ (+"& Ðqualified,€and€in€which€he€trained€up€many€distinguished€scholars.€He€was€elected€Rector€of€ExeterÐ {)#' ÐCollege€in€1592;€an€office€he€filled€with€great€reputation€for€twenty€years,€being€regarded€as€aÐ g*$( Ðuniversal€scholar,€and€a€prodigy€of€literature.€His€reputation€extended€to€the€continent,€and€he€wasÐ S+ï$) Ðheld€in€high€esteem€in€the€universities€of€Europe.€These€were€the€leading€events€in€his€studious€life.Ð ?,Û%* Ðà  àAs€to€his€character,€he€was€a€man€of€ardent€piety,€a€thorough€Calvinist€in€doctrine,€and€aÐ d Ðdecided€non-conforming€Puritan€in€matters€of€ceremony€and€church-discipline.€In€the€publicÐ Pì ÐUniversity€debates,€he€staunchly€maintained€that€ð ðbishops€are€not€a€distinct€order€from€presbyters,Ð <Ø Ðnor€at€all€superior€to€them€by€the€Word€of€God.ðð€He€stoutly€resisted€the€popish€innovations€whichÐ ( Ä ÐBancroft€and€Laud€strove€too€successfully€to€introduce€at€Oxford.€When€the€execrable€Laud,Ð  ° Ðafterwards€the€odious€Archbishop€of€Canterbury,€was€going€through€his€exercises€as€candidate€forÐ  œ Ðthe€degree€of€Bachelor€in€Divinity,€in€1604,€he€contended€ð ðthat€there€could€be€no€true€churchesÐ ì ˆ Ðwithout€diocesan€episcopacy.ðð€For€this,€the€young€aspirant€was€sharply€and€publicly€rebuked€by€Dr.Ð Ø t ÐHolland,€who€presided€on€the€occasion;€and€who€severely€reprehended€that€future€Primate€of€allÐ Ä ` ÐEngland,€as€ð ðone€who€sought€to€sow€discord€among€brethren,€and€between€the€Church€of€EnglandÐ °L  Ðand€the€Reformed€Churches€abroad.ððÐ œ8  Ðà  àAs€a€preacher,€Dr.€Holland€was€earnest€and€solemn.€His€extemporary€discourses€were€usuallyÐ ˆ$  Ðbetter€that€his€more€elaborate€preparations.€As€a€student,€it€was€said€of€him,€that€he€was€soÐ t  Ðð ðimmersed€in€books,ðð€that€this€propensity€swallowed€up€almost€every€other.€In€the€translation€of€ourÐ `ü  ÐBible€he€took€a€very€prominent€part.€This€was€the€crowning€work€of€his€life.€He€died€March€16th,Ð Lè  Ð1612,€a€few€months€after€this€most€important€version€was€completed€and€published.€He€attained€toÐ 8Ô  Ðthe€age€of€seventy-three€years.Ð $À Ðà  àThe€translation€being€finished,€he€spent€most€of€his€time€in€meditation€and€prayer.€SicknessÐ ¬ Ðand€the€infirmities€of€age€quickened€into€greater€life€his€desires€for€heaven.€In€the€hour€of€hisÐ ü˜ Ðdeparture€he€exclaimed,€ð!ð€ð ðCome,€Oh€come,€Lord€Jesus,€thou€bright€and€morning€star!€Come,€LordÐ è„ ÐJesus;€I€desire€to€be€dissolved€and€be€with€thee.ðð€He€was€buried€with€great€funeral€solemnities€in€theÐ Ôp Ðchancel€of€St.€Maryððs,€Oxford.Ð À\ Ðà  àOne€of€his€intimate€associates€and€fellow-translators,€Dr.€Kilby,€preached€his€funeral€sermon.Ð ¬H ÐIn€this€sermon€it€is€said€of€him,€ð!ð€ð ðthat€he€had€a€wonderful€knowledge€of€all€the€learned€languages,Ð ˜4 Ðand€of€all€arts€and€sciences,€both€human€and€divine.€He€was€mighty€in€the€Scriptures;€and€soÐ „  Ðfamiliarly€acquainted€with€the€Fathers,€as€if€he€himself€had€been€one€of€them;€and€so€versed€in€theÐ p  ÐSchoolmen,€as€if€he€were€the€Seraphic€Doctor.€He€was,€therefore,€most€worthy€of€the€divinity-chair,Ð \ø Ðwhich€he€filled€about€twenty€years,€with€distinguished€approbation€and€applause.€He€was€soÐ Hä Ðcelebrated€for€his€preaching,€reading,€disputing,€moderating,€and€all€other€excellent€qualifications,Ð 4 Ð Ðthat€all€who€knew€him€commended€him,€and€all€who€heard€of€him€admired€him.ðð€In€illustration€ofÐ  !¼ Ðhis€zeal€for€purity€in€faith€and€worship,€and€against€all€superstition€and€idolatry,€the€same€sermonÐ  "¨ Ðinforms€us,€that,€whenever€he€took€a€journey,€he€first€called€together€the€Fellows€of€his€College,€forÐ ø"” Ðhis€parting€charge,€which€always€ended€thus,€ð!ð€ð ðI€commend€you€to€the€love€of€God,€and€to€the€hatredÐ ä#€  Ðof€all€popery€and€superstition!ðð€×ƒ3×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú27Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€He€published€several€learned€orations€and€one€sermon.€He€leftÐ Ð$l! Ðmany€manuscripts€ready€for€the€press;€but€as€they€fell€into€hands€unfriendly€to€the€Puritanism€theyÐ ¼%X" Ðcontained,€they€were€never€published.Ð ¨&D # ÐÌßA€X) °°dEä (AßÐ €("% ÐÌÓ  Óò òRICHARD€KILBYÐ {)#' Ðó óÓ®ÓÌà  àAmong€those€grave€and€erudite€divines€to€whom€all€the€generations€which€have*€read€theÐ Pì ÐBible€in€the€English€tongue€are€so€greatly€indebted,€a€place€is€duly€assigned€to€Dr.€Richard€Kilby.Ð <Ø ÐHe€was€a€native€of€Radcliff€on€the€river€Wreak,€in€Liecestershire.€He€went€to€Oxford;€and€when€heÐ ( Ä Ðhad€been€at€the€University€three€years,€was€chosen€Fellow€of€Lincoln€College,€in€1577.€He€tookÐ  ° Ðorders,€and€became€a€preacher€of€note€in€the€University.€In€1590,€he€was€chosen€Rector€of€hisÐ  œ ÐCollege,€and€made€Prebendary€of€the€cathedral€church€of€Lincoln.€He€was€considered€so€accurateÐ ì ˆ Ðin€Hebrew€studies,€that€he€was€appointed€the€Kingððs€Professor€in€that€branch€of€literature.€AmongÐ Ø t Ðthe€fruits€of€his€studies,€he€left€a€commentary€on€Exodus,€chiefly€drawn€from€the€writings€of€theÐ Ä ` ÐRabbinical€interpreters.€He€died€in€the€year€1620,€at€the€age€of€sixty.Ð °L  Ðà  àThese€are€nearly€all€the€vestiges€remaining€of€him.€There€is€one€incident,€however,€relatedÐ œ8  Ðby€ð ðhonest€Izaak€Walton,ðð€in€his€life€of€the€celebrated€Bishop€Sanderson.€The€incident,€as€describedÐ ˆ$  Ðby€the€amiable€angler,€is€such€a€fine€historical€picture€of€the€times,€and€so€apposite€to€the€purposeÐ t  Ðof€this€little€volume,€that€it€must€be€given€in€Waltonððs€own€words.Ð `ü  Ðà  àð ðI€must€here€stop€my€reader,€and€tell€him€that€this€Dr.€Kilby€was€a€man€of€so€great€learningÐ Lè  Ðand€wisdom,€and€so€excellent€a€critic€in€the€Hebrew€tongue,€that€he€was€made€professor€of€it€in€thisÐ 8Ô  ÐUniversity;€and€was€also€so€perfect€a€Grecian,€that€he€was€by€King€James€appointed€to€be€one€of€theÐ $À Ðtranslators€of€the€Bible;€and€that€this€Doctor€and€Mr.€Sanderson€had€frequent€discourses,€and€lovedÐ ¬ Ðas€father€and€son.€The€Doctor€was€to€ride€a€journey€into€Derbyshire,€and€took€Mr.€Sanderson€to€bearÐ ü˜ Ðhim€company;€and€they,€resting€on€a€Sunday€with€the€Doctorððs€friend,€and€going€together€to€thatÐ è„ Ðparish€church€where€they€then€were,€found€the€young€preacher€to€have€no€more€discretion,€than€toÐ Ôp Ðwaste€a€great€part€of€the€hour€allotted€for€his€sermon€in€exceptions€against€the€late€translation€ofÐ À\ Ðseveral€words,€(not€expecting€such€a€hearer€as€Dr.€Kilby,)€and€shewed€three€reasons€why€a€particularÐ ¬H Ðword€should€have€been€otherwise€translated.€When€evening€prayer€was€ended,€the€preacher€wasÐ ˜4 Ðinvited€to€the€Doctorððs€friendððs€house,€where,€after€some€other€conference,€the€Doctor€told€him,€heÐ „  Ðmight€have€preached€more€useful€doctrine,€and€not€have€filled€his€auditorsðð€ears€with€needlessÐ p  Ðexceptions€against€the€late€translation;€and€for€that€word€for€which€he€offered€to€that€poorÐ \ø Ðcongregation€three€reasons€why€it€ought€to€have€been€translated€as€he€said,€he€and€others€hadÐ Hä Ðconsidered€all€them,€and€found€thirteen€more€considerable€reasons€why€it€was€translated€as€nowÐ 4 Ð Ðprinted;€and€told€him,ððIf€his€friend,ðð€(then€attending€him,)ððshould€prove€guilty€of€such€indiscretion,Ð  !¼ Ðhe€should€forfeit€his€favor.ððTo€which€Mr.€Sanderson€said,ððHe€hoped€he€should€not.ððAnd€the€preacherÐ  "¨ Ðwas€so€ingenuous€as€to€say,ððHe€would€not€justify€himself.ððAnd€so€I€return€to€Oxford.ððÐ ø"” Ðà  àThis€digression€of€honest€Izaacððs€pen€may€serve€to€illustrate€the€magisterial€bearing€of€theÐ ä#€  Ðð ðheads€of€colleges,ðð€and€other€great€divines€of€those€times;€and€also,€what€has€now€become€muchÐ Ð$l! Ðrarer,€the€humility€and€submissiveness€of€the€younger€brethren.€It€also€furnishes€an€incidental€proofÐ ¼%X" Ðof€the€considerate€and€patient€care€with€which€our€venerable€Translators€studied€the€verbal€accuracyÐ ¨&D # Ðof€their€work.€When€we€hear€young€licentiates,€green€from€the€seminary,€displaying€their€smatteringsÐ ”'0!$ Ðof€Hebrew€and€Greek€by€cavilling€in€their€sermons€at€the€common€version,€and€pompously€tellingÐ €("% Ðhow€it€ought€to€have€been€rendered,€we€cannot€but€wish€that€the€apparition€of€Dr.€Kilbyððs€frowningÐ l)#& Ðghost€might€haunt€them.€Doubtless€the€translation€is€susceptible€of€improvement€in€certain€places;Ð X*ô#' Ðbut€this€is€not€a€task€for€every€new-fledged€graduate;€nor€can€it€be€very€often€attempted€withoutÐ D+à$( Ðshaking€the€confidence€of€the€common€people€in€our€unsurpassed€version,€and€without€causing€ð ðtheÐ 0,Ì%) Ðtrumpet€to€give€an€uncertain€sound.ððÐ d ÐÌßA€X) °°dEä ;AßÐ <Ø ÐÌÓ  Óò òMILES€SMITHó óÐ 7 Ó ÐÓ‡2ÓÌà  àThis€person,€who€was€largely€occupied€in€the€Bible€translation,€was€born€at€Hereford.€HisÐ  « Ðfather€had€made€a€good€fortune€as€a€fletcher,€or€maker€of€bows€and€arrows,€which€was€once€aÐ û — Ðprosperous€trade€in€ð ðmerrie€England.ðð€The€son€was€entered€at€Corpus€Christi€College,€in€1568;€butÐ ç ƒ Ðafterwards€removed€to€Brazen€Nose€College,€where€he€took€his€degrees,€and€ð ðproved€at€length€anÐ Ó o  Ðincomparable€theologist.ðð€He€was€one€of€the€chaplains€of€Christððs€Church.€His€attainments€were€veryÐ ¿[  Ðgreat,€both€in€classical€and€oriental€learning.€He€became€canon-residentiary€of€the€cathedral€churchÐ «G  Ðof€Hereford.€In€1594,€he€was€created€Doctor€in€Divinity.Ð —3  Ðà  àHe€had€a€four-fold€share€in€the€Translation.€He€not€only€served€in€the€third€company,€but€wasÐ ƒ  Ðone€of€the€twelve€selected€to€revise€the€work,€after€which€it€was€referred€to€the€final€examination€ofÐ o  ÐDr.€Smith€and€Bishop€Bilson.€Last€of€all,€Dr.€Smith€was€employed€to€write€that€most€learned€and.Ð [÷  Ðeloquent€preface,€which€is€become€so€rare,€and€is€so€seldom€seen€by€readers€of€the€Bible;€while€theÐ Gã  Ðnattering€Dedication€to€the€King,€which€is€of€no€particular€value,€has€been€often€reprinted€in€editionsÐ 3Ï Ðon€both€sides€of€the€Atlantic.€This€noble€Preface,€addressed€by€ð ðthe€Translators€to€the€Reader,ðð€inÐ » Ðthe€first€edition,€ð ðstands€as€a€comely€gate€to€a€glorious€city.ðð€Let€the€reader€who€would€judge€forÐ  § Ðhimself,€whether€our€Translators€were€masters€of€the€science€of€sacred€criticism,€peruse€it,€and€beÐ ÷“ Ðsatisfied.Ð ã Ðà  àDr.€Smith€never€sought€promotion,€being,€as€he€pleasantly€said€of€himself,€ð ðcovetous€ofÐ Ïk Ðnothing€but€books.ðð€×ƒ4×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú28Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€But,€for€his€great€labor,€bestowed€upon€the€best€of€books,€the€King,€in€the€yearÐ »W Ð1612,€appointed€him€Bishop€of€Gloucester.€In€this€office€he€behaved€with€the€utmost€meekness€andÐ §C Ðbenevolence.€He€died,€much€lamented,€in€1624,€being€seventy€years€of€age,€and€was€buried€in€hisÐ “/ Ðown€cathedral.Ð  Ðà  àHe€went€through€the€Greek€and€Latin€fathers,€making€his€annotations€on€them€all.€He€wasÐ k Ðwell€acquainted€with€the€Rabbinical€glosses€and€comments.€So€expert€was€he€in€the€Chaldee,€Syriac,Ð Wó Ðand€Arabic,€that€they€were€almost€as€familiar€as€his€native€tongue.€ð ðHebrew€he€had€at€his€fingersððÐ C ß Ðends.ðð€He€was€also€much€versed€in€history€and€general€literature,€and€was€fitly€characterized€by€aÐ /!Ë Ðbrother€bishop€as€ð ða€very€walking€library.ðð€All€his€books€were€written€in€his€own€hand,€and€in€mostÐ "· Ðelegant€penmanship.Ð #£  Ðà  àIn€the€great€Bible-translation,€he€began€with€the€first€of€the€laborers,€and€put€the€last€hand€toÐ ó#! Ðthe€work.€Yet€he€was€never€known€to€speak€of€it€as€owing€more€to€him€than€to€the€rest€of€theÐ ß${" ÐTranslators.€We€may€sum€up€his€excellent€character€in€the€words€of€one€stiffly€opposed€to€his€viewsÐ Ë%g# Ðand€principles,€who€says,€ð!ð€ð ðHe€was€a€great€scholar,€yet€a€severe€Calvinist,€and€hated€the€proceedingsÐ ·&S $ Ðof€Dr.€Laud!ððÐ £'?!% ÐÌßA€X) °°dEä z)AßÐ {)#' ÐÐ Š)&#( ÐÓ  Óò òRICHARD€BRETTó óÐ d ÐÓ@AÓÌà  àThis€reverend€clergyman€was€of€a€respectable€family,€and€was€born€at€London,€in€1567.€HeÐ <Ø Ðentered€at€Hart€Hall,€Oxford,€where€he€took€his€first€degree.€He€was€then€elected€Fellow€of€LincolnÐ ( Ä ÐCollege,€where,€by€unwearied€industry,€he€became€very€eminent€in€the€languages,€divinity,€and€otherÐ  ° Ðbranches€of€science.€Having,€taken€his€degrees€in€arts,€he€became,€in€1595,€Rector€of€Quainton€inÐ  œ ÐBuckinghamshire,€in€which€benefice€he€spent€his€days.€He€was€made€Doctor€in€Divinity€in€1605.€HeÐ ì ˆ Ðwas€renowned€in€his€time€for€vast€attainments,€as€well€as€revered€for€his€piety.€ð ðHe€was€skilled€andÐ Ø t Ðversed€to€a€criticismðð€in€the€Latin,€Greek,€Hebrew,€Chaldee,€Arabic,€and€Ethiopic€tongues.€HeÐ Ä ` Ðpublished€a€number€of€erudite€works,€all€in€Latin.€It€is€recorded€of€him,€that€ð ðhe€was€a€most€vigilantÐ °L  Ðpastor,€a€diligent€preacher€of€Godððs€word,€a€liberal€benefactor€to€the€poor,€a€faithful€friend,€and€aÐ œ8  Ðgood€neighbor.ðð€This€studious€and€exemplary€minister,€having€attained€this€exalted€reputation,€diedÐ ˆ$  Ðin€1637,€at€the€age€of€seventy,€and€lies€buried€in€the€chancel€of€Quainton€Church,€whore€he€hadÐ t  Ðdispensed€the€word€and€ordinances€for€three€and€forty€years.Ð `ü  ÐÌßA€X) °°dEä 7AßÐ 8Ô  ÐÌÓ  Óò òMR.€FAIRCLOUGHó óÐ 3Ï ÐÓ]GÓÌà  àThe€author€has€bestowed€great€labor€in€endeavoring€to€identify€this€person.€After€exhaustingÐ  § Ðall€the€means€of€information€within€his€reach,€he€is€led€to€the€belief,€that€the€last€on€the€list€of€thisÐ ÷“ Ðcompany€of€Translators,€who€is€designated€simply€as€ð ðMr.€Fairclough,ðð€is€Daniel€Fairclough,Ð ã Ðotherwise€known€as€Dr.€Daniel€Featley;€which,€strange€to€say,€is€a€corrupt€pronunciation€of€the€nameÐ Ïk ÐFairclough.€This€is€distinctly€asserted€by€his€nephew,€Dr.€John€Featley,€who€wrote€a€life€of€his€uncle,Ð »W Ðand€printed€it€at€the€end€of€a€book,€entitled€ð ðDr.€Daniel€Featley€revived.ðð€The€nephew€states,€that€hisÐ §C Ðuncle€was€ordained€deacon€and€priest€under€the€name€Fairclough.€The€main€ground€for€questioningÐ “/ Ðthe€identity,€is€the€age€of€Daniel€Fairclough,€who,€when€the€Bible€translators€were€nominated,€wasÐ  Ðonly€some€twenty-six€years€old,€which€is€considerably€less€than€the€age€of€most€of€his€associates.€HeÐ k Ðwas,€however,€an€early€ripe,€and€a€distinguished€scholar;€and€comparatively€young€as€he€was,€itÐ Wó Ðdevolved€on€him€to€preach€at€the€funeral€of€the€great€Dr.€Reynolds,€who€died€during€the€progress€ofÐ C ß Ðthe€work.€This€funeral€service€was€performed€with€much€applause,€at€only€four€daysðð€notice.Ð /!Ë Ðà  àThe€birth-place€of€Daniel€Fairclough,€or€Featley,€to€call€him€by€the€name€whereby€he€isÐ "· Ðchiefly€known,€was€Charlton,€in€Oxfordshire,€where€he€was€born€about€the€year€1578.€He€wasÐ #£  Ðadmitted€to€Corpus€Christi€College€in€1594;€and€was€elected€Fellow€in€1602.€He€stood€in€such€highÐ ó#! Ðestimation,€that€Sir€Thomas€Edwards,€ambassador€to€France,€took€him€to€Paris€as€his€chaplain,€whereÐ ß${" Ðhe€spent€two€or€three€years€in€the€ambassadorððs€house.€Here€he€held€many€ð ðtough€disputesðð€with€theÐ Ë%g# Ðdoctors€of€the€Sorbonne,€and€other€papists.€His€opponents€termed€him€ð ðthe€keen€and€cuttingÐ ·&S $ ÐFeatley;ðð€and€found€him€a€match€in€their€boasted€logic;Ð £'?!% ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà8¸ ` x` xàà8¸ ¸ àð ðFor€he€a€rope€of€sand€could€twist,Ð{)#'ÈÈ Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà8¸ ` x` xàà8¸ ¸ àAs€tough€as€learned€Sorbonnist.ððÐg*$(ÈÈ ÐÌà  àOn€returning€to€England,€he€repaired€to€his€College,€where€he€remained€till€1613,€when€heÐ ?,Û%* Ðbecame€Rector€of€Northill,€in€Cornwall.€Soon€after,€he€was€appointed€chaplain€to€Dr.€Abbot,Ð d ÐArchbishop€of€Canterbury,€also€one€of€the€Translators,€by€whom€he€was€made€Rector€of€Lambeth,Ð Pì Ðin€Surrey.€In€1617,€he€held€a€famous€debate€with€Dr.€Prideaux,€the€Kingððs€Professor€of€Divinity€atÐ <Ø ÐOxford.€About€this€time,€the€Archbishop€gave€him€the€rectory€of€Allhallows€Church,€Bread€Street,-Ð ( Ä ÐLondon.€This€he€soon€exchanged€for€the€rectory€of€Acton,€in€Middlesex.€He€was€also€Provost€ofÐ  ° ÐChelsea€College;€and,€at€one€time,€chaplain€in€ordinary€to€King€Charles€the€First.Ð  œ Ðà  àBeing€puritanically€inclined,€Dr.€Featley€was€appointed,€in€1643,€to€be€one€of€the€AssemblyÐ ì ˆ Ðof€Divines€at€Westminster.€As€he€was€not€one€of€the€ð ðroot€and€branchðð€party,€who€were€for€whollyÐ Ø t Ðchanging€the€order€of€government,€he€soon€fell€under€the€displeasure€of€the€Long€Parliament.€SomeÐ Ä ` Ðof€his€correspondence€with€Archbishop€Usher,€who€was€then€with€the€King€at€Oxford,€wasÐ °L  Ðintercepted.€In€this€correspondence,€he€expressed€his€scruples€about€taking€the€ð ðsolemn€league€andÐ œ8  Ðcovenant;ðð€and€for€this,€was€unjustly€suspected€of€being€a€spy.€He€was€cast€into€prison,€and€hisÐ ˆ$  Ðrectories€were€taken€from€him.€The€next€year,€on€account€of€his€failing€health,€he€was€removed,Ð t  Ðagreeably€to€his€petition,€to€Chelsea€College.€There,€after€a€few€months€spent€in€holy€exercises,€heÐ `ü  Ðexpired,€April€17th,€1645.€ð ðThough€he€was€small€of€stature,€yet€he€had€a€great€soul,€and€had€allÐ Lè  Ðlearning€compacted€in€him.ðð€He€published€some€forty€books€and€treatises,€and€left€a€great€manyÐ 8Ô  Ðmanuscripts.€His€other€labors€have€passed€away;€ð ðbut€the€word€of€the€Lord,ðð€which,€as€it€is€believed,Ð $À Ðhe€aided€in€giving€to€unborn€millions,€ð ðabideth€for€ever.ððÐ ¬ ÐÌßA€X) °°dEä çAßÐ è„ ÐÌThe€fourth€company€of€these€famous€scholars€was€composed€of€Oxford€divines;€and€to€them,€as€theirÐ ã Ðportion€of€the€work,€were€assigned€the€four€Gospels,€the€Acts€of€the€Apostles,€and€the€RevelationÐ Ïk Ðof€St.€John€the€Divine.Ð »W ÐÌßA€X) °°dEä ’AßÐ “/ ÐÌÓ  Óò òTHOMAS€RAVISó óÐ Ž* ÐÓå[ÓÌà  àThis€person,€the€president€of€his€company,€was€born€of€worthy€parentage,€at€Maiden,€in€theÐ f ÐCounty€of€Surrey.€He€was€bred€at€Westminster€School;€and€then€entered,€in€1575,€as€student€ofÐ R î ÐChristððs€Church,€one€of€the€Oxford€colleges.€As€it€is€a€matter€of€some€interest,€shewing€that€he€wentÐ >!Ú Ðthrough€an€extensive€course€of€study,€the€dates€of€his€various€degrees€will€be€given.€In€1578,€heÐ *"Æ  Ðgraduated€as€Bachelor€of€Arts;€in€1581,€he€proceeded€as€Master€of€Arts;€in€1589,€he€became€BachelorÐ #²! Ðin€Divinity;€and€in€1595,€he€was€made€Doctor€in€Divinity.€The€successive€degrees€of€the€greater€partÐ $ž" Ðof€the€persons€belonging€to€the€list€of€Translators€could€be€given;€but€are€omitted€for€the€sake€ofÐ î$Š# Ðbrevity.€It€is€enough€to€record,€that€they€nearly€all€attained€to€the€highest€literary€honors€of€theirÐ Ú%v$ Ðrespective€universities.Ð Æ&b % Ðà  àDr.€Ravis,€in€1591,€was€appointed€rector€of€the€Church€of€All-hallows,€Barking,€in€London.Ð ²'N!& ÐThe€next€year,€he€became€Canon€of€Westminster,€and€occupied€the€seventh€stall€in€that€church.€TwoÐ ž(:"' Ðyears€later,€he€was€chosen€Dean€of€Christððs€Church€College.€He€was€also,€in€1596€and€the€yearÐ Š)&#( Ðfollowing,€elected€Vice-Chancellor€of€the€University.€In€1598,€he€exchanged€his€benefice€atÐ v*$) ÐAll-hallows€Church€for€the€rectory€of€Islip.€He€also€held€the€Wittenham€Abbey€Church,€in€Berkshire.Ð b+þ$* ÐAll€these€preferments€and€profitable€livings€mark€him€as€a€rising€man.€His€holding€a€plurality€ofÐ d Ðchurches€for€the€sake€of€their€revenues,€in€neither€of€which€he€could€perform€the€duties€of€theÐ Pì Ðpastoral€office,€was€one€of€the€cases€that€justified€the€complaint€of€Lord€Chancellor€Ellesmere,€at€theÐ <Ø ÐConference€in€Hampton€Court.€His€lordship€complained€of€this€practice,€as€occasioning€manyÐ ( Ä Ðlearned€men€at€the€universities€to€pine€for€want€of€places,€while€others€had€more€than€they€could€fill.Ð  ° Ðð ðI€wish,€therefore,ðð€said€he,€ð ðthat€some€may€have€single€coats,€or€one€living,€before€others€haveÐ  œ Ðdoublets,€or€pluralities.ðð€To€this,€the€frugal€Bancroft,€then€Bishop€of€London,€who€kept€his€own€ribsÐ ì ˆ Ðthoroughly€warmed€with€such€investitures,€made€the€thrifty€reply,€ð!ð€ð ðBut€a€doublet€is€necessary€inÐ Ø t Ðcold€weather!ðð€This€prelate,€a€fierce€persecutor€of€the€Puritans,€was€reputed€to€have€manifested€veryÐ Ä ` Ðlittle€ð ðsaving€grace,ðð€except€in€the€way€of€penurious€hoardings.€The€graceless€wags€of€his€day€madeÐ °L  Ðthis€epitaph€upon€him;Ð œ8  ÐÌÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà8¸ ` x` xàà8¸ ¸ àð ðHere€lies€his€Grace,€in€cold€clay€clad,Ð`ü ÈÈ Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà8¸ ` x` xàà8¸ ¸ àWho€died€for€want€of€what€he€had!ððÐLè ÈÈ ÐÌà  àThe€pernicious€custom€of€pluralities,€whereby€a€man€receives€tithes€for€the€care€of€souls€ofÐ $À Ðwhich€he€takes€no€care,€fleecing€the€flock€he€neither€watches€nor€feeds,€is€one€of€those€abuses€stillÐ ¬ Ðcontinued€in€the€Church€of€England,€and€calling€for€thorough€reform.Ð ü˜ Ðà  àIn€1604,€soon€after€Dr.€Ravis€was€commissioned€as€one€of€the€Bible-translators,€the€LordsÐ è„ Ðof€the€Council€requested€his€acceptance€of€the€bishopric€of€Gloucester,€for€which€there€were€veryÐ Ôp Ðmany€eager€suitors.€Three€years€later,€he€was€translated€to€the€bishopric€of€London.€Anthony€WoodÐ À\ Ðsays,€that€he€was€first€preferred€to€the€see€of€Gloucester,€which€he€reluctantly€accepted,€on€accountÐ ¬H Ðof€his€great€learning,€gravity,€and€prudence;€and€that€though€his€diocese€ð ðwas€pretty€well€stockedÐ ˜4 Ðwith€those€who€could€not€bear€the€name€of€a€bishop,€yet,€by€his€episcopal€living€among€them,€heÐ „  Ðobtained€their€love,€and€a€good€report€from€them.ðð€If€he€deserved€this€commendation€while€atÐ p  ÐGloucester,€he€changed€for€the€worse€on€his€translation€to€London,€where€he€not€only€succeeded€theÐ \ø Ðbitter€Bancroft€in€his€office,€but€also€in€his€severe€and€exacting€behavior.€So€true€is€the€remark,€thatÐ Hä Ðð ðbishops€and€books€are€seldom€the€better€for€being€translatedðð€No€sooner€had€he€taken€his€seat€inÐ 4 Ð ÐLondon,€than€he€stretched€forth€his€hand€to€vex€the€non-conforming€Puritans.€Among€others,€he€citedÐ  !¼ Ðbefore€him€that€holy€and€blessed€man,€Richard€Rogers,€for€nearly€fifty€years€the€faithful€minister€ofÐ  "¨ ÐWeathersfield,€than€whom,€it€is€said,€ð ðthe€Lord€honored€none€more€in€the€conversion€of€souls.ðð€InÐ ø"” Ðthe€presence€of€this€venerable€man,€who,€for€his€close€walking€with€God,€was€styled€the€Enoch€ofÐ ä#€  Ðhis€day,€Bishop€Ravis€protested,€ð!ð€ð ðBy€the€help€of€Jesus,€I€will€not€leave€one€preacher€in€my€diocese,Ð Ð$l! Ðwho€doth€not€subscribe€and€conform.ðð€The€poor€prelate€was€doomed€to€be€disappointed;€as€he€died,Ð ¼%X" Ðbefore€his€task€was€well€begun,€on€€the€14th€of€December,€1609.€On€account€of€his€high€offices,€andÐ ¨&D # Ðhis€dying€before€the€translation€was€completed,€it€is€not€probable€that€he€took€so€active€a€part€in€thatÐ ”'0!$ Ðbusiness€as€some€of€his€colleagues.€Though€too€much€carried€away€by€a€zeal€for€the€forms€of€hisÐ €("% ÐChurch,€which€was€neither€according€to€knowledge€nor€charity,€he€lived€and€died€in€deservedÐ l)#& Ðrespect,€and€hath€a€fair€monument€still€standing€in€his€cathedral€of€St.€Paulððs.Ð X*ô#' ÐÌßA€X) °°dEä /,AßÐ 0,Ì%) ÐÐ ?,Û%* ÐÓ  Óò òGEORGE€ABBOTó óÐ d ÐÓtÓÌà  àThis€distinguished€ecclesiastic€was€a€native€of€Guildford,€in€Surrey.€He€was€the€son€of€piousÐ <Ø Ðparents,€who€had€been€sufferers€for€the€truth€in€the€times€of€popish€cruelty.€He€was€born€OctoberÐ ( Ä Ð29th,€1562.€At€the€age€of€fourteen,€he€was€entered€as€a€student€of€Baliol€College,€Oxford;€and€inÐ  ° Ð1583,€he€was€chosen€to€a€fellowship.€In€1585,€he€took€orders,€and€became€a€popular€preacher€in€theÐ  œ ÐUniversity.€He€was€created€Doctor€of€Divinity,€in€1597;€and€a€few€months€after,€was€elected€MasterÐ ì ˆ Ðof€University€College.€At€this€time€began€his€conflicts€with€William€Laud,€which€lasted€with€greatÐ Ø t Ðseverity€as€long€as€Abbot€lived.€Dr.€Abbot€was€a€Calvinist€and€a€moderate€Churchman;€while€Dr.Ð Ä ` ÐLaud€was€an€Arminian,€and€might€have€been€a€cardinal€at€Rome,€if€he€had€not€preferred€to€be€a€popeÐ °L  Ðat€Canterbury.Ð œ8  Ðà  àIn€1598,€Dr.€Abbot€published€a€Latin€work,€which€was€reprinted€in€Germany.€The€next€yearÐ ˆ$  Ðhe€was€installed€Dean€of€Winchester.€In€1600,€he€was€elected€Vice-Chancellor€of€the€University;€andÐ t  Ðwas€re-elected€to€the€same€honorable€post€in€1603€and€1605.€It€was€about€this€time,€that€he€was€putÐ `ü  Ðinto€the€royal€commission€for€translating€the€Bible.Ð Lè  Ðà  àDr.€Abbot€went€to€Scotland,€in€1608,€as€chaplain€to€the€Earl€of€Dunbar;€and€while€there,€byÐ 8Ô  Ðhis€prudent€and€temperate€measures,€succeeded€in€establishing€a€moderate€or€qualified€episcopacyÐ $À Ðin€that€kingdom.€This€was€a€matter€which€King€James€had€so€much€at€heart,€that€he€ever€after€heldÐ ¬ ÐDr.€Abbot€in€great€favor,€and€rapidly€hurried€him€into€the€highest€ecclesiastical€dignities€andÐ ü˜ Ðpreferments.€He€was€made€Bishop€of€Litchfield€and€Coventry€on€the€3d€of€December,€1609;€andÐ è„ Ðthen,€in€less€than€two€months,€was€translated€to€the€see€of€London.€In€less€than€fifteen€months€more,Ð Ôp Ðhe€was€made€Archbishop€of€Canterbury,€and€Primate€of€all€England.€Thus€he€was€twice€translatedÐ À\ Ðhimself,€before€he€saw€the€Bible€translated€once.€Though€an€excellent€preacher,€he€had€neverÐ ¬H Ðexercised€himself€in€the€pastoral€office,€rising€at€one€stride€from€being€a€University-lecturer€to€theÐ ˜4 Ðchief€dignities€of€the€Church.Ð „  Ðà  àWhen€he€reached€the€primacy,€he€was€forty-nine€years€of€age;€and€was€held€in€the€highestÐ p  Ðesteem€both€by€the€prince€and€the€people.€In€all€great€transactions,€whether€in€church€or€state,€he€boreÐ \ø Ða€principal€part.€And€yet,€at€times,€he€showed,€in€matters€which€touch€the€conscience,€a€degree€ofÐ Hä Ðindependence€of€the€royal€will,€such€as€must€have€been€very€distasteful€to€the€domineering€temperÐ 4 Ð Ðof€James,€and€very€unusual€in€that€age€of€passive€obedience,€and€servile€cringing€to€the€dictates€ofÐ  !¼ Ðroyalty.€Thus€it€was,€when€the€King,€under€the€pretence€that€the€strict€observance€of€the€Sabbath,€asÐ  "¨ Ðpracticed€by€Protestants,€was€likely€to€prejudice€the€Romanists,€and€hinder€their€conversion,€issuedÐ ø"” Ðhis€infamous€ð ðBook€of€Sports.ðð€This€was€a€Declaration€intended€to€encourage,€at€the€close€of€publicÐ ä#€  Ðworship,€various€recreations,€such€as€ð ðpromiscuous€dancing,€archery,€leaping,€vaulting,€May-games,Ð Ð$l! ÐWhitsunales,€or€morrice-dances,€setting€up€of€May-poles,€or€other€sports€therewith€used.ðð€ThisÐ ¼%X" Ðabominable€edict€was€required€to€be€read€by€all€ministers€in€their€parish-churches.€Its€promulgationÐ ¨&D # Ðgreatly€troubled€the€more€conscientious€of€the€clergy,€who€expected€to€be€brought€into€difficulty€byÐ ”'0!$ Ðtheir€refusal€to€publish€the€shameful€document.€Archbishop€Abbot€warmly€opposed€its€enforcement,Ð €("% Ðand€forbade€it€to€be€read€in€the€church€of€Croydon,€where€he€was€at€the€time€of€its€publication.€TheÐ l)#& Ðopposition€was€too€much,€even€for€the€ruthless€king;€and€he,€at€last,€gave€up€his€impious€attempt€toÐ X*ô#' Ðheathenize€the€Lordððs€Day.Ð D+à$( Ðà  àIt€was€in€1619,€that€the€Archbishop€founded€his€celebrated€hospital€at€Guildford,€the€placeÐ 0,Ì%) Ðof€his€nativity,€and€nobly€endowed€it€from€his€private€property.€In€that€same€year,€a€sad€mischanceÐ d Ðbefel€him.€His€health€being€much€impaired,€he€had€recourse€to€hunting,€by€medical€advice,€as€aÐ Pì Ðmeans€of€restoring€it.€This€sort€of€exercise€has€never€been€in€very€good€repute€among€ecclesiastics.Ð <Ø ÐJerome€recognizes€some€worthy€fishermen€who€followed€the€sacred€calling;€but€says,€that€ð ðwe€noÐ ( Ä Ðwhere€read€in€Scripture€of€a€holy€hunter.ðð€While€his€Grace€of€Canterbury€was€pursuing€the€chase€inÐ  ° ÐBramshill€Park,€a€seat€of€the€Earl€of€Ashby€de€la€Zouch,€an€arrow€from€his€cross-bow,€aimed€at€aÐ  œ Ðdeer,€glanced€from€a€tree,€and€killed€a€game-keeper,€an€imprudent€man,€who€had€been€cautioned€toÐ ì ˆ Ðkeep€out€of€the€way.€This€casual€homicide€was€the€cause€of€great€affliction€to€the€prelate.€During€theÐ Ø t Ðrest€of€his€life,€he€observed€a€monthly€fast,€on€a€Tuesday,€the€day€of€the€mishap.€He€also€settled€aÐ Ä ` Ðliberal€annuity€upon€the€poor€game-keeperððs€widow,€which€annuity€was€attended€with€the€additionalÐ °L  Ðconsolation,€that€it€soon€procured€her€a€better€husband€than€the€man€she€had€lost.€For€the€Primate,Ð œ8  Ðhowever,€who€was€ever€a€celibate,€there€was€no€such€remedy€of€grief,€and€all€the€rest€of€his€life€wasÐ ˆ$  Ðovercast€with€gloom.€This€business€subjected€him€to€many€hard€shots€from€them€that€liked€him€not.Ð t  ÐOnce€returning€to€Croydon,€after€a€long€absence,€a€great€many€women,€from€curiosity,€gatheredÐ `ü  Ðabout€his€coach.€The€Archbishop,€who€hated€to€be€stared€at,€and€was€never€fond€of€females,Ð Lè  Ðexclaimed€somewhat€churlishly,€ð ðWhat€make€these€women€here!ðð€Upon€this€an€old€crone€cried€out,Ð 8Ô  Ðð!ð€ð ðYou€had€best€to€shoot€an€arrow€at€us!ðð€It€is€said€that€this€tongue-shot,€which€often€goes€deeperÐ $À Ðthan€gunshot,€went€to€his€very€heart.Ð ¬ Ðà  àHis€enemies€made€a€strong€handle€of€this€accidental€homicide.€It€was€insisted,€that€theÐ ü˜ Ðcanon-law€allows€no€ð ðman€of€bloodðð€to€be€a€builder€of€the€spiritual€temple;€and€that€the€Primate€whoÐ è„ Ðhad€retreated€after€the€accident€to€his€hospital€at€Guildford,€was€disenabled€from€his€clericalÐ Ôp Ðfunctions.€The€King€appointed€a€commission€to€try€the€question,€Whether€the€Archbishop€wasÐ À\ Ðdisqualified€for€his€official€duties€by€this€involuntary€homicide?€After€long€debate,€in€which€theÐ ¬H Ðdivines€on€the€continent€took€part,€it€was€the€general€decision,€that€the€fact€did€disqualify.Ð ˜4 ÐNevertheless,€King€James,€in€his€usurped€character€as€supreme€head€of€the€English€Church,€an€officeÐ „  Ðwhich€rightly€belongs€only€to€the€King€of€kings,€issued,€in€1621,€a€full€pardon€and€dispensation€toÐ p  Ðthe€humbled€Primate.€Still,€several€newly-appointed€bishops,€who€had€been€awaiting€consecration,Ð \ø Ðand€among€them€Dr.€William€Laud,€then€bishop€elect€of€St.€Davidððs,€refused€to€receive€it€from€hisÐ Hä Ðhands,€and€obtained€the€mysterious€virtues€of€ð ðepiscopal€graceðð€from€other€administration.€Others,Ð 4 Ð Ðhowever,€as€Dr.€Davenant,€bishop€elect€of€Salisbury,€and€Dr.€Hall,€bishop€elect€of€Norwich,€wereÐ  !¼ Ðsolemnly€consecrated€by€their€dejected€metropolitan.Ð  "¨ Ðà  àAll€this€did€not€discourage€Archbishop€Abbot€from€making€vigorous€opposition,€in€theÐ ø"” Ðfollowing€year,€to€the€proposed€match€between€Charles,€Prince€of€Wales,€and€the€Infanta,€or€PrincessÐ ä#€  ÐRoyal,€of€Spain.€Though€this€foolish,€unpopular,€and€unsuccessful€scheme€was€a€favorite€piece€ofÐ Ð$l! Ðpolicy€with€the€King,€who€was€quite€unused€to€be€thwarted€by€his€courtiers,€Dr.€Abbot€continued€toÐ ¼%X" Ðenjoy€his€confidence€till€the€Kingððs€death€in€1625.Ð ¨&D # Ðà  àWhen€Charles€the€First€succeeded€to€the€throne,€he€was€crowned€and€anointed€by€theÐ ”'0!$ ÐArchbishop€of€Canterbury.€Nevertheless,€the€latter€soon€found€himself€in€deep€eclipse.€His€inveterateÐ €("% Ðfoe,€the€resolute€Dr.€Laud,€then€Bishop€of€Bath€and€Wells,€came€between,€and€intercepted€theÐ l)#& Ðsunshine€of€royal€favor.€The€matter€of€the€fortuitous€homicide€seems€to€have€been€revived€againstÐ X*ô#' Ðhim,€as€ground€for€his€sequestration.€Charles€required€him€to€live€in€retirement,€which€he€did€at€Ford;Ð D+à$( Ðand€in€1627,€appointed€a€commision€of€five€prelates,€to€suspend€him€from€the€exercise€of€hisÐ 0,Ì%) Ðarchiepiscopal€functions.€These€prelates€were€Dr.€Mountaigne,€Bishop€of€London;€Dr.€Neile,€BishopÐ d Ðof€Durham;€Dr.€Howson,€Bishop€of€Oxford;€and€Dr.€Laud,€Bishop€of€Bath€and€Wells.€When€theÐ Pì Ðinstrument€for€the€Archbishopððs€suspension€was€drawn€up€for€their€signature,€the€four€senior€bishopsÐ <Ø Ðdeclined€to€set€their€hands€thereto,€and€appeared€to€manifest€much€reluctance€and€regret.€ð ðThen€giveÐ ( Ä Ðme€the€pen!ðð€said€Bishop€Laud;€and€ð ðthough€last€in€place,€first€subscribed€his€name.ðð€The€others,Ð  ° Ðafter€some€demur,€were€induced€to€follow€his€example.€From€that€time,€it€is€said,€the€Archbishop€wasÐ  œ Ðnever€known€to€laugh;€and€became€quite€dead€to€the€world.Ð ì ˆ Ðà  àNext€year,€however,€the€fickle€king€saw€fit€to€alter€his€course;€and,€about€Christmas€time,Ð Ø t Ðrestored€Dr,€Abbot€to€his€liberty€and€jurisdiction.€He€was€sent€for€to€Court;€received,€as€he€steppedÐ Ä ` Ðout€of€his€barge,€by€the€Archbishop€of€York€and€the€Earl€of€Dorset,€and€by€them€conducted€into€theÐ °L  Ðroyal€presence.€The€king€gave€him€his€hand€to€kiss,€and€charged€him€not€to€fail€of€attendance€at€theÐ œ8  ÐCouncil-table€twice€a€week.€He€sat€in€the€House€of€Peers,€and€continued€in€his€spiritual€functionsÐ ˆ$  Ðwithout€further€interruption€till€his€death€some€five€years€after,€when€he€was€succeeded€in€his€see€byÐ t  Ðhis€implacable€and€ill-starred€rival,€William€Laud.Ð `ü  Ðà  àDr.€Abbotððs€brief€sequestration€had€made€him€popular€in€the€country,€and€his€restoration€wasÐ Lè  Ðprobably€owing€to€a€desire€to€conciliate€his€influence€in€the€parliament,€with€which€the€king€wasÐ 8Ô  Ðalready€in€trouble.€The€Archbishop€rather€countenanced€the€liberal€party,€and€stiffly€resisted€theÐ $À Ðslavish€tenet€of€Dr.€Mainwaring,€which€raised€such€an€excitement.€This€divine€had€publiclyÐ ¬ Ðmaintained,€as€was€supposed€with€the€royal€approbation,€ð ðthat€the€Kingððs€royal€will€and€command,Ð ü˜ Ðin€imposing€laws,€taxes,€and€other€aids,€upon€his€people,€without€common€consent€in€parliament,€didÐ è„ Ðso€far€bind€the€consciences€of€the€subjects€of€this€kingdom,€that€they€could€not€refuse€the€sameÐ Ôp Ðwithout€peril€of€eternal€damnation.ðð€Here€was€the€ð ðdivine€right€of€kings€with€a€vengeance!Ð À\ Ðà  àDr.€George€Abbot€continued€in€office€during€those€troublous€times€which€preceded€the€civilÐ ¬H Ðwars,€till€he€died,€at€his€palace€of€Croydon,€on€Sunday,€August€4th,€1633,€at€the€age€of€seventy-one,Ð ˜4 Ðquite€worn€out€with€cares€and€infirmities.Ð „  Ðà  àHe€was€a€very€grave€man,€and€of€a€very€ð ðfatherly€presence,ðð€and€unimpeachable€in€hisÐ p  Ðmorals.€He€was€a€firm€Calvinist,€and€a€thorough€Church-of-England-man.€He€was€somewhatÐ \ø Ðindulgent€to€the€more€moderate€Puritans;€but€the€more€zealous€of€them€accused€him€sharply€of€beingÐ Hä Ða€persecutor,€while€the€high-toned€churchmen€vehemently€charged€him€with€disloyalty€to€their€cause.Ð 4 Ð ÐIt€is€also€said,€that€as€he€had€never€exercised€the€pastoral€care,€but€was€ð ðmade€a€shepherd€ofÐ  !¼ Ðshepherds,€before€he€had€been€a€shepherd€of€sheep,ðð€he€was€wanting€in€sympathy€with€the€troublesÐ  "¨ Ðand€infirmities€of€ministers.€He€was€severe€in€his€proceedings€against€clerical€delinquents;€but€heÐ ø"” Ðprotested€that€he€did€this€to€shield€them€from€the€greater€severity€of€the€lay€judges,€who€would€visitÐ ä#€  Ðthem€with€heavier€punishments,€to€the€greater€shame€of€themselves€and€their€profession.€He€was,€inÐ Ð$l! Ðtruth,€stern€and€melancholy.€As€compared€with€his€brother,€Robert€Abbot,€the€Bishop€of€Salisbury,Ð ¼%X" Ðit€was€said,€that€ð ðgravity€did€frown€in€George,€and€smile€in€Robert.ðð€The€other€brother€of€theseÐ ¨&D # Ðbishops€was€Lord€Mayor€of€London.Ð ”'0!$ Ðà  àThe€Archbishop€was€regarded€as€an€excellent€preacher€and€a€great€divine.€Anthony€WoodÐ €("% Ðspeaks€of€him€as€a€ð ðlearned€man,€having€his€learning€all€of€the€old€stamp,ðð€ð!ð€that€is€to€say,€vast€andÐ l)#& Ðponderous.€He€published€lectures€on€the€book€of€Jonah,€and€numerous€treatises,€mostly€relating€toÐ X*ô#' Ðthe€political€and€religious€occurrences€of€the€times.€But€to€have€borne€an€active€part€in€theÐ D+à$( Ðpreparation€of€the€most€useful€and€important€of€all€the€translations€of€the€Bible,€is€an€honor€farÐ 0,Ì%) Ðbeyond€the€chief€ecclesiastical€dignities€and€the€highest€literary€fame.Ð d ÐÌßA€X) °°dEä ;AßÐ <Ø ÐÌÓ  Óò òRICHARD€EEDESó óÐ 7 Ó ÐÓm¬ÓÌà  àDr.€Eedes€was€a€native€of€Bedfordshire,€born€at€Sewell,€about€the€year€1555.€At€an€early€ageÐ  « Ðhe€was€sent€to€Westminster€school.€He€became€a€student€of€Christððs€Church,€in€Oxford,€in€1571.€HeÐ û — Ðsubsequently€took€his€two€degrees€in€arts,€and€two€more€in€divinity.€In€1578,€he€became€a€preacher,Ð ç ƒ Ðand€arose€to€considerable€eminence.€In€1584,€he€was€made€Prebendary€of€Yarminster,€in€theÐ Ó o  Ðcathedral€church€of€Salisbury;€and€two€years€later,€became€Canon€of€Christððs€Church,€and€chaplainÐ ¿[  Ðto€Queen€Elizabeth.€In€1596,€he€was€Dean€of€Worcester,€which€was€the€highest€ecclesiasticalÐ «G  Ðpreferment€he€attained.€He€was€chaplain€to€James€I.,€as€he€had€been€to€the€illustrious€queen€whoÐ —3  Ðpreceded€him;€and€was€much€admired€at€court€as€an€accomplished€pulpit€orator.€In€his€younger€days,Ð ƒ  Ðhe€was€given,€like€some€other€fashionable€clergymen,€to€writing€poetry€and€plays;€but,€in€riper€years,Ð o  Ðhe€became,€as€the€antiquarian€of€Oxford€says,€ð ða€pious€and€grave€divine,€an€ornament€to€hisÐ [÷  Ðprofession,€and€grace€to€the€pulpit.ðð€He€published€several€discourses€at€different€times.€Dr.€EedesÐ Gã  Ðdied€at€Worcester,€November€19th,€1604,€soon€after€his€appointment€to€be€one€of€theÐ 3Ï ÐBible-translators,€and€before€the€work€was€well€begunðð,€so€that€another€was€appointed€in€his€place.Ð » ÐBut€let€him€not€be€deprived€of€his€just€commendation,€as€one€who€was€counted€worthy€of€beingÐ  § Ðjoined€with€that€ablest€band€of€scholars€and€divines,€which€was€ever€united€in€a€single€literaryÐ ÷“ Ðundertaking.Ð ã ÐÌßA€X) °°dEä ºAßÐ »W ÐÌÓ  Óò òGILES€TOMSONó óÐ ¶R ÐÓ´ÓÌà  àThis€good€man€was€a€native€of€ð ðfamous€London€town.ðð€In€1571,€he€entered€UniversityÐ Ž* ÐCollege,€Oxford;€and,€in€1580,€was€elected€Fellow€of€All€Soulsðð€College.€A€few€years€later,€he€wasÐ z Ðout€in€a€shower€of€appointments,€ð ðwith€his€dish€right€side€up.ðð€He€was,€at€that€lucky€season,€madeÐ f Ðdivinity€lecturer€in€Magdalen€College;€chaplain€to€Queen€Elizabeth,€as€was€his€friend,€Dr.€RichardÐ R î ÐEedes;€Prebendary€of€Repington;€Canon€residentiary€of€Hereford;€and€Rector€of€Pembridge€inÐ >!Ú ÐHerefordshire.€He€was€a€most€eminent€preacher.€He€became€Doctor€in€Divinity€in€1602;€and€was,Ð *"Æ  Ðin€that€year,€appointed€Dean€of€Windsor.€In€virtue€of€this€latter€office,€he€acted€as€Registrar€of€theÐ #²! Ðmost€noble€Order€of€the€Garter.Ð $ž" Ðà  àDr.€Tomson€took€a€great€deal€of€pains€in€his€part€of€the€translation€of€the€Bible,€which€he€didÐ î$Š# Ðnot€long€survive.€He€was€consecrated€Bishop€of€Gloucester,€June€9th,€1611;€and€a€year€after,€JuneÐ Ú%v$ Ð14th,€1612,€he€died,€at€the€age€of€fifty-nine,€ð ðto€the€great€grief€of€all€who€knew€the€piety€and€learningÐ Æ&b % Ðof€the€man.ðð€Man€is€like€the€flower,€whose€full€bloom€is€the€signal€for€decay€to€begin.€It€is€singularÐ ²'N!& Ðthat€Bishop€Tomson€never€visited€Gloucester,€after€his€election€to€that€see.Ð ž(:"' ÐÌßA€X) °°dEä u*AßÐ v*$) ÐÌÓ  Óò òHENRY€SAVILEó óÐ q+ %+ ÐÓwºÓÌà  àSome€have€doubted€whether€the€ð ðMr.€Savile,ðð€on€the€list€of€Translators,€was€the€renownedÐ Pì Ðscholar€afterwards€known€as€Sir€Henry€Savile€But€the€matter€is€put€beyond€doubt€by€Anthony€WoodÐ <Ø Ðand€others.€Savile€was€born€at€Bradley,€in€Yorkshire,€November€30th,€1549,€ð ðof€ancient€andÐ ( Ä Ðworshipful€extraction.ðð€He€graduated€at€Brazen€Nose€College,€Oxford;€but€afterwards€became€aÐ  ° ÐFellow€of€Merton€College.€In€1570,€he€read€his€ordinaries€on€the€Almagest€of€Ptolemy,€a€collectionÐ  œ Ðof€the€geometrical€and€astronomical€observations€and€problems€of€the€ancients.€By€this€exercise€heÐ ì ˆ Ðvery€early€became€famous€for€his€Greek.€and€mathematical€learning.€In€this€latter€science,€he€forÐ Ø t Ðsome€time€read€voluntary€lectures.Ð Ä ` Ðà  àIn€his€twenty-ninth€year,€he€travelled€in€France€and€elsewhere,€to€perfect€himself€in€literature;Ð °L  Ðand€returned€highly€accomplished€in€learning,€languages,€and€knowledge€of€the€world€and€men.€HeÐ œ8  Ðthen€became€tutor€in€Greek€and€mathematics€to€Queen€Elizabeth,€whose€father,€Henry€VIII.,€is€saidÐ ˆ$  Ðby€Southey€to€have€set€the€example€of€giving€to€daughters€a€learned€education.€It€is€to€her€highestÐ t  Ðhonor,€that€when€she€had€been€more€than€twenty€years€upon€the€throne,€she€still€kept€up€her€habitsÐ `ü  Ðof€study,€as€appears€by€this€appointment€of€Mr.€Savile.Ð Lè  Ðà  àIn€1686,€he€was€made€Warden€of€Merton€College,€which€office€he€filled€with€great€credit€forÐ 8Ô  Ðsix€and€thirty€years,€and€also€to€the€great€prosperity€of€the€institution.€Ten€years€later,€he€added€to€thisÐ $À Ðoffice,€that€of€Provost€of€Eton€College,€which€school€rapidly€increased€in€reputation€under€him.Ð ¬ Ðð ðThus,ðð€as€Fuller€says,€ð ðthis€skilful€gardener€had,€at€the€same€time,€a€nursery€of€young€plants,€andÐ ü˜ Ðan€orchard€of€grown€trees,€both€flourishing€under€his€careful€inspection.ðð€He€was€no€admirer€ofÐ è„ Ðgeniuses;€but€preferred€diligence€to€wit.€ð ðGive€me,ðð€he€used€to€say,€ð ðthe€plodding€student.€If€I€wouldÐ Ôp Ðlook€for€wits,€I€would€go€to€Newgate;€ð!ð€there€be€the€wits!ðð€As€might€be€expected,€he€was€somewhatÐ À\ Ðunpopular€with€his€scholars,€on€account€of€the€severity€with€which€he€urged€them€to€diligence.Ð ¬H Ðà  àSoon€after€his€nomination€as€one€of€the€Translators,€having€declined€all€offers€of€otherÐ ˜4 Ðpromotion,€whether€civil€or€ecclesiastical,€he€was€knighted€by€the€King.€About€the€same€time,€heÐ „  Ðburied€his€only€son€Henry,€at€the€age€of€eight€years.€In€consequence€of€this€bereavement,€he€devotedÐ p  Ðmost€of€his€wealth€to€the€promotion€of€learning.€He€translated€the€Histories€of€Cornelius€Tacitus,€andÐ \ø Ðpublished€the€same€with€notes.€He€also€published,€from€the€manuscripts,€the€writings€of€BradwardinÐ Hä Ðagainst€Pelagius;€the€Writers€of€English€history€subsequent€to€Bede;€Prelections€on€the€Elements€ofÐ 4 Ð ÐEuclid;€and€other€learned€works€in€English€and€Latin.Ð  !¼ Ðà  àHe€is€chiefly€known,€however,€by€being€the€first€to€edit€the€complete€works€of€JohnÐ  "¨ ÐChrysostom,€the€most€famous€of€the€Greek€Fathers.€He€spent€large€sums€in€procuring€from€all€partsÐ ø"” Ðof€Europe,€manuscripts,€and€copies€of€manuscripts.€He€not€only€made€learned€and€critical€notes€onÐ ä#€  Ðhis€favorite€author,€but€procured€those€of€Andrew€Downes€and€John€Bois,€two€of€his€fellow-laborersÐ Ð$l! Ðon€the€Translation€of€the€Bible.€His€edition€of€one€thousand€copies€was€published€in€1613,€andÐ ¼%X" Ðmakes€eight€immense€folios.€All€his€expenses€in€this€labor€of€love€amounted€to€above€eight€thousandÐ ¨&D # Ðpounds,€of€which€the€paper€alone€cost€a€fourth€part.׃5×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú29Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€It€was€fifty€years€before€all€the€copies€wereÐ ”'0!$ Ðsold.€The€Benedictines€in€Paris,€however,€through€their€emissaries€in€England,€succeeded€inÐ €("% Ðsurreptitiously€procuring€the€labors€of€the€learned€knight,€sheet€by€sheet,€as€they€came€from€the€press.Ð d ÐThese€they€reprinted€as€they€were€received,€adding€a€Latin€translation,€and€some€other€considerableÐ Pì Ðmatter,€and€forming€thirteen€mighty€folios.€By€this€transaction,€the€friars€may€have€gained€the€mostÐ <Ø Ðglory,€but€surely€are€not€entitled€to€much€honor.Ð ( Ä Ðà  àSir€Henry€Savile€also€founded€two€professorships€at€Oxford,€with€liberal€endowments;€oneÐ  ° Ðof€geometry,€and€the€other€of€astronomy.€It€is€related€of€him;€that€he€once€chanced€to€fall€in€with€aÐ  œ ÐMaster€Briggs,€of€the€rival€University€of€Cambridge.€In€a€learned€encounter,€Briggs€succeeded€inÐ ì ˆ Ðdemonstrating€some€point€in€opposition€to€the€previous€opinion€of€Sir€Henry.€This€pleased€theÐ Ø t Ðworthy€knight€so€well,€that€he€appointed€Mr.€Briggs€to€one€of€his€professorships.€He€made€otherÐ Ä ` Ðvaluable€benefactions€to€Oxford,€in€land,€money,€and€books.€Many€of€his€books€are€still€in€theÐ °L  ÐBodleian€library€there.Ð œ8  Ðà  àSir€Henry€Savile€died€at€Eton€College,€where€he€was€buried,€February€19th,€1621,€in€hisÐ ˆ$  Ðseventy-second€year.€He€was€styled,€ð ðthat€magazine€of€learning,€whose€memory€shall€be€honorableÐ t  Ðamong€the€learned€and€the€righteous€for€ever.ðð€He€left€an€only€daughter,€Elizabeth,€who€was€marriedÐ `ü  Ðto€Sir€John€Sedley,€a€wealthy€baronet€of€Kent.€Sir€Henryððs€wife€was€Margaret,€daughter€of€GeorgeÐ Lè  ÐDacres,€of€Cheshunt,€Esq.€It€is€said€that€Sir€Henry€was€a€singularly€handsome€man,€and€that€no€ladyÐ 8Ô  Ðcould€boast€a€finer€complexion.Ð $À Ðà  àHe€was€so€much€of€a€book-worm,€and€so€sedulous€at€his€study,€that€his€lady,€who€was€notÐ ¬ Ðvery€deep€in€such€matters,€thought€herself€neglected.€She€once€petulantly€said€to€him,€ð ðSir€Henry,Ð ü˜ ÐI€would€that€I€were€a€book,€and€then€you€would€a€little€more€respect€me.ðð€A€person€standing€by€wasÐ è„ Ðso€ungallant€as€to€reply,€ð ðMadam,€you€ought€to€be€an€almanac,€that€he€might€change€at€the€yearððsÐ Ôp Ðend.ðð€At€this€retort€the€lady€was€not€a€little€offended.€A€little€before€the€publication€of€Chrysostom,Ð À\ Ðwhen€Sir€Henry€lay€sick,€Lady€Savile€said,€that€if€Sir€Harry€died,€she€would€burn€Chrysostom€forÐ ¬H Ðkilling€her€husband.€To€this,€Mr.€Bois,€who€rendered€Sir€Henry€much€assistance€in€that€laboriousÐ ˜4 Ðundertaking,€meekly€replied,€that€ð ðso€to€do€were€great€pity.ðð€To€him,€the€lady€said,€ð ðWhy,€who€wasÐ „  ÐChrysostom?ðð€ð ðOne€of€the€sweetest€preachers€since€the€apostlesðð€times,ðð€answered€the€enthusiasticÐ p  ÐBois.€Whereupon€the€lady€was€much€appeased,€and€said,€ð ðshe€would€not€burn€him€for€all€the€world.ððÐ \ø ÐFrom€these€precious€samples,€it€may€be€inferred€that€your€fine€lady€is€much€the€same€in€all€ages€ofÐ Hä Ðthe€world,€no€matter€whom€she€may€marry.Ð 4 Ð Ðà  àIt€is€enough€for€our€purpose,€that€Sir€Henry€Savile€was€one€of€the€most€profound,€exact,€andÐ  !¼ Ðcritical€scholars€of€his€age;€and€meet€and€ripe€to€take€a€prominent€part€in€the€preparation€of€ourÐ  "¨ Ðincomparable€version.Ð ø"” ÐÌßA€X) °°dEä Ï$AßÐ Ð$l! ÐÌÓ  Óò òJOHN€PERYNó óÐ Ë%g# ÐÓôÙÓÌà  àDr.€Peryn€was€of€St.€Johnððs€College,€Oxford,€where€he€was€elected€Fellow€in€1575.€He€wasÐ £'?!% Ðthe€Kingððs€Professor€of€Greek€in€the€University;€and€afterwards€Canon€of€Christððs€Church.€He€wasÐ (+"& Ðcreated€Doctor€of€Divinity€in€1596.€When€placed€in€the€commission€to€translate€the€Bible,€he€wasÐ {)#' ÐVicar€of€Watling€in€Sussex.€His€death€took€place€May€9th,€1615.€These€scanty€items€may€serve€toÐ g*$( Ðshow,€that€he€was€fit€to€take€part,€with€his€learned€and€reverend€brethren,€in€preparing€our€EnglishÐ S+ï$) ÐBible€for€the€press.Ð ?,Û%* ЇßA€X) °°dEä cAßÐ d ÐÌÓ  Óò òRALPH€RAVENSó óÐ _û ÐÓÝÓÌà  àThis€was€the€Vicar€of€Eyston€Magna,€who€was€made€Doctor€of€Divinity€in€1595.€He€died€inÐ 7 Ó Ð1616.€It€is€thought€that€he€did€not€act,€for€some€reason,€under€the€Kingððs€commission;€and€thatÐ # ¿ ÐDoctors€Aglionby€and€Hutten€were€appointed€in€place€of€him,€and€of€Eedes,€who€died€before€theÐ  « Ðwork€was€begun.Ð û — ÐÌßA€X) °°dEä Ò AßÐ Ó o  ÐÌÓ  Óò òJOHN€HARMARó óÐ Îj  ÐÓ1ßÓÌà  àA€native€of€Newbury,€in€Berkshire.€He€was€educated€in€William€de€Wykehamððs€School€atÐ ¦B  ÐWinchester;€and€also€at€St.€Maryððs€College,€founded€by€the€same€munificent€Wykeham€at€Oxford.Ð ’.  Ðð ðManners€make€the€man,€quoth€William€of€Wykeham,ðð€is€a€motto€frequently€inscribed€on€theÐ ~  Ðbuildings€of€his€School€and€College.€Mr.€Harmar€became€a€Fellow€of€his€College€in€1574.€He€wasÐ j  Ðappointed€the€Kingððs€Professor€of€Greek€in€1585,€being,€at€the€time,€in€holy€orders.€He€wasÐ Vò  Ðhead-master€of€Winchester€School,€for€nine€years,€and€Warden€of€his€College€for€seventeen€years.Ð BÞ ÐHe€became€Doctor€of€Divinity€in€1605.€His€death€took€place€in€1613.€He€was€a€considerableÐ .Ê Ðbenefactor€to€the€libraries€both€of€the€school€and€the€college€of€Wykehamððs€foundation.€For€all€hisÐ ¶ Ðpreferments€he€was€indebted€to€the€potent€patronage€of€the€Earl€of€Leicester.€He€accompanied€thatÐ ¢ Ðnobleman€to€Paris,€where€he€held€several€debates€with€the€popish€Doctors€of€the€Sorbonne.€He€stoodÐ òŽ Ðhigh€in€the€crowd€of€tall€scholars,€the€literary€giants€of€the€time.€He€published€several€learned€works;Ð Þz Ðamong€them,€Latin€translations€of€several€of€Chrysostomððs€writings,€ð!ð€also€an€excellent€translationÐ Êf Ðof€Bezaððs€French€Sermons€into€English,€by€which€he€shows€himself€to€have€been€a€Calvinist,€theÐ ¶R Ðmaster€of€an€excellent€English€style,€and€an€adept€in€the€difficult€art€of€translating.€Wood€says,€thatÐ ¢> Ðhe€was€ð ða€most€noted€Latinist,€Grecian,€and€Divine;ðð€and€that€he€was€ð ðalways€accounted€a€most€solidÐ Ž* Ðtheologist,€admirably€well€read€in€the€Fathers€and€Schoolmen,€and€in€his€younger€years€a€subtleÐ z ÐAristotelian,ðð€Of€him€too€it€may€be€said,€ð ðhaving€had€a€principal€hand€in€the€Translation,ðð€that€heÐ f Ðwas€worthy€to€rank€with€those,€who€gave€the€Scriptures€in€their€existing€English€form,€to€untoldÐ R î Ðmillions,€past,€present,€and€to€come.Ð >!Ú ÐÌßA€X) °°dEä #AßÐ #²! ÐÌÓ  Óò òWILLIAM€BARLOWó óÐ $­# ÐÓoèÓÌà  àThe€fifth€company€of€Translators€was€composed€of€seven€divines,€who€held€their€meetingsÐ é%…% Ðat€Westminster.€Their€special€portion€of€the€work€was€the€whole€of€the€Epistles€of€the€NewÐ Õ&q & ÐTestament.€The€president€of€this€company€was€Dr.€William€Barlow,€at€the€time€of€his€appointment,Ð Á']!' ÐDean€of€Chester.€He€belonged€to€an€ancient€and€respectable€family,€residing€at€Barlow,€inÐ ­(I"( ÐLancashire.€He€was€bred€a€student€of€Trinity€Hall,€in€the€University€of€Cambridge.€He€graduated€inÐ ™)5#) Ð1584,€became€Master€of€Arts€in€1587€and€was€admitted€to€a€fellowship€in€Trinity€Hall€in€1590.Ð …*!$* ÐSeven€years€later,€Archbishop€Whitgift€made€him€sinecure€Rector€of€Orpington€in€Kent.€He€was€oneÐ q+ %+ Ðof€the€numerous€ecclesiastics€of€that€day,€who€were€courtiers€by€profession,€and€studied€with€successÐ d Ðthe€dark€science€of€preferment.€When€Robert€Devereux,€Earl€of€Essex,€was€beheaded€for€highÐ Pì Ðtreason€in€the€year€1600,€Dr.€Barlow€preached€on€the€occasion,€at€St.€Paulððs€Cross,€in€London.€HeÐ <Ø Ðwas€now€a€ð ðrising€man.ðð€In€1601,€the€prebendship€of€Chiswick€was€conferred€upon€him,€and€he€heldÐ ( Ä Ðit€till€he€was€made€Bishop€of€Lincoln.€In€the€year€1603,€he€became€at€the€same€time,€Prebendary€ofÐ  ° ÐWestminster€and€Dean€of€Chester.€This€latter€prebendship,€he€held€in€ð ðcommendamðð€to€the€day€ofÐ  œ Ðhis€death.Ð ì ˆ Ðà  àWhen,€soon€after€the€accession€of€James€Stuart€to€the€throne€of€England,€the€famousÐ Ø t ÐConference€was€held€at€Hampton€Court,€that€monarch€summoned,€as€we€have€said,€four€PuritanÐ Ä ` Ðdivines,€whom€he€arbitrarily€constituted€representatives€of€their€brethren.€To€confront€them,€heÐ °L  Ðsummoned€a€large€force€of€bishops€and€cathedral€clergymen,€of€whom€Dean€Barlow€was€one,€all€ledÐ œ8  Ðto€the€charge€by€the€doughty€king€himself.€At€the€different€meetings€of€the€Conference,€the€PuritansÐ ˆ$  Ðwere€required€to€state€what€changes€their€party€desired€in€the€doctrine,€discipline,€and€worship,€ofÐ t  Ðthe€Church€of€England.€As€soon€as€they€ventured€to€specify€any€thing,€they€were€browbeaten€andÐ `ü  Ðhectored€in€the€most€abusive€manner€by€the€monarch€and€his€minions.€In€his€time,€when€comparingÐ Lè  Ðhis€reign€with€the€preceding,€it€was€common€to€distinguish€him€by€the€title€Queen€James;€and€hisÐ 8Ô  Ðillustrious€predecessor,€as€King€Elizabeth.€When€his€learned€preceptor,€Buchanan,€was€asked€howÐ $À Ðhe€came€to€make€such€a€pedant€of€his€royal€pupil,€the€old€disciplinarian€was€cruel€enough€to€reply,Ð ¬ Ðthat€it€was€the€best€he€could€make€of€him!€This€prince,€who€fancied€himself€to€be,€what€his€flatterersÐ ü˜ Ðswore€he€was,€an€incomparable€adept€in€the€sciences€of€theology€and€ð ðkingcraft,ðð€as€he€termed€it,Ð è„ Ðwas€quite€in€his€element€during€the€discussions€at€Hampton€Court.€He€trampled€with€such€fury€onÐ Ôp Ðthe€claims€of€Puritanism,€that€his€prelates,€lordly€and€cringing€by€turns,€were€in€raptures;€and€wentÐ À\ Ðdown€on€their€knees,€and€blessed€God€extemporaneously,€for€ð ðsuch€a€king€as€had€not€been€seen€sinceÐ ¬H ÐChristððs€day!ðð€Surely€they€were€thrown€off€their€guard€by€their€exultation,€when€they€set€such€anÐ ˜4 Ðimpressive€example€of€ð ðpraying€without€book.ððÐ „  Ðà  àThis€matter€is€mentioned€here€the€more€fully,€because€the€principal€account€we€have€of€thisÐ p  ÐConference€is€given€by€the€Dean€of€Chester.€It€is€not€strange€that€the€Puritans€make€but€a€sorry-figureÐ \ø Ðin€his€report€of€the€transactions.€Gagged€by€royal€insolence,€and€choked€by€priestly€abuse,€it€couldÐ Hä Ðhardly€have€been€otherwise.€Indeed,€they€were€only€summoned,€that,€under€pretence€of€consideringÐ 4 Ð Ðtheir€grievances,€the€King€might€have€an€opportunity€to€throw€off€his€mask,€and€to€show€himself€inÐ  !¼ Ðhis€true€character,€as€a€determined€enemy€to€further€reformation€in€his€Church.€Dr.€Barlowððs€accountÐ  "¨ Ðis€evidently€drawn€up€in€a€very€unfriendly€disposition€toward€the€Puritan€complainants,€and€laborsÐ ø"” Ðto€make€their€statements€of€grievances€appear€as€weak€and€witless€as€possible.€Had€the€pencil€beenÐ ä#€  Ðheld€by€a€Puritan€hand,€no€doubt€the€sketch€would€have€been€altogether€different.€The€temper€of€theÐ Ð$l! ÐKing€and€of€his€sycophantic€court-clergy€may€be€inferred€from€the€mirth,€which,€Dr.€Barlow€says,Ð ¼%X" Ðwas€excited€by€a€definition€of€a€Puritan,€quoted€from€one€Butler,€a€Cambridge€man,€ð!ð€ð ðA€Puritan€isÐ ¨&D # Ða€Protestant€frayed€out€of€his€wits!ðð€The€plan€of€the€King€and€his€mitred€counsellors€was,€theÐ ”'0!$ Ðsubstitution€of€an€English€popery€in€the€place€of€Romish€popery.€Their€notions€were€well€expressed,Ð €("% Ðsome€years€afterward,€in€a€sermon€at€St.€Maryððs,€Cambridge,€ð!ð€ð ðAs€at€the€Olympic€games,€he€wasÐ l)#& Ðcounted€the€conqueror€who€could€drive€his€chariot-wheels€nearest€the€mark,€yet€not€so€as€to€hinderÐ X*ô#' Ðhis€running,€or€to€stick€thereon;€so€he€who,€in€his€sermons,€can€preach€near€popery,€and€yet€not€quiteÐ D+à$( Ðpopery,€there€is€your€man!ððÐ 0,Ì%) Ðà  àAs€we€have€already€related,€almost€the€only€request€vouchsafed€to€the€Puritans€at€thisÐ d ÐConference€was€one€which€was€well€worth€all€the€rest.€The€King€granted€Dr.€Reynoldsððs€motion€forÐ Pì Ða€new€translation€of€the€Bible,€to€be€prepared€by€the€ablest€divines€in€his€realm.€Dr.€Barlow€wasÐ <Ø Ðactively€employed€in€the€preliminary€arrangements.€He€was€also€appointed€to€take€part€in€the€workÐ ( Ä Ðitself;€in€which,€being€a€thorough€bred€scholar,€he€did€excellent€service.Ð  ° Ðà  àIn€the€course€of€the€work,€in€1605,€being,€at€the€time,€Rector€of€one€of€the€London€parishes,Ð  œ ÐSt.€Dunstanððs€in€the€East,€Dr.€Barlow€was€made€Bishop€of€Rochester.€He€was€promoted€to€theÐ ì ˆ Ðwealthier€see€of€Lincoln€in€1608,€where€he€presided€with€all€dignity€till€his€death.€He€died€at€a€timeÐ Ø t Ðwhen€he€had€some€hopes€of€getting€the€bishopric€of€London.€His€decease€took€place€at€his€episcopalÐ Ä ` Ðpalace€of€Buckden,€where€he€was€buried€in€1613.€He€published€several€books€and€pamphlets,€whichÐ °L  Ðprove€him€not€out€of€place€when€put€among€the€learned€men€of€that€erudite€generation€of€divines.Ð œ8  ÐÌÌßA€X) °°dEä _AßÐ `ü  ÐÌÓ  Óò òJOHN€SPENCER.ó óÐ [÷  ÐÓÓÌà  àThis€very€learned€man€was€a€native€of€the€county€of€Suffolk.€He€became€a€student€of€CorpusÐ 3Ï ÐChristi€College,€Oxford,€where€he€graduated€in€1577.€He€was€elected€Greek€lecturer€for€that€College,Ð » Ðbeing€then€but€nineteen€years€of€age.€His€election€was€strenuously,€but€vainly,€opposed€by€Dr.Ð  § ÐReynolds,€partly€on€account€of€his€youth,€and€on€the€ground€of€some€irregularity€in€his€appointment.Ð ÷“ ÐPerhaps€this€opposition€was€also€to€be€ascribed€to€the€fact,€that€young€Spencer€early€attached€himselfÐ ã Ðto€that€party€in€his€College€which€dreaded€Puritanism€quite€as€much€as€Popery.€In€1579,€he€wasÐ Ïk Ðchosen€Fellow€of€the€same€College.Ð »W Ðà  àHe€was€the€fellow-student,€and,€like€Saravia,€and€Savile,€and€Reynolds,€the€intimate€friendÐ §C Ðof€Richard€Hooker,€the€author€of€that€famous€work,€ð ðThe€Laws€of€Ecclesiastical€Polity.ðð€This€work,Ð “/ Ðin€the€preparation€of€which€Spencer€was€constantly€consulted,€and€was€even€said€to€have€ð ðhad€aÐ  Ðspecial€handðð€as€in€part€its€author,€and€which€he€edited€after€Hookerððs€death,ð"ðthis€work€is€to€thisÐ k Ðday€the€ð ðgreat€gunðð€on€the€ramparts€of€the€Episcopal€sect.€Its€argument,€however,€is€very€easilyÐ Wó Ðdisposed€of.€It€is€thus€described€by€Dr.€James€Bennett;€ð!ð€ð ðThe€architecture€of€the€fabric€resemblesÐ C ß ÐDagonððs€temple;€for€it€rests€mainly€upon€two€grand€pillars,€which,€so€long€as€they€continue€sound,Ð /!Ë Ðwill€support€all€its€weight.€The€first€is,ððthat€the€Church€of€Christ,€like€all€other€societies,€has€powerÐ "· Ðto€make€laws€for€its€well-being;ððand€the€second,€that€ððwhere€the€sacred€Scriptures€are€silent,€humanÐ #£  Ðauthority€may€interpose.ðð€But€if€some€Samson€can€be€found€to€shake€these€pillars€from€their€base,Ð ó#! Ðthe€whole€edifice,€with€the€lords€of€the€Philistines€in€their€seats,€and€the€multitude€with€which€it€isÐ ß${" Ðcrowded,€will€be€involved€in€one€common€ruin.€Grant€Mr.€Hooker€these€two€principles,€and€hisÐ Ë%g# Ðarguments€cannot€be€confuted.€But€if€a€Puritan€can€show€that€the€Church€of€Christ€is€different€fromÐ ·&S $ Ðall€civil€societies,€because€Christ€had€framed€a€constitution€for€it,€and€that€where€the€Scriptures€areÐ £'?!% Ðsilent,€and€neither€enjoin€nor€forbid,€no€human€association€has€a€right€to€interpose€its€authority,€butÐ (+"& Ðshould€leave€the€matter€indifferent;€in€such€a€case,€Hookerððs€system€would€not€be€more€stable€thanÐ {)#' Ðthat€of€the€Eastern€philosopher,€who€rested€the€earth€on€the€back€of€an€elephant,€who€stood€upon€aÐ g*$( Ðhuge€tortoise,€which€stood€upon€nothing.ððÐ S+ï$) Ðà  àAfter€the€death€of€Hooker€in€1600,€his€papers€were€committed€to€Dr.€Spencer,€the€associateÐ ?,Û%* Ðand€assistant€of€his€studies,€to€superintend€their€publication.€He€attended€carefully€to€this€literaryÐ d Ðexecutorship,€till€the€translation€of€the€Bible€began€to€engross€his€attention,€when€he€committed€theÐ Pì Ðother€duty,€though€still€retaining€a€supervisory€care,€to€a€young€and€enthusiastic€admirer€of€Hooker.Ð <Ø ÐThe€publication€was€not€completed€at€the€time€of€Dr.€Spencerððs€death,€and€the€papers€of€HookerÐ ( Ä Ðpassed€into€other€hands.Ð  ° Ðà  àWhen€he€became€Master€of€Arts,€in€1580,€John€Spencer€entered€into€orders,€and€became€aÐ  œ Ðpopular€preacher€He€was€eventually€one€of€King€Jamesððs€chaplains.€His€wife€was€a€pupil€ofÐ ì ˆ ÐHookerððs,€as€well€as€her€brothers,€George€and€William€Cranmer,€who€became€diplomatic€characters,Ð Ø t Ðand€warm€patrons€of€their€celebrated€teacher.€Mrs.€Spencer€was€a€great-niece€of€Thomas€Cranmer,Ð Ä ` Ðthat€Archbishop€of€Canterbury,€whom€Queen€Mary€burnt€at€the€stake€for€his€Protestantism.€In€1589,Ð °L  ÐDr.€Spencer€was€made€Vicar€of€Alveley€in€Essex,€which€he€resigned,€in€1592,€for€the€vicarage€ofÐ œ8  ÐBroxborn.€In€1599,€he€was€Vicar€of€St.€Sepulchreððs,€beyond€Newgate,€London.€He€was€madeÐ ˆ$  ÐPresident€of€Corpus€Christi€College,€on€the€death€of€Dr.€Reynolds,€in€1607.€Dr.€Spencer€wasÐ t  Ðappointed€to€a€prebendal€stall€in€St.€Paulððs,€London,€in€1612.€His€death€took€place€on€the€third€dayÐ `ü  Ðof€April,€1614,€when€he€was€fifty-five€years€of€age.€Of€his€eminent€scholarship€there€can€be€noÐ Lè  Ðquestion€He€was€a€valuable€helper€in€the€great€work€of€preparing€our€common€English€version.€WeÐ 8Ô  Ðhave€but€one€publication€from€his€pen,€a€sermon€preached€at€St.€Paulððs€Cross,€and€printed€after€hisÐ $À Ðdecease,€of€which€Keble,€who€is€Professor€of€Poetry€at€Oxford,€says,€that€it€is€ð ðfull€of€eloquence,€andÐ ¬ Ðstriking€thoughts.ððÐ ü˜ ÐÌßA€X) °°dEä ÓAßÐ Ôp ÐÌÓ  Óò òROGER€FENTONó óÐ Ïk ÐÓÐÓÌà  àThis€clergyman€was€a€native€of€Lancashire.€He€was€Fellow€of€Pembroke€Hall,€in€CambridgeÐ §C ÐUniversity.€For€many€years,€he€was€ð ðthe€painful,€pious,€learned,€and€beloved€ministerððof€St.Ð “/ ÐStephenððs,€Walbrook,€London,€to€which€he€was€admitted€in€1601.€He€was€also€presented€by€theÐ  ÐQueen€to€the€Rectory€of€St.€Bennetððs,€Sherehog,€which€he€resigned€in€1606,€for€the€vicarage€ofÐ k ÐChigwell,€in€Essex.€He€was€also€collated,€in€place€of€Bishop€Andrews,€to€the€Prebendship€of€PancrasÐ Wó Ðin€St.€Paulððs€cathedral,€where€he€was€Penitentiary€of€St.€Paulððs.€His€prebendship€of€Pancras€alsoÐ C ß Ðmade€him,€(so€Newcourt€says,)€Rector€of€that€church.€He€died€January€16th,€1616,€aged€fifty€years.Ð /!Ë ÐHe€was€buried€under€the€communion-table€of€St.€Stephenððs,€where€there€is€a€monument€erected€toÐ "· Ðhis€memory€by€his€parishioners,€with€an€inscription€expressing€their€affection€toward€him€as€a€pastorÐ #£  Ðeminent€for€his€piety€and€learning.Ð ó#! Ðà  àHis€principal€publication€is€described€as€a€ð ðsolid€treatiseðð€against€usury.€His€most€intimateÐ ß${" Ðfriend€was€Dr.€Nicholas€Felton,€another€London€minister.€The€following€singular€incident€is€relatedÐ Ë%g# Ðof€them€by€good€old€Thomas€Fuller;€ð!ð€ð ðOnce€my€own€father€gave€Dr.€Fenton€a€visit,€who€excusedÐ ·&S $ Ðhimself€from€entertaining€him€any€longer.ððMr.€Fuller,ððsaid€he,ððhear€how€the€passing€bell€tolls,€at€thisÐ £'?!% Ðvery€instant,€for€my€dear€friend,€Dr.€Felton,€now€a-dying.€I€must€to€my€study,€it€being€mutuallyÐ (+"& Ðagreed€upon€betwixt€us,€in€our€healths,€that€the€survivor€of€us€should€preach€the€otherððs€funeralÐ {)#' Ðsermon.ððBut€see€a€strange€change!€God,ððto€whom€belong€the€issues€of€death,ððwith€the€patriarch€JacobÐ g*$( Ðblessing€his€grand-children,ððwittingly€guided€his€hands€across,ððreaching€out€death€to€the€living,€andÐ S+ï$) Ðlife€to€the€dying.€So€that€Dr.€Felton€recovered,€and€not€only€performed€that€last€office€to€his€friend,Ð ?,Û%* ÐDr.€Fenton,€but€survived€him€more€than€ten€years,€and€died€Bishop€of€Ely.ðð€By€that€funeral€sermon,Ð d Ðit€appears€that€Dr.€Fenton€was€free€of€the€Grocersðð€Company,€a€wealthy€guild,€to€whom€belonged€theÐ Pì Ðpatronage€of€St.€Stephenððs€Church.€He€was€also€Preacher€of€Grayððs€Inn,€a€society€or€college€ofÐ <Ø Ðlawyers.€Bishop€Felton€says€of€him,€ð!ð€ð ðNone€was€fitter€to€dive€into€the€depths€of€school€divinity.€HeÐ ( Ä Ðwas€taken€early€from€the€University,€and€had€many€troubles€afterward;€yet€he€grew,€and€brought€forthÐ  ° Ðfruit.€Never€a€more€learned€hath€Pembroke€Hall€brought€forth,€with€but€one€exception.ðð€ThisÐ  œ Ðnameless€exception€was€doubtless€the€great€Bishop€Lancelot€Andrews.€Dr.€Fenton€suffered€severelyÐ ì ˆ Ðin€regard€to€health,€in€consequence€of€his€sedentary€habits.€ð ðIn€the€time€of€his€sickness,ðð€says€hisÐ Ø t Ðfriend,€ð ðI€told€him,€that€his€weakness€and€disease€were€òòtrialsóó€only€of€his€faith€and€patience.ððÐ Ä ` Ðà  àOh€no,€he€answered,.they€are€not€trials€but€corrections.׃6×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú30Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ׀Р°L  ÐÌßA€X) °°dEä ‡AßÐ ˆ$  ÐÌÓ  Óò òRALPH€HUTCHINSONó óÐ ƒ  ÐÓ6'ÓÌà  àDr.€Hutchinson,€at€the€time€of€his€appointment,€was€President€of€St.€Johnððs€College,€havingÐ [÷  Ðentered€that€office€in€1590.€This,€which€marks€him€as€a€learned€man,€is€all€we€can€tell€of€him.Ð Gã  ÐÌßA€X) °°dEä AßÐ » ÐÌò òÓ  ÓWILLIAM€DAKINSó óÐ ¶ ÐÓÌ(ÓÌà  àHe€was€educated€at€Westminster€School,€and€admitted€to€Trinity€College,€Cambridge,€MayÐ òŽ Ð8th,€1587.€He€was€chosen€Fellow€in€1593.€He€became€Bachelor€in€Divinity€in€1601.€The€next€yearÐ Þz Ðhe€was€appointed€Greek€lecturer.€In€1604,€he€was€appointed€Professor€of€Divinity€at€GreshamÐ Êf ÐCollege,€London.€He€was€elected€on€the€recommendation€of€the€Vice-Chancellor€and€Heads€ofÐ ¶R ÐColleges€in€Cambridge,€and€also€of€several€of€the€nobility,€and€of€the€King€himself.€The€King€in€hisÐ ¢> Ðletter€to€the€Mayor€and€Aldermen€of€London,€calls€him€ð ðan€ancient€divine,ðð€not€in€allusion€to€his€age,Ð Ž* Ðbut€his€character.€This€appointment€was€given€him€as€a€remuneration€for€his€undertaking€to€do€hisÐ z Ðpart€in€the€Bible-translation.€He€was€considered€peculiarly€fit€to€be€employed€in€this€work,€onÐ f Ðaccount€of€ð ðhis€skill€in€the€original€languages.ðð€In€1606,€he€was€chosen€Dean€of€Trinity€College;€butÐ R î Ðdied€a€few€months€after,€on€the€second€day€of€October,€being€less€than€forty€years€of€age.€ThoughÐ >!Ú Ðtaken€away€in€the€midst€of€his€days,€and€of€the€work€on€account€of€which€we€are€interested€in€him,Ð *"Æ  Ðhe€evidently€stood€in€high€repute€as€to€his€qualifications€for€a€duty€of€such€interest€and€importance.Ð #²! ÐÌßA€X) °°dEä í$AßÐ î$Š# ÐÌÓ  Óò òMICHAEL€RABBETó óÐ é%…% ÐÓû.ÓÌà  àAll€we€can€tell€of€him€is,€that€he€was€a€Bachelor€in€Divinity,€and€Rector€of€the€Church€of€St.Ð Á']!' ÐVedast,€Foster€Lane,€London.Ð ­(I"( ÐÐ ™)5#) ÐßA€X) °°dEä cAßÐ d ÐÌÓ  Óò òMR.€SANDERSONó óÐ _û ÐÓ]0ÓÌà  àThe€bare€name€is€all€that€is€left€to€us€with€any€certainty.€Wood€mentions€a€ThomasÐ 7 Ó ÐSanderson,€D.€D.,€of€Baliol€College,€Oxford,€who€was€installed€Archdeacon€of€Rochester€in€1606;Ð # ¿ Ðbut€does€not€say€whether€he€was€one€of€our€Translators.Ð  « ÐÌßA€X) °°dEä æ AßÐ ç ƒ ÐÌà  àThe€sixth€and€last€company€of€King€Jamesððs€Bible-translators€met€at€Cambridge.€To€thisÐ â ~  Ðcompany€was€assigned€all€the€Apocryphal€books,€which,€in€those€times,€were€more€read€andÐ Îj  Ðaccounted€of€than€now,€though€by€no€means€placed€on€a€level€with€the€canonical€books€ofÐ ºV  ÐScripture.׃7×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú31Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€Still€this€party€of€the€Translators€had€as€much€to€do€as€either€of€the€others,€in€the€repeatedÐ ¦B  Ðrevision€of€the€version€of€the€canonical€books€much€to€do€as€either€of€the€others,€in€the€repeatedÐ ’.  Ðrevision€of€the€version€of€the€canonical€books.Ð ~  ÐÌßA€X) °°dEä UAßÐ Vò  ÐÌÓ  Óò òJOHN€DUPORTó óÐ Qí ÐÓe5ÓÌThe€president€of€this€company€was€Dr.€Duport,€then€Master€of€Jesus€College,€and€Prebendary€of€Ely.Ð )Å ÐHe€was€son€of€Thomas€Duport,€Esquire;€and€was€born€at€Shepshead,€in€Leicestershire.€He€was€bredÐ ± Ðat€Jesus€College,€Cambridge,€where€he€became€Fellow,€and€afterwards€Master,€which€latter€officeÐ  Ðhe€exercised€with€great€reputation€for€nearly€thirty€years.€He€was€a€liberal€benefactor€of€the€College.Ð í‰ ÐIn€1580€he€was€Proctor€in€the€University;€and€in€the€same€year€he€was€made€Rector€of€Harlton€inÐ Ùu ÐCambridgeshire.€He€afterwards€bestowed€the€perpetual€advowsance€of€this€rectory€on€his€College.Ð Åa ÐHe€was€soon€after€Rector€of€Bosworth€and€Medbourn,€in€his€native€County.€In€1583,€he€was€collatedÐ ±M Ðto€the€rectory€of€Fulham,€in€Middlesex,€which€was€a€sinecure.€Such€frequent€change€of€parishes,€inÐ 9 Ða€clergyman€of€the€Anglican€Church,€is€a€sign€of€great€prosperity;€as€they€are€always€changes€fromÐ d Ða€poorer€benefice€to€a€better,€and€are€considered€as€ð ðpreferments.ððÐ Pì Ðà  àAlmost€every€parish,€whenever€vacant,€is€in€the€gift€of€some€man€of€wealth,€or€high€officerÐ <Ø Ðin€church,€state,€university,€or€other€corporation:€Hence€frequent€removals€to€more€desirable€parishesÐ ( Ä Ðtend€to€shew€that€a€clergyman€has€very€influential€friends€or€is€in€high€esteem.€Still€this€does€notÐ  ° Ðnecessarily€follow,€inasmuch€as€a€very€great€part€of€this€business€is€mere€matter€of€bargain€and€sale.Ð  œ ÐThe€person€who€has€the€right€of€presenting€a€clergyman€to€be€pastor€of€a€vacant€church€is€called€theÐ ì ˆ Ðð ðpatron;ðð€and€the€right€of€presentation€is€called€the€ð ðadvowson.ðð€These€advowsons€are€bought,€sold,Ð Ø t Ðbequeathed€or€inherited,€like€any€other€right€or€possession.€They€may€be€owned€by€heretics€orÐ Ä ` Ðinfidels,€who€are€under€very€little€restraint€as€to€their€choice€of€ministers€to€fill€the€vacancies€thatÐ °L  Ðoccur.€If€the€bishop€should€refuse€to€institute€the€person€nominated,€it€would€involve€the€prelate€inÐ œ8  Ðgreat€trouble,€unless€he€could€make€out€a€very€strong€case€against€the€fitness€of€the€rejectedÐ ˆ$  Ðpresentee.€Meanwhile€the€flocks,€who€pay€the€tithes€which€support€the€minister,€have€no€voice€in€theÐ t  Ðmatter,€except€in€comparatively€few€parishes.€They€may€be€dearly€loved€for€their€flesh€and€fleece;Ð `ü  Ðbut€they€must€take€the€shepherd€who€is€set€over€them.€If€they€dislike€his€pasture,€and€jump€the€fencesÐ Lè  Ðto€feed€elsewhere,€they€must€pay€tithes€and€offerings€all€the€same€to€the€convivial€rector,€fox-huntingÐ 8Ô  Ðvicar,€or€Puseyite€priest,€who€has€secured€the€ð ðbenefice€ð ðor€ð ðliving.ððIt€is€astonishing,€that,€under€suchÐ $À Ðan€ecclesiastical€system,€the€Church€of€England€is€not€more€thoroughly€corrupted.€And€it€isÐ ¬ Ðastonishing,€that€such€a€system€can€be€endured€to€the€middle€of€such€a€century€as€this,€by€a€nationÐ ü˜ Ðwhose€loudest€and€proudest€boast€is€of€liberty.Ð è„ Ðà  àWhile€Dr.€Duport€was€rapidly€rising€in€the€scale€of€preferment,€he€retained€his€connectionÐ Ôp Ðwith€Jesus€College.€After€he€was€made€Master€in€1590,€he€was€four€times€elected€Vice-Chancellor,Ð À\ Ðthe€highest€resident€officer,€of€the€University.€In€1585,€he€became€Precentor€of€St.€Paulððs,€London;Ð ¬H Ðand€in€1609,€was€made€Prebendary€of€Ely.€He€married€Rachel,€daughter€to€Richard€Cox,€Bishop€ofÐ ˜4 ÐEly.€They€were€very€happy€in€their€son€James€Duport,€D.€D.,€a€distinguished€Greek€professor€andÐ „  Ðdivine.€The€father€died€about€Christmas,€in€1617,€leaving€a€well-earned€reputation€as€ð ða€reverendÐ p  Ðman€in€his€generation.ðð€Let€him€also€be€reverend€in€this€generation,€for€his€agency€in€the€finalÐ \ø Ðpreparation€of€the€Bible€in€English.Ð Hä ÐÌßA€X) °°dEä !AßÐ  !¼ ÐÌÓ  Óò òWILLIAM€BRAINTHWAITEó óÐ "· ÐÓcFÓÌà  àOf€Dr.€Brainthwaite€we€recover€but€little.€He€spent€his€life€in€Cambridge€University,€whereÐ ó#! Ðhe€was€first€a€student€of€Clare€Hall,€then€Fellow€of€Emanuel€College,€and€at€last€Master€of€GonvilÐ ß${" Ðand€Caius€College.€He€was€in€this€last€office,€when€he€was€named€in€the€royal€commission€as€oneÐ Ë%g# Ðof€the€Translators.€He€was€a€benefactor€of€the€last-mentioned€colleges;€and€in€1619,€wasÐ ·&S $ ÐVice-Chancellor€of€the€University.€These€few€items€go€to€mark€him€as€a€learned,€reverend,€andÐ £'?!% Ðworshipful€divine.Ð (+"& ÐÌßA€X) °°dEä f*AßÐ g*$( ÐÌÓ  Óò òJEREMIAH€RADCLIFFEó óÐ b+þ$* ÐÓtIÓÌà  àDr.€Radcliffe€was€one€of€the€Senior€Fellows€of€Trinity€College,€Cambridge.€In€1588,€he€wasÐ Pì ÐVicar€of€Evesham;€and€two€years€later,€he€was€Rector€of€Orwell.€He€was€Vice-Master€of€his€CollegeÐ <Ø Ðin€1597.€In€the€year€1600,€he€was€made€Doctor€in€Divinity,€both€at€Cambridge€and€Oxford.€Thus€he,Ð ( Ä Ðtoo,€is€to€be€ranked€as€a€scholar€and€a€divine€by€calling.€His€death€took€place€in€1612.Ð  ° ÐÌßA€X) °°dEä ë AßÐ ì ˆ ÐÌÓ  Óò òSAMUEL€WARDó óÐ ç ƒ ÐÓêKÓÌà  àThis€was€a€man€of€mark,€ð!ð€ð ða€vast€scholar.ðð€He€was€a€native€of€Bishopððs€Middleham,€in€theÐ ¿[  Ðcounty€of€Durham.€His€father€was€a€gentleman€of€ð ðmore€ancientry€than€estate.ðð€He€studied€atÐ «G  ÐCambridge,€where€he€was€at€first€a€student€of€Christððs€College,€then€a€Fellow€of€Emanuel,€andÐ —3  Ðafterwards€Master€of€Sidney€Sussex€College.€He€entered€upon€this€latter€office€in€1609,€and€occupiedÐ ƒ  Ðit€with€great€usefulness€and€honor€till€his€death,€thirty-four€years€after.€His€college€flourished€greatlyÐ o  Ðunder€his€administration.€Four€new€fellowships€were€founded,€all€the€scholarships€augmented,€andÐ [÷  Ða€chapel€and€new€range€of€buildings€erected,€all€in€his€time.€He€was€distinguished€for€the€gravity€ofÐ Gã  Ðhis€deportment,€and€for€the€integrity€with€which€he€discharged€the€duties€of€his€Mastership.Ð 3Ï Ðà  àBeing€appointed€chaplain€to€the€royal€favorite,€Bishop€Montague,€he€was€by€that€prelate€madeÐ » ÐArchdeacon€of€Taunton€in€1615,€and€also€Prebendary€of€Wells.€The€King€next€year€presented€himÐ  § Ðto€the€rectory€of€Much-Munden€in€Hertfordshire;€and€also€appointed€him€one€of€his€chaplains.€InÐ ÷“ Ð1617,€the€excellent€Dr.€Toby€Mathew,€archbishop€of€York,€made€him€Prebendary€of€Ampleford€inÐ ã Ðthe€cathedral€church€of€York;€and€this€stall€Dr.€Ward€retained€as€long€as€he€lived.Ð Ïk Ðà  àKing€James€sent€him,€in€1618,€to€the€Synod€of€Dort,€in€Holland,€together€with€BishopsÐ »W ÐCarleton,€Davenant,€and€Hall;€as€the€four€divines€most€able€and€meet€to€represent€the€Church€ofÐ §C ÐEngland,€at€that€famous€Council.€After€a€while€Dr.€Goad,€a€powerful€divine€and€chaplain€to€Dr.Ð “/ ÐAbbot,€Archbishop€of€Canterbury,€was€sent€in€the€place€of€Dr.€Hall,€recalled€at€his€own€request,€onÐ  Ðaccount€of€sickness.€The€English€delegates€were€treated€with€the€highest€consideration;€and€havingÐ k Ðexerted€a€very€happy€influence€in€the€Synod,€returned€with€great€honor€to€their€own€country,€afterÐ Wó Ðsix€or€eight€monthsðð€absence.€The€sittings€of€the€Synod€began€November€3d,€1618,€and€ended€AprilÐ C ß Ð29th€of€the€next€year.€During€all€this€time,€the€States€General€of€Holland€allowed€the€British€envoysÐ /!Ë Ðten€pounds€sterling€each€day;€and,€at€their€departure,€gave€them€two€hundred€pounds€to€bear€theirÐ "· Ðexpenses;€and€also€to€each€of€them€a€splendid€gold€medal,€representing€the€Synod€in€session.Ð #£  Ðà  àAt€this€celebrated€ecclesiastical€council,€Walter€Balcanqual,€B.€D.,€Fellow€of€Pembroke€Hall,Ð ó#! Ðand€afterwards€Master€of€the€Savoy,€by€order€of€King€James,€represented€the€Presbyterian€ChurchÐ ß${" Ðof€Scotland.€There€were€also,€besides€the€members€from€the€Dutch€provinces,€delegates€present€fromÐ Ë%g# ÐHesse,€the€Palatinate,€Bremen,€and€Switzerland,€all€of€whose€churches€practised€the€PresbyterialÐ ·&S $ Ðform€of€discipline€and€government.€The€Church€of€England,€through€its€ð ðsupreme€head,ððÐ £'?!% Ðacknowledged€and€communed€with€all€these€as€true€churches€of€the€Lord€Jesus€Christ,€ð!ð€sitting€andÐ (+"& Ðacting€with€them,€by€its€delegated€theologians,€in€a€solemn€ecclesiastical€assembly.€Surely€the€spiritÐ {)#' Ðof€the€Anglican€Church€in€those€days€was€widely€different€from€what€is€manifested€now.Ð g*$( Ðà  àThe€object€of€the€Synod,€which€was€convened€by€order€of€their€High€Mightinesses,€the€LordsÐ S+ï$) ÐStates€General,€was€to€settle€the€doctrinal€disputes€which€then€convulsed€the€established€Church€ofÐ ?,Û%* Ðthe€Netherlands.€For€some€ten€years€the€dispute€had€been€very€sharp€between€the€Calvinists,€whoÐ d Ðadhered€to€the€old€national€faith,€and€the€followers€of€Arminius,€who€innovated€upon€the€old€orderÐ Pì Ðof€things.€The€points€in€dispute€related€to€divine€predestination,€the€nature€and€extent€of€theÐ <Ø Ðatonement,€the€corruption€of€man,€his€conversion€to€God,€and€the€perseverance€of€saints.€These€fiveÐ ( Ä Ðpoints€are€explained€in€some€sixty€ð ðcanons,ðð€which€were€ð ðconfirmed€by€the€unanimous€consent€ofÐ  ° Ðall€and€each€of€the€members€of€the€whole€Synodðð€The€Dordrechtan€Canons€are,€perhaps,€the€mostÐ  œ Ðcareful€and€exact€statement€of€the€Calvinistic€belief,€in€scientific€form,€that€has€ever€been€drawn€up.Ð ì ˆ ÐIt€is€wisely€framed,€so€that€all€the€usual€objections€to€these€doctrines€are€forestalled€and€excluded€inÐ Ø t Ðthe€very€form€of€their€statement.€Although€the€decrees€of€Dordrecht€had€not€the€desired€effect€ofÐ Ä ` Ðquelling€the€errors€of€Arminianism,€they€are€worthy€of€all€it€cost€to€procure€them.€At€the€time€of€theirÐ °L  Ðadoption,€King€James€was€very€hostile€to€the€Arminians.€He€soon,€however,€became€more€lenientÐ œ8  Ðtoward€them,€when€convinced€by€Bishop€Laud,€that€the€laxity€and€pliancy€of€Arminianism€made€itÐ ˆ$  Ðfar€more€supple€and€convenient€for€the€purposes€of€ð ðkingcraftðð€and€civil€despotism,€than€the€stiff€andÐ t  Ðunyielding€temper€of€Calvinism,€whose€first€principle€is€obedience€to€God€rather€than€to€man.€TheÐ `ü  Ðcourt€favor€took€such€a€turn,€that€it€was€not€many€years€till,€in€answer€to€a€question€as€to€what€theÐ Lè  ÐArminians€held,€it€was€wittily€said,€that€they€held€almost€all€the€best€bishoprics€and€deaneries€inÐ 8Ô  ÐEngland.Ð $À Ðà  àBefore€going€home€to€England,€the€British€delegates€made€a€tour€through€the€provinces€ofÐ ¬ ÐHolland,€and€were€received€With€great€respect€in€most€of€the€principal€cities.€On€his€return,€Dr.€WardÐ ü˜ Ðresumed€his€duties€as€head€of€Sidney€College.€In€1621,€he€was€Vice-Chancellor€of€the€University.Ð è„ ÐIn€the€same€year,€he€was€made€the€Lady€Margaretððs€Professor€of€Divinity,€which€office€he€sustainedÐ Ôp Ðwith€great€celebrity€for€more€than€twenty€years.€The€English€Bible,€which€he€actively€assisted€inÐ À\ Ðtranslating,€was€formally€published€in€1611.€Some€errors€of€the€press€having€crept€into€the€firstÐ ¬H Ðedition,€and€others€into€later€reprints,€King€Charles€the€First,€in€1638,€had€another€edition€printed€atÐ ˜4 ÐCambridge,€which€was€revised€by€Dr.€Ward€and€Mr.€Bois,€two€of€the€original€Translators€who€stillÐ „  Ðsurvived,€assisted€by€Dr.€Thomas€Goad,€Mr.€Mede,€and€other€learned€men.Ð p  Ðà  àWhen€the€Assembly€of€Divines€was€convened€at€Westminster,€1643,€Dr.€Ward€wasÐ \ø Ðsummoned€as€a€member,€but€never€attended.€In€doctrine,€he€was€a€thorough€Puritan;€but€in€politics,Ð Hä Ða€staunch€royalist.€In€the€sad€and€distracted€times€of€the€civil€wars,€as€Thomas€Fuller,€his€affectionateÐ 4 Ð Ðpupil,€says,€ð ðhe€turned€as€a€rock€riseth€with€the€tide.€ð!ð€In€a€word,€he€was€accounted€a€Puritan€beforeÐ  !¼ Ðthese€times,€and€popish€in€these€times;€and€yet,€being€always€the€same,€was€a€true€Protestant€at€allÐ  "¨ Ðtimes.ðð€When€hostilities€broke€out,€he€joined€the€other€heads€of€Colleges€at€Cambridge,€in€sendingÐ ø"” Ðtheir€college-plate€to€aid€the€tyrannical€Charles€Stuart,€whose€character,€partially€redeemed€by€someÐ ä#€  Ðprivate€virtues,€has€been€so€admirably€exposed€by€Macaulay.€ð ðFaithlessness,ðð€says€that€philosophicÐ Ð$l! Ðhistorian,€ð ðwas€the€chief€cause€of€his€disasters,€and€is€the€chief€stain€on€his€memory.€He€was,€in€truth,Ð ¼%X" Ðimpelled€by€an€incurable€propensity€to€dark€and€crooked€ways.€It€may€seem€strange€that€hisÐ ¨&D # Ðconscience,€which,€on€occasions€of€little€moment,€was€sufficiently€sensitive,€should€never€haveÐ ”'0!$ Ðreproached€him€with€this€great€vice.€But€there€is€reason€to€believe€that€he€was€perfidious,€not€onlyÐ €("% Ðfrom€constitution€and€from€habit,€but€also€on€principle.ðð€This€historical€judgment€may€seem€severe;Ð l)#& Ðbut€its€truth€is€maintained€by€other€competent€critics.€James€Stuart€was€undoubtedly€one€of€the€worseÐ X*ô#' Ðsort€of€monarchs;€but€of€him€Coleridge€frankly€says,€ð!ð€ð ðJames€I.,€in€my€honest€judgment,€was€anÐ D+à$( Ðangel,€compared€with€his€sons€and€grandsons.ððÐ 0,Ì%) Ðà  àDr.€Ward,€no€doubt,€like€many€other€good€men€who€disliked€the€Kingððs€proceedings,€wasÐ d Ðcompelled,€by€his€conscientious€belief€in€the€long€established€doctrine€of€the€ð ðdivine€right€of€kings,ððÐ Pì Ðto€uphold€his€sovereign.€In€consequence€of€his€sending€the€college-plate€to€be€coined€for€the€KingððsÐ <Ø Ðuse,€the€parliamentary€authorities€deprived€Dr.€Ward€of€his€professorship€and€mastership,€andÐ ( Ä Ðconfiscated€his€goods.€He€was€also,€in€1642,€with€three€other€heads€of€colleges€involved€in€the€sameÐ  ° Ðtransaction,€imprisoned€in€St.€Johnððs€College€for€a€short€time.€During€his€confinement,€he€contractedÐ  œ Ða€disorder€that€proved€fatal€in€six€weeks€after€his€liberation,€which€was€granted€on€account€of€hisÐ ì ˆ Ðsickness.€He€died,€in€great€want,€at€an€advanced€age,€in€1643,€and€was€the€first€person€buried€inÐ Ø t ÐSidney€Sussex€Chapel.€A€beautiful€character€is€drawn€in€some€Latin€verses€addressed€to€him€by€Dr.Ð Ä ` ÐThomas€Goad,€the€close€of€which€is€thus€given€in€English€by€Fuller;€ð!ð€Ð °L  ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àð ðNone€thy€quick€sight,€grave€judgment,€can€beguile,€Ðˆ$ ` x` x Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð àSo€skilled€in€tongues,€so€sinewy€in€style;€Ðt ` x` x Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð àAdd€to€all€these€that€peaceful€soul€of€thine,€Ð`ü ` x` x Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð àMeek,€modest,€which€all€brawlings€doth€decline.ððÐLè ` x` x ÐÌà  àDr.€Ward€maintained€much€correspondence€with€learned€men.€His€correspondence€withÐ $À ÐArchbishop€Ushur€reveals€traits€of€diversified€learning,€especially€in€biblical€and€oriental€criticism.׃8×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú32Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×Ð ¬ ÐIn€his€letters€to€the€elder€Vossius€he€animadverts€upon€that€distinguished€authorððs€History€ofÐ ü˜ ÐPelagianism.€His€character€cannot€be€better€described€than€in€the€following€beautiful€passage€fromÐ è„ ÐDr.€Fullerððs€History€of€the€University€of€Cambridge.€ð ðHe€was€a€Moses,€not€only€for€slowness€ofÐ Ôp Ðspeech,€but€otherwise€meekness€of€nature.€Indeed,€when,€in€my€private€thoughts,€I€have€beheld€himÐ À\ Ðand€Dr.€Collins,׃9h×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú33Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€(disputable€whether€more€different,€or€more€eminent€in€their€endowments,)€I€couldÐ ¬H Ðnot€but€remember€the€running€of€Peter€and€John€to€the€place€where€Christ€was€buried.€In€which€race,Ð ˜4 ÐJohn€came€first,€as€youngest€and€swiftest;€but€Peter€first€entered€the€grave.€Dr.€Collins€had€much€theÐ „  Ðspeed€of€him€in€quickness€of€parts;€but€let€me€say,€(nor€doth€the€relation€of€pupil€misguide€me,)€theÐ p  Ðother€pierced€the€deeper€into€underground€and€profound€points€in€divinity.€Now€as€high€winds€bringÐ \ø Ðsome€men€the€sooner€into€sleep,€so,€I€conceive,€the€storms€and€tempests€of€these€distracted€timesÐ Hä Ðinvited€this€good€old€man€the€sooner€to€his€long€rest,€where€we€leave€him,€and€quietly€draw€theÐ 4 Ð Ðcurtains€about€him.ððÐ  !¼ ÐÌßA€X) °°dEä ÷"AßÐ ø"” ÐÌÓ  Óò òANDREW€DOWNES.ó óÐ ó#! ÐÓ%|ÓÐ ß${" Ðà  àDr.€Downes€was€Fellow€of€St.€Johnððs€College,€Cambridge.€For€full€forty€years€he€was€RegiusÐ d ÐProfessor€of€Greek€in€that€famous€University.€He€is€especially€named€by€the€renowned€John€SeldenÐ Pì Ðas€eminently€qualified€to€share€in€the€translation€of€the€Bible.€Thus€it€is€the€happiness€of€Dr.€DownesÐ <Ø Ðto€be€ð ðpraised€by€a€praised€man;ðð€for€no€man€was€ever€more€exalted€for€learning€and€criticalÐ ( Ä Ðscholarship€than€Selden,€who€was€styled€by€Dr.€Johnson,€ð ðmonarch€in€letters;ðð€and€by€Milton,€ð ðchiefÐ  ° Ðof€learned€men€in€England;ðð€and€by€foreigners,€ð ðthe€great€dictator€of€learning€of€the€English€nation.ððÐ  œ ÐHis€decisive€testimony€to€Downesððs€ability€was€given€from€personal€knowledge.€Andrew€DownesÐ ì ˆ Ðwas€one€of€the€revising€committee€of€twelve,€composed€of€the€principal€members€of€each€company,Ð Ø t Ðwho€met€at€London€to€prepare€the€copy€for€the€press.€This€venerable€Professor€is€spoken€of€as€ð ðoneÐ Ä ` Ðcomposed€of€Greek€and€industry.ðð€He€bestowed€much€labor€on€Sir€Henry€Savileððs€celebrated€editionÐ °L  Ðof€the€works€of€Chrysostom,€and€many€of€the€learned€notes€were€furnished€by€him.€ð ðHis€pains€wereÐ œ8  Ðso€inlaidðð€with€that€monument€of€erudition,€that€ð ðboth€will€be€preserved€together.ðð€He€died,€FebruaryÐ ˆ$  Ð2nd,€1625,€at€the€great€age€of€eighty-one€years.Ð t  ÐÌßA€X) °°dEä KAßÐ Lè  ÐÌÓ  Óò òJOHN€BOISó óÐ Gã  ÐÓÞ‚ÓÌà  àThis€devoted€scholar€was€a€native€of€Nettle-stead,€in€Suffolk,€where€he€was€born€January€3rd,Ð » Ð1560.€His€father€William€Bois,€a€convert€from€papistry,€was€a€pious€minister,€and€a€very€learnedÐ  § Ðman;€and€at€the€time€of€his€death,€was€Rector€of€West€Stowe.€His€mother,€Mirable€Poolye,€was€aÐ ÷“ Ðpious€woman,€and€a€great€reader€of€the€Bible€in€the€older€translations.€He€was€the€only€child€thatÐ ã Ðgrew€up.€He€was€carefully€taught€by€his€father;€and€at€the€age€of€Jive€years,€he€had€read€the€Bible€inÐ Ïk ÐHebrew.€By€the€time€he€was€six€years€old,€he€not€only€wrote€Hebrew€legibly,€but€in€a€fair€and€elegantÐ »W Ðcharacter.€Some€of€these€remarkable€manuscripts€are€still€carefully€preserved.€This€precociousÐ §C Ðscholar,€who€yet€lived€to€a€ripe€and€hale€old€age,€was€sent€to€school€at€Hadley,€where€he€was€aÐ “/ Ðfellow-student€with€Bishop€Overall.€He€was€admitted€to€St.€Johnððs€College,€Cambridge,€in€1575.€HeÐ  Ðsoon€distinguished€himself€by€his€great€skill€in€Greek,€writing€letters€in€that€language€to€the€MasterÐ k Ðand€Senior€Fellows,€when€he€had€been€but€half€a€year€in€College.€Bois€was€a€pupil€to€Dr.€Downes,Ð Wó Ðthen€chief€lecturer€on€the€Greek€language,€who€took€such€delight€in€his€promising€disciple,€that€heÐ C ß Ðtreated€him€with€great€familiarity,€even€while€he€was€a€freshman.€In€addition€to€his€lectures,€whichÐ /!Ë ÐDr.€Downes€read€five€times€in€the€week,€he€took€the€youth€to€his€chambers,€where€he€plied€himÐ "· Ðexceedingly.€He€there€read€with€him€twelve€Greek€authors,€in€verse€and€prose,€the€hardest€that€couldÐ #£  Ðbe€found;€both€for€dialect€and€phrase.€It€was€a€common€practice€with€the€young€enthusiast€to€go€toÐ ó#! Ðthe€University€Library€at€four€oððclock€in€the€morning,€and€stay€without€intermission€till€eight€in€theÐ ß${" Ðevening.Ð Ë%g# Ðà  àWhen€John€Bois€was€elected€Fellow€of€his€College€in€1580,€he€was€laboring€under€thatÐ ·&S $ Ðformidable€disease,€the€small€pox.€But,€with€his€usual€resolution,€rather€than€lose€his€seniority,€heÐ £'?!% Ðhad€himself€wrapped€in€blankets,€and€was€carried€to€be€admitted€to€his€office€by€his€tutors,€HenryÐ (+"& ÐCoppinger€and€Andrew€Downes.€He€commenced€the€study€of€medicine;€but€fancying€himselfÐ {)#' Ðaffected€with€every€disease€he€read€of,€he€quitted€the€study€in€disgust,€and€turned€his€attention€toÐ g*$( Ðdivinity.€He€was€ordained€a€deacon,€June€21st,€1583;€and€the€next€day,€by€a€dispensation,€he€wasÐ S+ï$) Ðordained€a€priest€of€the€Church€of€England.Ð ?,Û%* Ðà  àFor€ten€years,€he€was€Greek€lecturer€in€his€college;€and,€during€that€time,€he€voluntarilyÐ d Ðlectured,€in€his€own€chamber,€at€four€oððclock€in€the€morning,€most€of€the€Fellows€being€inÐ Pì Ðattendance!€It€may€be€doubted,€whether,€at€the€present€day,€a€teacher€and€class€so€zealous€could€beÐ <Ø Ðfound€at€old€Cambridge,€new€Cambridge,€or€any€where€else,€ð!ð€not€excluding€laborious€Germany.€AtÐ ( Ä Ðthis€time,€Thomas€Gataker,€afterwards€one€of€the€most€distinguished€of€the€Westminster€Divines,Ð  ° Ðwas€a€pupil€to€Bois.Ð  œ Ðà  àOn€the€death€of€his€father,€Mr.€Bois€succeeded€to€the€rectory€of€West€Stowe,€but€soonÐ ì ˆ Ðresigned€it,€and€went€back€to€his€beloved€College.€The€Earl€of€Shrewsbury€made€him€his€chaplain;Ð Ø t Ðbut€this€too€he€soon€resigned.€When€he€was€about€thirty-six€years€old,€Mr.€Holt,€Rector€ofÐ Ä ` ÐBox-ððworth,€died,€leaving€the€advowson€of€that€living€in€part€of€a€portion€to€one€of€his€daughters;Ð °L  Ðand€requesting€of€some€of€his€friends,€that€ð ðif€it€might€be€procured,€Mr.€Bois,€of€St.€Johnððs€College,Ð œ8  Ðmight€become€his€successor.ðð€The€matter€being€intimated€to€that€gentleman,€he€went€over€to€take€aÐ ˆ$  Ðview€of€the€lady€thus€singularly€portioned,€and€commended€to€his€favorable€regards.€The€parties€soonÐ t  Ðtook€a€sufficient€liking€to€each€other,€and€the€somewhat€mature€lover€was€presented€to€the€parsonageÐ `ü  Ðby€his€future€bride,€and€instituted€by€Archbishop€Whitgift,€October€13th,€1596.€He€fulfilled€the€otherÐ Lè  Ðpart€of€the€bargain,€by€marrying€the€lady,€February€7th,€1598;€and€so€resigned€his€beloved€FellowshipÐ 8Ô  Ðat€St.€Johnððs.€He€could€not,€however,€wholly€separate€himself€from€old€associates€and€pursuits.€EveryÐ $À Ðweek€he€rode€over€from€Boxworth€to€Cambridge€to€hear€some€of€the€Greek€lectures€of€Dowries,€andÐ ¬ Ðthe€Hebrew€exercises€of€Lively,€and€also€the€divinity-acts€and€lectures.€Every€Friday€he€met€withÐ ü˜ Ðneighboring€ministers,€to€the€number€of€twelve,€to€give€an€account€of€their€studies,€and€to€discussÐ è„ Ðdifficult€questions.Ð Ôp Ðà  àWhile€thus€absorbed€in€studious€pursuits,€he€left€his€domestic€affairs€to€the€management€ofÐ À\ Ðhis€wife,€whose€want€of€skill€in€a€few€years€reduced€him€to€bankruptcy.€He€was€forced€to€part€withÐ ¬H Ðhis€chief€treasure,€and€to€sell€his€library,€which€contained€one€of€the€most€complete€and€costlyÐ ˜4 Ðcollections€of€Greek€literature€that€had€ever€been€made.€This€cruel€loss€so€disheartened€him,€asÐ „  Ðalmost€to€drive€the€poor€man€from€his€family€and€his€native€country.€He€was,€however,€sincerelyÐ p  Ðattached€to€his€wife,€with€whom€he€lived€in€great€happiness€and€affection€for€five€and€forty€years.Ð \ø Ðà  àIn€the€translation€of€the€Bible,€he€had€a€double€share.€After€the€completion€of€the€Apocrypha,Ð Hä Ðthe€portion€assigned€to€his€company,€the€other€Cambridge€company,€to€whom€was€assigned€from€theÐ 4 Ð ÐChronicles€to€the€Canticles€inclusively,€earnestly€intreated€his€assistance,€as€he€was€equallyÐ  !¼ Ðdistinguished€for€his€skill€in€Greek€and€Hebrew.€They€were€the€more€earnest€for€his€aid,€because€ofÐ  "¨ Ðthe€death€of€their€president,€Professor€Lively,€which€took€place€shortly€after€the€work€wasÐ ø"” Ðundertaken.€During€the€four€years€thus€employed,€Mr.€Bois€gave€close€attention€to€the€duty,€fromÐ ä#€  ÐMonday€morning€to€Saturday€evening,€spending€the€Sabbaths€only€at€his€rectory€with€his€family.€ForÐ Ð$l! Ðall€this€labor€he€received€no€worldly€compensation,€except€the€use€of€his€chambers€and€his€board€inÐ ¼%X" Ðcommons.€When€the€work€had€been€carried€through€the€first€stage,€he€was€one€of€the€twelveÐ ¨&D # Ðdelegates€sent,€two€from€each€of€the€companies,€to€make€the€final€revision€of€the€work€at€StationersððÐ ”'0!$ ÐHall,€in€London.€This€occupied€nine€months,€during€which€each€member€of€the€committee€receivedÐ €("% Ðthirty€shillings€per€week€from€John€Barker,€the€Kingððs€printer,€to€whom€the€copy-right€belonged.€Mr.Ð l)#& ÐBois€took€notes€of€all€the€proceedings€of€this€committee.Ð X*ô#' Ðà  àHe€rendered€a€vast€amount€of€aid€to€his€fellow-translator,€Sir€Henry€Savile,€in€his€greatÐ D+à$( Ðliterary€undertaking,€the€edition€of€Chrysostom.€Sir€Henry€speaks€of€him,€in€the€Preface,€as€the€ð ðmostÐ 0,Ì%) Ðingenious€and€most€learned€Mr.€Bois;ðð€and€it€is€said€that€the€aged€Professor€Downes€was€ð ðo€muchÐ d Ðhurt€at€the€higher€commendations€bestowed€on€his€quondam€pupilððs€share€in€that€labor€than€uponÐ Pì Ðhis€own,€that€he€never€got€entirely€over€it.€Mr.€Bois,€however,€did€not€cease€to€regard€his€veteranÐ <Ø Ðinstructor€with€the€utmost€respect€and€esteem.€For€his€many€years€of€hard€labor€bestowed€uponÐ ( Ä ÐChrysostom,€he€received€no€compensation,€except€a€single€copy€of€the€work.€This€was€probablyÐ  ° Ðowing€to€the€sudden€demise€of€Sir€Henry€Savile,€who€was€intending€to€make€him€one€of€the€FellowsÐ  œ Ðof€Eton€College.Ð ì ˆ Ðà  àMr.€Bois€continued€to€be€quite€poor€and€neglected,€till€Dr.€Lancelot€Andrews,€then€BishopÐ Ø t Ðof€Ely,€and€who€had€also€been€employed€in€the€Bible-translation,€of€his€own€accord€made€him€aÐ Ä ` ÐPrebendary€of€the€cathedral€church€of€Ely,€in€1615.€He€there€spent€the€last€twenty-eight€years€of€hisÐ °L  Ðlife,€in€studious€retirement,€providing€a€curate€for€Boxworth.€After€his€removal€to€Ely,€he€visitedÐ œ8  ÐBoxworth€twice€a€year,€to€administer€the€sacraments€and€preach,€and€to€relieve€the€wants€of€the€poor.Ð ˆ$  ÐHe€left,€at€his€death,€as€many€leaves€of€manuscript€as€he€had€lived€days€in€his€long€life;€for€even€inÐ t  Ðhis€old€age,€he€spent€eight€hours€in€daily€study,€mostly€reading€and€correcting€ancient€authors.Ð `ü  ÐAmong€his€writings,€was€a€voluminous€commentary€in€Latin€on€the€Gospels€and€Acts,€which€wasÐ Lè  Ðpublished€some€twelve€years€after€his€decease.Ð 8Ô  Ðà  àHe€was€of€a€social€and€cheerful€disposition,€and€had€a€great€fund€of€anecdote€at€command.Ð $À ÐHe€kept€up€a€strict€family€government.€His€charity€to€the€necessitous€poor€was€limited€only€by€theÐ ¬ Ðbottom€of€his€purse;€though€he€ð ðchode€the€lazy,ðð€knowing€that€charityððs€eyes€should€be€open,€as€wellÐ ü˜ Ðas€her€hands.€He€was€ð ðin€fastings€oft,ðð€sometimes€twice€in€the€week;€and€punctual€in€all€religiousÐ è„ Ðduties.€His€preaching€was€without€notes,€though€not€without€much€prayer€and€study.€In€performingÐ Ôp Ðthis€solemn€duty,€his€main€endeavor€was€to€make€himself€easily€understood€by€the€humblest€andÐ À\ Ðmost€ignorant€of€his€hearers.€This€is€a€wise€and€noble€trait€in€one€of€such€vast€acquirements;€and€oneÐ ¬H Ðto€whom€Dalechamp,€in€dedicating€to€him€a€eulogy€on€Thomas€Harrison,€said€with€truth,€that€he€wasÐ ˜4 Ðð ðin€highest€esteem€with€studious€foreigners,€and€second€to€none€in€solid€attainments€in€the€GreekÐ „  Ðtongue.ðð€He€was€so€familiar€with€the€Greek€Testament,€that€he€could,€at€any€time,€turn€to€any€wordÐ p  Ðthat€it€contained.Ð \ø Ðà  àHis€manner€of€living€was€quite€peculiar.€He€was€a€great€pedestrian€all€his€days.€He€was€alsoÐ Hä Ða€great€rider€and€swimmer;€and€possessed€a€very€strong€constitution,€which€all€his€hard€study€couldÐ 4 Ð Ðnot€impair.€He€took€but€two€meals,€dinner€and€supper,€and€never€drank€at€any€other€time.€He€wouldÐ  !¼ Ðnot€study€between€supper€and€bed-time;€but€spent€the€interval€in€pleasant€discourse€with€friends.€HeÐ  "¨ Ðtook€special€care€of€his€teeth,€and€carried€them€nearly€all€to€the€grave.€Up€to€his€death,€his€brow€wasÐ ø"” Ðun-wrinkled,€his€sight€clear,€his€hearing€quick,€his€countenance€fresh,€and€head€not€bald.€He€ascribedÐ ä#€  Ðhis€health€and€longevity€to€the€observance€of€three€rules,€given€him€by€one€of€his€college€tutors,€Dr.Ð Ð$l! ÐWhitaker:€ð!ð€First,€always€to€study€standing;€secondly,€never€to€study€in€a€draft€of€air;€and€thirdly,Ð ¼%X" Ðnever€to€go€to€bed€with€his€feet€cold!Ð ¨&D # Ðà  àHe€had€four€sons€and€three€daughters.€The€first-born€son€died€an€infant.€The€second€son€andÐ ”'0!$ Ðeldest€daughter€he€saw€married.€The€third€son€died€of€consumption,€at€the€age€of€thirty,€at€Ely,€whereÐ €("% Ðhe€was€a€canon€in€the€cathedral.€The€youngest€son€died€of€the€small-pox,€while€a€student€of€St.Ð l)#& ÐJohnððs€College.€Thus€the€father€was€not€without€his€sore€afflictions.€These€seem€to€have€beenÐ X*ô#' Ðsanctified€to€his€good.€He€said€of€himself,€near€the€end€of€his€life,€ð!ð€ð ðThere€has€not€been€a€day€forÐ D+à$( Ðthese€many€years,€in€which€I€have€not€meditated€at€least€once€upon€my€death.ðð€Thus€he€met€death,Ð 0,Ì%) Ðat€last,€with€great€joy,€as€an€old€acquaintance,€and€long€expected€friend.€Having€survived€his€wifeÐ d Ðfor€two€lonesome€years,€Mr.€Bois€had€himself€carried€about€five€hours€before€his€end,€into€the€roomÐ Pì Ðwhere€she€died.€He€there€expired,€on€the€Lordððs€Day,€January€14th,€1643,€in€the€eighty-fourth€yearÐ <Ø Ðof€his€age.€ð ðHe€went€unto€his€rest€on€the€day€of€rest;€a€man€of€peace,€to€the€God€of€peace.ððÐ ( Ä ÐÌßA€X) °°dEä ÿ AßÐ  œ ÐÌÓ  Óò òJOHN€WARD.ó óÐ û — ÐÓàµÓÌà  àThis€name€closes€the€original€list€of€King€Jamesððs€translators.€Dr.€Ward€was€Fellow€of€KingððsÐ Ó o  ÐCollege,€Cambridge.€Fuller€gives€him€the€strange€title€of€ð ðRegal,ðð€probably€denoting€some€stationÐ ¿[  Ðin€the€University.€All€that€we€gather€of€this€Dr.€Ward€is€that€he€was€Prebendary€of€Chichester,€andÐ «G  ÐRector€of€Bishopððs€Waltham€in€Hampshire.Ð —3  Ðà  àIt€remains€for€us€to€add€a€brief€account€of€some,€who€are€known€to€have€assisted€in€differentÐ ƒ  Ðstages€of€the€work.€It€has€been€shewn€that€two€or€three€of€those€who€were€named€in€the€KingððsÐ o  Ðcommission,€died€soon€after€their€appointment.€At€least€two€others€appear€to€have€taken€their€places,Ð [÷  Ðand€therefore€require€our€notice.Ð Gã  ÐÌßA€X) °°dEä AßÐ » ÐÌÓ  Óò òJOHN€AGLIONBYÐ ¶ Ðó óÓÕ¹ÓÌà  àDr.€Aglionby€was€descended€from€a€respectable€family€in€Cumberland.€In€1583,€he€becameÐ òŽ Ða€student€in€Queenððs€College,€Oxford,€of€which€college€he€afterwards€became€a€Fellow.€AfterÐ Þz Ðreceiving€ordination,€he€travelled€in€foreign€countries;€and,€on€his€return,€was€made€chaplain€inÐ Êf Ðordinary€to€Queen€Elizabeth,€who€endured€no€drone€or€dunce€about€her.€In€1601,€he€was€madeÐ ¶R ÐRector€of€Blechindon.€In€the€same€year,€he€was€chosen€Principal€of€St.€Edmundððs€Hall,€in€theÐ ¢> ÐUniversity€of€Oxford;€and€about€the€same€time,€he€became€Rector€of€Islip.€On€the€accession€of€JamesÐ Ž* ÐI.,€he€was€appointed€chaplain€in€ordinary€to€the€King.€Dr.€Aglionby€was€deeply€read€in€the€fathersÐ z Ðand€the€schoolmen,€ð ðan€excellent€linguist,ðð€and€an€elegant€and€instructive€preacher.€It€is€said€of€himÐ f Ðby€Anthony€Wood,€in€his€Athanae,€ð!ð€ð ðWhat€he€hath€published€I€find€not;€however,€the€reason€whyÐ R î ÐI€set€him€down€here€is,€that€he€had€a€most€considerable€hand€in€the€Translation€of€the€NewÐ >!Ú ÐTestament,€appointed€by€King€James€I.,€in€1604.ðð€Dr.€Aglionby€died€at€his€rectory,€on€the€sixth€dayÐ *"Æ  Ðof€February,€1609,€aged€forty-three.€In€the€chancel€of€his€church€at€Islip,€is€a€tablet€erected€to€hisÐ #²! Ðmemory€by€his€widow.€Thus€he€lived€just€long€enough€to€do€the€best€work€he€could€have€done€in€thisÐ $ž" Ðworld.Ð î$Š# ÐÌßA€X) °°dEä Å&AßÐ Æ&b % ÐÌÓ  Óò òLEONARD€HUTTENó óÐ Á']!' ÐÓ•ÀÓÌà  àThis€divine€was€bred€at€Westminster€School;€from€whence€he€was€elected,€on€the€score€ofÐ ™)5#) Ðmerit,€to€be€a€student€of€Christððs€Church,€one€of€the€Oxford€colleges.,€in€1574.€He€there€devotedÐ …*!$* Ðhimself,€with€unwearied€zeal,€to€the€pursuit€of€academical€learning€in€all€its€branches.€He€took€ordersÐ q+ %+ Ðin€due€time,€and€became€a€frequent€preacher.€In€1599,€at€which€time€he€was€a€Bachelor€in€DivinityÐ d Ðof€some€eight€yearsðð€standing,€and€also€Vicar€of€Flower€in€Northamptonshire,€he€was€installed€canonÐ Pì Ðof€Christððs€Church.€He€was€well€known€as€an€ð ðexcellent€Grecian,ðð€and€an€elegant€scholar.€He€wasÐ <Ø Ðwell€versed€in€the€fathers,€the€schoolmen,€and€the€learned€languages,€which€were€the€favorite€studiesÐ ( Ä Ðof€that€day;€and€he€also€investigated€with€care€the€history€of€his€own€nation.€In€his€predilection€forÐ  ° Ðthis€last-study€he€shewed€good€sense,€ð ðseeing,ðð€as€an€old€writer€has€it,€ð ðhistory,€like€unto€good€menððsÐ  œ Ðcharity,€is,€though€not€to€end,€yet€to€begin,€at€home,€and€thence€to€make€its€methodical€progress€intoÐ ì ˆ Ðforeign€parts.ðð€Of€Dr.€Hutten€it€is€expressly€stated€by€Wood,€that€ð ðhe€had€a€hand€in€the€translationÐ Ø t Ðof€the€Bible.ðð€He€died€May€17th,€1632,€aged€seventy-two.Ð Ä ` ÐÌßA€X) °°dEä ›AßÐ œ8  ÐÌà  àThus€we€close€the€best€record,€which,€with€very€great€care€and€research,€we€have€been€ableÐ —3  Ðto€make,€of€this€roll€of€ancient€scholars.€Their€united€labors,€bestowed€upon€the€common€EnglishÐ ƒ  Ðversion€of€the€Bible,€have€produced€a€volume€which€has€exerted€a€greater€and€happier€influence€onÐ o  Ðthe€world,€than€any€other€which€has€appeared€since€the€original€Scriptures€themselves€were€givenÐ [÷  Ðto€mankind.Ð Gã  Ðà  àSeveral€other€persons€were€employed€in€various€stages€of€the€work.€In€a€letter€from€the€KingÐ 3Ï Ðto€the€Bishop€of€London,€dated€July€22d€5€1604,€the€monarch€says,€ð!ð€ð ðWe€have€appointed€certainÐ » Ðlearned€men,€to€the€number€of€four€and€fifty,€for€the€translating€of€the€Bible.ðð€As€the€authentic€listsÐ  § Ðcontain€but€forty-seven€names,€it€is€presumed€the€others€were€certain€ð ðdivinesðð€referred€to€in€theÐ ÷“ Ðfifteenth€article€of€the€royal€instructions€as€to€the€mode€of€prosecuting€the€work.€In€this€fifteenthÐ ã Ðarticle€it€is€provided,€that€besides€the€several€directors€or€presidents€of€the€different€companies,Ð Ïk Ðð ðthree€or€four€of€the€most€ancient€and€grave€divines€in€either€of€the€Universities,€not€employed€inÐ »W Ðtranslating,€be€as€signed€by€the€Vice-Chancellor,€upon€conference€with€the€rest€of€the€Heads,€to€beÐ §C Ðoverseers€of€the€Translation,€as€well€Hebrew€as€Greek,€for€the€better€observance€of€the€fourth€rule.ððÐ “/ ÐThat€rule€required,€that€among€the€different€meanings€of€any€word,€that€one€should€be€adopted€whichÐ  Ðis€most€sanctioned€by€the€Fathers,€and€is€most€ð ðagreeable€to€the€propriety€of€the€place,€and€theÐ k Ðanalogy€of€the€faith.ðð€It€is€not€known€who€those€supervisors€were;€but€if€one€of€the€UniversitiesÐ Wó Ðdesignated€three€of€them,€and€the€other€designated€four,€it€would€make€out€the€requisite€number.Ð C ß Ðà  àWhen€the€six€companies€had€gone€through€with€their€part€of€the€undertaking,€three€copiesÐ /!Ë Ðwere€sent€to€London;€one€from€the€two€companies€at€Cambridge,€another€from€those€at€Oxford,€andÐ "· Ðthe€third€from€those€at€Westminster.€Each€company€also€delegated€two€of€its€ablest€members€to€goÐ #£  Ðup€to€London,€and€prepare€a€single€copy€from€these€three.ððWhen€the€Synod€of€Dort€was€discussingÐ ó#! Ðthe€subject€of€preparing€a€version€to€be€authorized€for€the€use€of€the€Dutch€churches,€Dr.€SamuelÐ ß${" ÐWard,€one€of€the€members,€informed€that€celebrated€body€as€to€the€manner€in€which€that€businessÐ Ë%g# Ðhad€been€conducted€in€England.€He€then€stated,€that,€this€last€single€copy€was€arranged€by€twelveÐ ·&S $ Ðdivines€ð ðof€good€distinction,€and€thoroughly€conversant€in€the€work€from€the€beginning;ðð€and€he,Ð £'?!% Ðas€one€of€the€Translators,€must€have€known€the€number.Ð (+"& Ðà  àThis€oft€revised€and€completed€copy€was€then€referred,€for€final€revision€in€preparation€forÐ {)#' Ðthe€press,€to€Dr.€Smith,€one€of€the€most€active€of€the€Translators,€and€soon€after€made€Bishop€ofÐ g*$( ÐGloucester,€and€to€Dr.€Bilson,€then€Bishop€of€Winchester.€These€two€prepared€the€summary€ofÐ S+ï$) Ðcontents€placed€at€the€head€of€the€chapters,€and€carefully€saw€the€work€through€the€press€in€the€yearÐ ?,Û%* Ðof€grace,€1611.Ð d ÐÌßA€X) °°dEä ;AßÐ <Ø ÐÌÓ  Óò òTHOMAS€BILSONó óÐ 7 Ó ÐÓ[ÕÓÌà  àDr.€Thomas€Bilson€was€of€German€parentage,€and€related€to€the€Duke€of€Bavaria.€He€wasÐ  « Ðborn€in€Winchester,€and€educated€in€the€school€of€William€de€Wykeham.€He€entered€New€College,Ð û — Ðat€Oxford,€and€was€made€a€Fellow€of€his€College€in€1565.€He€began€to€distinguish€himself€as€a€poet;Ð ç ƒ Ðbut,€on€receiving€ordination,€gave€himself€wholly€to€theological€studies.€He€was€soon€madeÐ Ó o  ÐPrebendary€of€Winchester,€and€Warden€of€the€College€there.€In€1596,€he€was€made€Bishop€ofÐ ¿[  ÐWorcester;€and€three€years€later,€was€translated€to€the€see€of€Winchester,€his€native€place.€HeÐ «G  Ðengaged€in€most€of€the€polemical€contests€of€his€day,€as€a€stiff€partizan€of€the€Church€of€England.Ð —3  ÐWhen€the€controversy€arose€as€to€the€meaning€of€the€so€called€Apostlesðð€Creed,€in€asserting€theÐ ƒ  Ðdescent€of€Christ€into€hell,€Bishop€Bilson€defended€the€literal€sense,€and€maintained€that€Christ€wentÐ o  Ðthere,€not€to€suffer,€but€to€wrest€the€keys€of€hell€out€of€the€Devilððs€hands.€For€this€doctrine€he€wasÐ [÷  Ðseverely€handled€by€Henry€Jacob,€who€is€often€called€the€father€of€modern€Congregationalism,€andÐ Gã  Ðalso€by€other€Puritans.€Much€feeling€was€excited€by€the€controversy,€and€Queen€Elizabeth,€in€her€ire,Ð 3Ï Ðcommanded€her€good€bishop,€ð ðneither€to€desert€the€doctrine,€nor€let€the€calling€which€he€bore€in€theÐ » ÐChurch€of€God,€be€trampled€under€foot,€by€such€unquiet€refusers€of€truth€and€authority.ðð€TheÐ  § Ðdespotic€spinster€ruled€with€such€energy,€both€in€Church€and€state,€as€to€sanction€the€saying,€that€ð ðoldÐ ÷“ Ðmaidsðð€children€are€well€governed!ðð€Dr.€Bilsonððs€most€famous€work€was€entitled€ð ðThe€PerpetualÐ ã ÐGovernment€of€Christððs€Church,ðð€and€was€published€in€1593.€It€is€still€regarded€as€one€of€the€ablestÐ Ïk Ðbooks€ever€written€in€behalf€of€Episcopacy.€Dr.€Bilson€died€in€1616,€at€a€good€old€age,€and€wasÐ »W Ðburied€in€Westminster€Abbey.€It€was€said€of€him,€that€he€ð ðcarried€prelature€in€his€very€aspect.ððÐ §C ÐAnthony€Wood€proclaims€him€so€ð ðcomplete€in€divinity,€so€well€skilled€in€languages,€so€read€in€theÐ “/ ÐFathers€and€Schoolmen,€so€judicious€in€making€use€of€his€readings,€that€at€length€he€was€found€toÐ  Ðbe€no€longer€a€soldier,€but€a€commander€in€chief€in€the€spiritual€warfare,€especially€when€he€becameÐ k Ða€bishop!ððÐ Wó ÐÌßA€X) °°dEä .!AßÐ /!Ë ÐÌÓ  Óò òRICHARD€BANCROFTó óÐ *"Æ  ÐÓfàÓÌà  àIn€the€Translatorsðð€Preface,€which€used€to€be€printed€with€all€the€earlier€editions€of€the€Bible,Ð $ž" Ðthere€is€an€allusion€to€one€who€was€the€ð ðchief€overseer€and€task-master€under€his€Majesty,€to€whomÐ î$Š# Ðwere€not€only€we,€but€also€our€whole€Church,€much€bound.ðð€This€was€Dr.€Bancroft,€then€Bishop€ofÐ Ú%v$ ÐLondon,€on€whom€devolved€the€duty€of€seeing€the€Kingððs€intentions€in€regard€to€the€new€versionÐ Æ&b % Ðcarried€into€effect.€Though€he€had€but€little€to€do€in€the€studies€by€which€it€was€prepared,€yet€hisÐ ²'N!& Ðgeneral€oversight€of€all€the€business€part€of€the€arrangements€makes€it€proper€to€notice€him€on€theseÐ ž(:"' Ðpages.Ð Š)&#( Ðà  àHe€was€born€near€Manchester,€and€educated€at€Jesus€College,€Cambridge.€He€was€chaplainÐ v*$) Ðto€Queen€Elizabeth,€under€whom€he€became€Bishop€of€London€in€1597.€On€the€death€of€Whitgift,Ð b+þ$* Ðin€1604,€he€succeeded€to€the€archbishopric€of€Canterbury.€In€one€year€thereafter,€such€was€his€furyÐ d Ðin€pressing€conformity,€that€not€less€than€three€hundred€ministers€were€suspended,€deprived,Ð Pì Ðexcommunicated,€imprisoned,€or€forced€to€leave€the€country.€He€was€indeed€a€terrible€churchman,Ð <Ø Ðof€a€harsh€and€stern€temper.€Bishop€Ken-nett,€in€his€history€of€England,€styles-him€ð ða€sturdy€piece;ððÐ ( Ä Ðand€says€ð ðhe€proceeded€with€rigor,€severity,€and€wrath,€against€the€Puritans.ðð€He€was€the€ruling€spiritÐ  ° Ðin€that€infamous€tribunal,€the€High€Commission€Court,€a€sort€of€British€Inquisition.€Nicholas€Fuller,Ð  œ Ðan€eminent€and€wealthy€lawyer€of€Grayððs€Inn,€ventured€to€sue€out€a€writ€of€Habeas€Corpus€in€behalfÐ ì ˆ Ðof€two€of€Bancroftððs€victims€in€that€Court,€and€argued€so€boldly€for€the€liberation€of€his€clients,€thatÐ Ø t ÐBancroft€threw€him€also€into€prison,€where€he€lingered€till€his€death.€Fuller€gives€the€followingÐ Ä ` Ðpicture€of€this€prelate:€ð!ð€ð ðA€great€statesman€he€was,€and€a€grand€champion€of€church-discipline,Ð °L  Ðhaving€well€hardened€the€hands€of€his€soul,€which€was€no€more€than€needed€for€him€who€was€toÐ œ8  Ðmeddle€with€nettles€and€briars,€and€met€with€much€opposition.€No€wonder€if€those€who€wereÐ ˆ$  Ðsilenced€by€him€in€the€church€were€loud€against€him€in€other€places.€David€speaketh€of€poison€underÐ t  Ðmenððs€lips.ððThis€bishop€tasted€plentifully€thereof€from€the€mouths€of€his€enemies,€till€at€last,€(asÐ `ü  ÐMithradates,)€he€was€so€habituated€unto€poisons,€they€became€food€unto€him.€Once€a€gentleman,Ð Lè  Ðcoming€to€visit€him,€presented€him€a€libel,€which€he€found€pasted€on€his€door;€who€nothing€movedÐ 8Ô  Ðthereat,ððCast€it,ððsaid€he,€ððto€an€hundred€more€which€lie€here€on€a€heap€in€my€chamber.ðððð€PeremptoryÐ $À Ðas€his€proceedings€were€with€all€sorts€of€Dissenters,€whether€popish€or€puritan,€he€seems€sometimesÐ ¬ Ðto€have€had€a€relenting€fit.€It€is€but€fair€to€relate€the€following€incident.€Fuller€tells€of€an€honest€andÐ ü˜ Ðable€minister,€from€whom€he€derived€the€statement,€who€protested€to€the€Primate,€that€it€went€againstÐ è„ Ðhis€conscience€to€conform€to€the€Church€in€all€particulars.€Being€about€to€be€deprived€of€his€livingÐ Ôp Ðin€consequence,€the€Archbishop€asked€him,€ð!ð€ð ðWhich€way€will€you€live,€if€put€out€of€your€benefice?ððÐ À\ ÐThe€minister€replied,€that€he€had€no€way€except€to€beg,€and€throw€himself€upon€Divine€Providence.Ð ¬H Ðð ðNot€that,ðð€said€the€Archbishop,€ð ðyou€shall€not€need€to€do;€but€come€to€me,€and€I€will€take€order€forÐ ˜4 Ðyour€maintenance.ðð€Such€instances€of€generosity,€however,€were€ð ðfew€and€far€between.ððÐ „  Ðà  àImperious€as€Bancroft€was€to€his€inferiors,€he€set€them€an€example€of€servility€to€himself,€byÐ p  Ðhis€own€cringing€to€his€master,€the€King.€In€a€despicably€flattering€oration,€in€the€Conference€atÐ \ø ÐHampton€Court,€he€equals€King€James€to€Solomon€for€wisdom,€to€Hezekiah€for€piety,€and€to€PaulÐ Hä Ðfor€learning!€Scotland€owes€his€memory€a€grudge€for€his€unwearied€endeavors€to€force€EpiscopacyÐ 4 Ð Ðupon€that€people.€He€was€equally€strenuous€for€the€divine€rights€of€kings€and€of€diocesan€bishops.Ð  !¼ ÐHe€vigorously€prevented€the€alienation€of€church-property;€and€succeeded€in€preventing€that€mostÐ  "¨ Ðgreedy€and€villainous€old€courtier,€Lord€Lauderdale,€from€swallowing€the€whole€bishopric€ofÐ ø"” ÐDurham!Ð ä#€  Ðà  àDr.€Bancroft€died€in€1610,€at€the€age€of€sixty-six€years,€and€was€buried€at€Lambeth€Church.Ð Ð$l! ÐHe€cancelled€his€first€will,€in€which€he€had€made€large€bequests€to€the€church,€and€so€gave€occasionÐ ¼%X" Ðto€the€following€epigram:€ð!ð€Ð ¨&D # ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà8¸ ` x` xàð ðHe€who€never€repented€of€doing€ill,Ѐ("%¸ ¸  Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà8¸ ` x` xàRepented€once€that€he€had€a€good€will.ððÐl)#&¸ ¸  ÐÌIn€his€second€testament,€he€left€the€large€library€at€Lambeth€to€the€University€of€Cambridge.Ð D+à$( ÐAlthough€in€his€time,€the€political€sky€was€clear,€he€is€said€to€have€had€the€sagacity€to€foresee€thatÐ 0,Ì%) Ðcoming€tempest,€which€Lord€Clarendon€calls€ð ðthe€great€rebellion,ðð€and€which€burst€upon€EnglandÐ d Ðin€the€next€generation.Ð Pì Ðà  àIn€his€general€supervision€of€the€translation-work,€he€does€not€appear€to€have€tampered€withÐ <Ø Ðthe€version,€except€in€a€very€few€passages€where€he€insisted€upon€giving€it€a€turn€somewhatÐ ( Ä Ðfavorable€to€his€sectarian€notions.€But,€considering€the€control€exercised€by€this€towering€prelate,Ð  ° Ðand€the€fact€that€the€great€majority€of€the€Translators€were€of€his€way€of€thinking,€it€is€quiteÐ  œ Ðsurprising€that€the€work€is€not€deeply€tinged€with€their€sentiments.€On€the€whole,€it€is€certainly€veryÐ ì ˆ Ðfar€from€being€a€sectarian€version,€like€nearly€all€which€have€since€been€attempted€in€English.€It€isÐ Ø t Ðsaid€that€Bancroft€altered€fourteen€places,€so€as€to€make€them€speak€in€phrase€to€suit€him.€Dr.€MilesÐ Ä ` ÐSmith,€who€had€so€much€to€do€with€the€work€in€all€its€stages,€is€reported€to€have€complained€of€theÐ °L  ÐArchbishopððs€alterations.€ð ðBut€he€is€so€potent,ðð€says€the€Doctor,€ð ðthere€is€no€contradicting€him!ððÐ œ8  ÐTwo€of€those€alleged€alterations€are€quite€preposterous.€To€have€the€glorious€word€ð ðbishopricðð€occurÐ ˆ$  Ðat€least€once€in€the€volume,€the€office€is€conferred,€in€the€first€chapter€of€Acts,€on€Judas€Iscariot!€ð ðHisÐ t  Ðbishopric€let€another€take.ðð€Many€of€the€Puritans€were€stiffly€opposed€to€bestowing€the€nameÐ `ü  Ðð ðchurch,ðð€which€they€regarded€as€appropriate€only€to€the€company€of€spiritual€worshippers,€on€anyÐ Lè  Ðmass€of€masonry€and€carpentry.׃:×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú34Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€But€Bancroft,€that€he€might€for€once€stick€the€name€to€a€materialÐ 8Ô  Ðbuilding,€would€have€it€applied,€in€the€nineteenth€chapter€of€Acts,€to€the€idolsðð€temples!€ð ðRobbersÐ $À Ðof€churchesðð€are€strictly,€according€to€the€word€in€the€original,€temple-robbers;€and€particularly,€inÐ ¬ Ðthis€case,€such€as€might€have€plundered€the€great€temple€of€Diana€at€Ephesus.€Let€us€be€thankful€thatÐ ü˜ Ðthe€dictatorial€prelate€tried€his€hand€no€farther€at€emending€the€sacred€text.Ð è„ ÐÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÐ €("% ЇÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÌÓ  Óò òÔ‡ MiXXüŒÔÌÌÐ à+|%( ÐÑN€¨QÑâ NâÑ € Ñâ NâÑ  ÑÌÌÌÌÌÌCONCLUSIONó óÔ#†XüŒX Mi±#ÔÐ  \ ÐÓ¢ÓÌà  àHaving€now€completed€these€biographical€sketches,€we€may€close€with€a€few€pages€relatingÐ 2‚  Ðto€the€literature€of€the€subject.€On€this,€indeed,€a€larger€volume€might€well€be€penned.Ð n  Ðà  àThe€first€edition€of€the€authorized€version€was€printed,€as€has€been€stated,€in€1611,€and€in€aÐ  Z  Ðblack-letter€folio.€The€first€edition€in€quarto€appeared€the€next€year.€The€successive€reprints,€inÐ öF  Ðdifferent€styles€and€sizes,€became€very€numerous.€In€1638,€an€edition€revised€by€the€command€ofÐ â2  ÐCharles€I.,€for€the€purpose€of€typographical€correction,€was€prepared€by€a€number€of€eminentÐ Î  Ðscholars,€among€whom€were€Dr.€Samuel€Ward€and€Mr.€Bois,€two€of€the€original€Translators.€TheÐ º  Ðedition€in€folio€and€quarto,€revised€and€corrected€with€very€great€care€by€Benjamin€Blaney,€D.€D.,Ð ¦ö Ðunder€the€direction€of€the€Vice-Chancellor€of€Oxford,€and€the€Delegates€of€the€Clarendon€Press,€inÐ ’â Ð1769,€has€been€the€standard€edition€ever€since;€till€one€was€published€in€1806,€by€Eyre€and€Strahan,Ð ~Î Ðprinters€to€his€Majesty.€This€impression€approaches€as€near€as€possible€to€what€is€called€ð ðanÐ jº Ðimmaculate€text,ðð€as€only€one€erratum,€and€that€very€slight,€has€been€detected€in€it.€Among€so€manyÐ V¦ Ðreprints€of€the€Bible,€and€in€so€many€different€offices,€it€would€have€been€a€mass€of€miracles€had€notÐ B’ Ðmany€inaccuracies€crept€in€through€error€and€oversight€on€the€part€of€printers€and€correctors€of€theÐ .~ Ðpress.€As€this€is€a€point€on€which€every€reader€of€the€Bible€must€feel€some€anxiety,€it€may€be€wellÐ j Ðto€make€the€following€statement.€A€very€able€Committee€of€the€American€Bible€Society,€spent€someÐ V Ðthree€years€in€a€diligent€and€laborious€comparison€of€recent€copies€of€the€best€edition€of€theÐ òB ÐAmerican€Bible€Society,€and€of€the€four€leading€British€editions,€namely,€those€of€London,€Oxford,Ð Þ. ÐCambridge,€and€Edinburgh,€and€also€of€the€original€edition€of€1611.€The€number€of€variations€in€theÐ Ê Ðtext€and€punctuation€of€these€six€copies€was€found€to€fall€but€little€short€of€òòtwenty-four€thousand.€óóAÐ ¶ Ðvast€amount!€Quite€enough€to€frighten€us,€till€we€read€the€Committeeððs€assurance,€that€ð ðof€all€thisÐ ¢ ò Ðgreat€number,òò€there€is€not€one€which€mars€the€integrity€of€the€text,€or€affects€any€doctrine€or€preceptÐ Ž!Þ Ðof€the€Bible.óóðð€As€this,€however,€is€a€point€in€which€the€minutest€accuracy€is€to€be€sought,€thatÐ z"Ê ÐCommittee€have€prepared€an€edition€wherein€these€variations€are€set€right,€to€serve€as€a€standardÐ f#¶ Ðcopy€for€the€Society€to€print€by€in€future.Ð R$¢  Ðà  àInfinite€is€the€debt€of€gratitude€which€the€world€owes€to€its€Maker€for€the€Bible.€Scarcely€lessÐ >%Ž ! Ðis€its€debt€to€his€goodness,€in€raising€up€competent€instruments€for€its€translation€into€differentÐ *&z!" Ðtongues,€unlocking€its€treasures€to€enrich€the€nations.€This€matter€is€finely€touched€by€Dr.€Field,€aÐ 'f"# Ðdivine€of€the€seventeenth€century,€in€whose€writings€that€great€critic,€S,€T.€Coleridge,€was€wont€toÐ (R#$ Ðtake€a€deep€and€admiring€delight.€ð ðThat€most€excellent€light€of€Christian€wisdom,€revealed€in€theÐ î(>$% Ðsacred€books€of€the€Divine€Oracles,€is€incomparable€and€peerless,€and€whereupon€all€others€doÐ Ú)*%& Ðdepend;€the€bright€beams€of€which€heavenly€light€do€show€unto€us€the€ready€way€to€eternalÐ Æ*&' Ðhappiness,€amidst€the€sundry€turnings€and€dangerous€windings€of€this€life.€And€lest€either€theÐ ²+'(  Ðstrangeness€of€the€languages€wherein€these€Holy€Books€were€written,€or€the€deepness€of€theÐ d Ðmysteries€or€the€multiplicity€of€hidden€senses€contained€in€them,€should€any€way€hinder€us€from€theÐ Pì Ðclear€view€and€perfect€beholding€of€the€heavenly€brightness;€God€hath€called€and€assembled€into€hisÐ <Ø ÐChurch€out€of€all€the€nations€of€the€world,€and€out€of€all€people€that€dwell€under€the€arch€of€heaven,òòÐ ( Ä Ðmen€abounding€in€all€secular€learning€and€knowledge,€and€filled€with€the€understanding€of€holyÐ  ° Ðthings,€which€might€turn€these€Scriptures€and€Books€of€God€into€the€tongues€of€every€nation;€andÐ  œ Ðmight€unseal€this€Book€so€fast€clasped€and€sealed,€and€manifest€and€open€the€mysteries€thereinÐ ì ˆ Ðóócontained,€not€only€by€lively€voice,€but€by€writings€to€be€carried€down€to€all€posterities.€From€hence,Ð Ø t Ðas€from€the€pleasant€and€fruitful€fields€watered€with€the€silver€dew€of€Hermo,€the€people€of€God€areÐ Ä ` Ðnourished€with€all€saving€food.€Hence€the€thirst€of€languishing€souls€is€restinguished,€as€from€theÐ °L  Ðmost€pure€fountains€of€living€water,€and€the€everlasting€waters€of€Paradise.ððÐ œ8  Ðà  àIt€is€of€the€highest€importance,€that€the€Bible€in€English€should€be€placed€in€the€hands€of€allÐ ˆ$  Ðwho€may€be€able€to€read€it.€This€is€due€to€the€excellence€of€the€translation€itself;€and€much€more€toÐ t  Ðthe€value€of€its€contents.€To€the€inquirer€after€religious€truth,€the€Scriptures€stand€in€the€sameÐ `ü  Ðrelation,€as€the€works€of€nature€stand€in€to€the€inquirer€after€scientific€truth.€The€natural€philosopherÐ Lè  Ðwho€should€shut€his€eyes€upon€all€the€facts€and€phenomena€of€the€material€universe,€could€not€fallÐ 8Ô  Ðinto€greater€blunders€and€follies,€than€the€theologian€who€closes€the€lids€of€his€Bible.€Without€thisÐ $À Ðblessed€Book,€Protestantism€is€nothing.€Says€Luther,€a€most€enthusiastic€student€and€translator€ofÐ ¬ Ðthe€Bible,€ð!ð€ð ðThis€volume€alone€deserves€to€occupy€the€tongue,€the€heart,€the€eyes,€the€ears,€theÐ ü˜ Ðhearts€of€all.ðð€×ƒ;×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú35Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€And€again,€ð!ð€ð ðWhile€the€Word€of€God€nourishes,€all€things€nourish€in€the€Church.ððÐ è„ Ð׃<|×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú36Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×Ð Ôp Ðà  àThe€refusal€of€Popery€to€allow€the€common€people€free€access€to€the€Scriptures€in€theirÐ bþ Ðvernacular€tongues,€condemns€their€divine€Author€for€not€having€originally€inspired€his€prophets€andÐ Nê Ðapostles€to€write€them€in€dead€languages,€and€unknown€tongues.€God€was€not€afraid€to€give€the€OldÐ :Ö ÐTestament€to€the€Hebrews€in€their€mother€tongue;€nor€to€publish€the€New€Testament€in€the€GreekÐ & Ðspeech,€which€was€then€more€widely€spoken€and€understood€than€any€other.€Has€it€ever€beenÐ ® Ðsupposed,€that€the€Churches€at€Corinth€and€Colosse,€for€instance,€suffered€any€detriment€in€receivingÐ þš Ðthose€inspired€Epistles€from€the€Apostle€Paul€in€a€language€familiar€to€all€their€members?€Why,€then,Ð ê† Ðmay€not€the€people€of€modern€Italy€safely€read€the€same€writings,€rendered€into€their€own€tongueÐ Ör Ðwherein€they€were€born?Ð  ^ Ðà  àFor€many€centuries,€while€the€Greek€was€a€living€and€widely€diffused€language,€the€NewÐ ®!J ÐTestament€in€its€original€form€was€as€freely€circulated€and€read€as€it€could€be€in€manuscript.€And€theÐ š"6 Ðearly€Latin€versions€were€also€industriously€diffused€among€old€and€young€in€the€Roman€empire.€WeÐ †#"  Ðhave€a€letter€full€of€godly€counsels,€written€by€a€bishop€Theonas€to€Lucian,€chief€chamberlain€to€theÐ r$! ÐEmperor€Dioclesian€before€the€latter€had€become€a€bitter€persecutor.€Theonas€says,€ð!ð€ð ðLet€not€oneÐ ^%ú" Ðday€go€by€without€reading€at€a€set€time€some€portion€of€Holy€Writ,€and€meditating€thereon.€NeglectÐ J&æ# Ðnot€the€reading€of€the€Bible.€Nothing€so€nourishes€the€heart,€and€enriches€the€mind,€as€the€readingÐ 6'Ò $ Ðof€the€Bible.ðð€×ƒ?×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú37Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€In€a€most€beautiful€sketch€of€the€religious€life€of€any€pious€husband€and€wife,Ð d ÐTertullian€says,€ð!ð€€òòð ðThey€read€the€Scriptures€together,€óóthey€pray€together,€they€fast€together,€theyÐ Pì Ðmutually€instruct,€exhort,€and€sustain€each€other.ðð€×ƒ=|×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú38Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€The€sermons€and€other€treatises€of€AugustineÐ <Ø Ðabound€in€exhortations€to€his€hearers€of€every€degree,€to€make€themselves€familiar€with€the€contentsÐ ( Ä Ðof€the€Sacred€Writings.€In€one€place,€he€urges€them€to€this,€that€they€may€be€able€to€give€a€reason€ofÐ  ° Ðthe€hope€that€is€in€them€to€any€of€the€inquiring€or€the€sceptical€from€among€the€heathen€who€mayÐ  œ Ðapply€to€them€for€instruction,€rather€than€to€the€ecclesiastics.׃>0×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú39Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€Like€Chrysostom,€Augustine€oftenÐ ì ˆ Ðclosed€his€sermon€with€some€important€question€to€be€discussed€in€his€next€preaching,€in€order€toÐ Ø t Ðexcite€his€hearers€to€reflect€upon€the€subject,€to€search€the€Scriptures€in€regard€to€it,€and€talk€it€overÐ Ä ` Ðamong€themselves.€As€many€were€unable€to€read,€the€rulers€of€the€church€took€care€that€there€shouldÐ °L  Ðbe€a€daily€reading€of€the€Scriptures€in€course€for€their€benefit.€Alluding€to€this,€Augustine€says,€ð!ð€Ð œ8  Ðð ðSince€many€of€you€cannot€read,€either€because€you€have€no€time,€or€know€not€how,€such€must€notÐ ˆ$  Ðforget€to€gain€the€doctrine€of€salvation€at€least€through€diligent€hearing.ðð€×ƒ@ä×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú40Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€In€another€place€he€says,Ð t  Ðð!ð€ð ðThe€weak€and€the€strong€both€drink€of€the€same€stream,€and€quench€their€thirst.€The€water€saithÐ `ü  Ðnot,€ððI€am€proper€for€the€weak!ðð?€ð!ð€thus€repulsing€the€strong.€Neither€saith€it,€ð!ð€ððLet€the€strong€drawÐ Lè  Ðnear;€but€if€the€weak€cometh,€he€shall€be€swept€away€by€the€force€of€the€stream.ðð€It€flows€so€sure€andÐ 8Ô  Ðso€gentle,€as€to€quench€the€thirst€of€the€strong,€without€frightening€the€weak€away,€ð!ð€To€whom€speaksÐ $À Ðthe€resounding€Psalm?€and€who€exclaims,€ð!ð€ððIt€is€too€high€for€me!ððWhat€the€Psalm€resounds,€be€itÐ ¬ Ðeven€of€the€deepest€mysteries,€it€so€resounds,€that€the€very€children€are€delighted€to€hear,€and€theÐ ü˜ Ðunlearned€draw€near,€and€pour€out€the€full€heart€in€the€song.׃A˜×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú41Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×ðð€Ambrose,€the€famous€pastor€of€Milan,Ð è„ Ðexhorted€his€congregation€to€the€daily€study€of€the€Scriptures.€ð ðIn€such€studies,ðð€he€says,€ð ðthe€soulÐ Ôp Ðis€quickened€by€the€word€of€God.€This€is€the€principle€of€life€in€our€souls€whereby€they€are€fed€andÐ À\ Ðruled.€The€more€the€word€of€God€abounds€in€our€souls,€and€is€there€conceived€and€understood,€theÐ ¬H Ðmore€their€life€abounds;€and,€on€the€other€hand,€as€the€word€of€God€is€wanting€there,€so€their€lifeÐ ˜4 Ðdecays.ðð€×ƒBL ×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú42Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€Jerome€also€constantly€stirs€up€his€readers€to€diligent€study€of€the€Scriptures.€Thus€heÐ „  Ðcommends€Laeta,€a€Roman€lady,€for€making€her€daughters€early€conversant€with€them.€ð ðInstead€ofÐ p  Ðjewels€and€silks,€let€them€the€rather€delight€themselves€in€the€Holy€Scriptures,€never€having€theÐ \ø Ðâ âgospels€out€of€their€hands,ðð€and€ð ðabsorbing€the€Acts€and€Epistles€of€the€Apostles€with€all€theÐ Hä Ðeagerness€of€the€soul.ðð€×ƒC×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú43Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€But€perhaps€none€of€the€Fathers€has€spoken€on€this€point€so€often,€so€fully,Ð d Ðâ âso€earnestly,€as€the€eloquent€Chrysostom,€who€preached€in€the€very€language€in€which€the€NewÐ Pì ÐTestament€was€originally€written.€Costly€as€manuscripts€then€were,€he€insists€that€even€the€poorerÐ <Ø Ðclass€should€possess€copies€of€the€Scriptures,€as€well€as€of€the€tools€used€in€their€worldly€callings.Ð ( Ä ÐHe€often,€both€in€conversation€and€preaching,€exhorted€his€hearers€not€to€be€content€with€what€theyÐ  ° Ðheard€read€from€the€Scriptures€at€church,€but€to€read€them€with€their€families€at€home.׃D|×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú44Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×Ð  œ Ðà  àSo€long€ago€as€the€fourteenth€century,€when€the€popish€bishops€in€the€House€of€Lords€broughtÐ ì ˆ Ðin€a€motion€to€suppress€the€use€of€the€Bible,€as€then€translated€into€English€by€Wiclif,€they€wereÐ Ø t Ðstiffly€opposed€by€ð ðold€John€of€Gaunt,€time-honored€Lancaster.ðð€This€noble€duke€argued€earnestlyÐ Ä ` Ðfor€the€free€circulation€of€the€Scriptures.€He€was€seconded€by€others€who€said,€that€ð ðif€the€gospel€byÐ °L  Ðits€being€translated€into€English,€was€the€occasion€of€menððs€running€into€error,€they€might€know€thatÐ œ8  Ðthere€were€more€heretics€to€be€found€among€the€Latins,€than€among€the€people€of€any€other€language.Ð ˆ$  ÐFor€that€the€decretals€reckoned€no€fewer€than€sixty-six€Latin€heretics;€and€so€the€gospel€must€not€beÐ t  Ðread€in€Latin,€which€yet€the€opposers€of€its€English€translation€allowed.ðð€The€debate€was€closed€byÐ `ü  Ðthrowing€the€bill€out€of€the€house.€And€well€might€it€be€discarded.€How€much€less€than€blasphemyÐ Lè  Ðis€it€to€hold€that€it€is€dangerous€that€a€book€should€be€generally€circulated€and€read,€which€has€GodÐ 8Ô  Ðfor€its€author,€and€his€eternal€truth€as€its€subject-matter,€and€which€he€has€commanded€all€men€toÐ $À Ðobey€as€the€condition€of€their€everlasting€salvation?Ð ¬ Ðà  àRobert€Boyle,€that€devout€son€of€science,€on€whom€first€the€mantle€of€Lord€Bacon€fell,€hasÐ ü˜ Ðsaid,€ð!ð€ð ðI€can€scarce€think€any€pains€misspent€that€bring€me€in€solid€evidence€of€that€great€truth,€thatÐ è„ Ðthe€Scripture€is€the€word€of€God,€which€is€indeed€the€Grand€Fundamental.€ð!ð€And€I€use€the€Scriptures,Ð Ôp Ðnot€as€an€arsenal€to€be€resorted€to€only€for€arms€and€weapons€to€defend€this€or€that€party,€or€to€defeatÐ À\ Ðits€enemies;€but€as€a€matchless€Temple,€where€I€delight€to€be,€to€contemplate€the€beauty,€theÐ ¬H Ðsymmetry,€and€the€magnificence€of€the€structure,€and€to€increase€my€awe,€and€to€excite€my€devotionÐ ˜4 Ðto€the€Deity€there€preached€and€adored.ðð€Another€scholar€of€the€highest€genius,€S.€T.€Coleridge,€whoÐ „  Ðwent€as€far€in€metaphysical€studies€as€did€Boyle€in€the€pursuit€of€natural€philosophy,€has€spoken€inÐ p  Ðthe€like€experimental€manner€of€the€Bible,€ð!ð€ð ðI€can€truly€affirm€of€myself,€that€my€studies€have€beenÐ \ø Ðprofitable€and€availing€to€me,€only€so€far€as€I€have€endeavored€to€use€all€my€other€knowledge€as€aÐ Hä Ðglass,€enabling€me€to€receive€more€light€in€a€wider€field€of€vision€from€the€Word€of€God.ðð€×ƒEô×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú45Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×Ð 4 Ð Ðà  àAs€to€the€Bible€in€its€English€form,€it€is€safe€to€assume€the€impossibility€of€gathering€a€moreÐ  !¼ Ðcompetent€body€of€translators,€than€those€who€did€the€work€so€well€under€King€Jamesððs€commission.Ð  "¨ ÐSince€then,€a€great€many€revisions€of€particular€books€in€the€Bible€have€been€published€in€English,Ð ø"” Ðand€some€of€them€embodying€the€best€labors€of€the€most€distinguished€scholars.€But€who€hasÐ d Ðdreamed€of€substituting€so€much€as€one€of€them€all,€in€the€place€of€such€books€as€they€now€stand€inÐ Pì Ðthe€common€version?€The€late€Professor€Stuart€was€a€man€of€learning€and€piety,€whose€candor€ranÐ <Ø Ðalmost€to€excess.€He€prepared€elaborate€translations€of€the€Epistles€to€the€Romans€and€to€theÐ ( Ä ÐHebrews;€but€while€we€gladly€use€them€as€helps€toward€the€better€understanding€of€those€portionsÐ  ° Ðof€the€Bible,€who€would€think€of€using€them€for€devotional€purposes,€either€to€settle€his€faith,€or€toÐ  œ Ðstir€up€its€activities?€An€edition€of€the€Bible,€with€those€labors€of€that€celebrated€ProfessorÐ ì ˆ Ðsubstituted€for€those€in€the€common€editions,€would€be€a€strange€affair€indeed!€It€is€quite€certain€thatÐ Ø t Ðno€portion€of€the€work€has€been€done€over€again€since€1611,€by€any€divine€of€England€or€America,Ð Ä ` Ðin€a€way€which,€by€general€consent€of€the€Christian€community,€could€supplant€the€correspondingÐ °L  Ðportion€as€it€stands€in€our€family€and€pulpit€Bibles.Ð œ8  Ðà  àAnd€what€has€not€been€done€by€the€most€able€and€best€qualified€divines,€is€not€likely€to€beÐ ˆ$  Ðdone€by€obscure€pedagogues,€broken-down€parsons,€and€sectaries€of€a€single€idea,€and€that€a€wrongÐ t  Ðone,€ð!ð€who,€from€different€quarters,€are€talking€big€and€loud€of€their€ð ðamended,ðð€ð ðimproved,ðð€andÐ `ü  Ðð ðonly€correctðð€and€reliable€re-translations,€and€getting€up€ð ðAmerican€and€Foreign€Bible€Unionsðð€toÐ Lè  Ðprint€their€sophomorical€performances.€How€do€such€shallow€adventurers€appear€along€side€of€thoseÐ 8Ô  Ðvenerable€men€whose€lives€have€been€briefly€sketched€in€the€foregoing€pages!€The€newly-risenÐ $À Ðversionists,€with€all€their€ambitious€and€pretentious€vaunts€are€not€worthy€to€ð ðcarry€satchelsðð€alterÐ ¬ Ðthose€masters€of€ancient€learning.€Imagine€our€greenish€contemporaries€shut€up€with€an€Andrews,Ð ü˜ Ða€Reynolds,€a€Ward,€and€a€Bois,€comparing€notes€on€the€meaning€of€the€original€Scriptures!€It€wouldÐ è„ Ðsoon€be€found,€that€all€the€aid€our€poor€moderns€could€render€would€be€in€snuffing€the€candles,€ð!ð€andÐ Ôp Ðthese,€it€is€to€be€feared,€would€too€often€be€snuffed€out!€It€were€better€for€them€to€be€framing€aÐ À\ ÐHamlet€that€shall€supersede€the€master-piece€of€the€ð ðbard€of€Avon;ðð€or€a€ð ðParadise€Lostðð€that€shallÐ ¬H Ðthrow€the€great€epic€of€the€seventeenth€century€into€the€shades€of€oblivion.€Let€tinkers€stick€to€theÐ ˜4 Ðbaser€metals;€and€heaven€forefend€that€they€should€clout€the€golden€vessels€of€the€sanctuary€withÐ „  Ðtheir€clumsy€patches.€When€one€of€these€nibbling€critics€tries€his€puny€teeth€upon€this€glorious€andÐ p  Ðindestructible€version,€it€seems€as€unnatural€as€that€scaring€portent€mentioned€in€ð ðMacbeth;ððÐ \ø ÐÌà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà8¸ ` x` xàð ðA€falcon,€towering€in€her€pride€of€place,Ð4 и ¸  Ðà8  àà8` Ð Ð àà8¸ ` x` xàWas€by€a€mousing€owl€hawked€at,€and€pecked.ððÐ !¼¸ ¸  ÐÌBut€it€is€not€well€to€be€too€much€vexed€at€these€petty€annoyances,€which€will€speedily€pass€away€andÐ ø"” Ðbe€forgotten,€as€has€been€the€fate€of€all€previous€pests€of€the€kind.Ð ä#€  Ðà  àNot€that€the€utmost€verbal€perfection€is€claimed€for€the€English€Bible€as€it€now€stands.€SomeÐ Ð$l! Ðof€its€words€have,€in€the€lapse€of€time,€gone€out€of€common€use;€some€have€suffered€a€gradualÐ ¼%X" Ðchange€of€meaning;€and€some€which€were€in€unexceptionable€use€two€hundred€years€ago,€are€nowÐ ¨&D # Ðconsidered€as€distasteful€and€indelicate.€But€the€number€of€such€words€is€very€small,€considering€theÐ ”'0!$ Ðgreat€size€and€age€of€the€volume;€and€the€retaining€of€them€causes€but€little€inconvenience,€comparedÐ €("% Ðwith€the€disadvantages€of€wholesale€projectors€of€amendment€volunteered€by€incompetent€andÐ l)#& Ðirresponsible€schemers.€If€ever€the€time€shall€come€for€a€new€revision€of€the€Translation,€let€it€beÐ X*ô#' Ðdone€with€the€care€and€solemnity€which€marked€the€labors€of€King€Jamesððs€commissioners;€andÐ D+à$( Ðabove€all,€let€it€be€done€by€men€who€shall€know€what€they€are€about,€and€how€it€ought€to€be€done.Ð 0,Ì%) ÐIt€will€be€a€vast€undertaking,€affecting€the€dearest€interests€of€ages€of€time,€and€millions€uponÐ d Ðmillions€of€immortals.€€€€à  àÐ Pì Ðà  àMeanwhile,€it€may€help€our€contentment€with€the€Bible€as€we€have€it,€to€notice€what€opinionsÐ <Ø Ðhave€been€expressed€as€to€its€merits€by€the€ablest€judges€of€a€performance€of€this€nature.€TheseÐ ( Ä Ðtestimonials€might€be€swelled€to€the€size€of€a€volume,€but€a€few€will€be€sufficient€for€the€presentÐ  ° Ðoccasion.€George€Hakewills,€D.D.,€Archdeacon€of€Surrey,€thus€speaks€to€the€point.€ð!ð€€ð ðOf€all€theÐ  œ Ðauncient€Fathers€but€only€two,€(among€the€Latines€St.€Hierome,€and€Origen€among€the€Grecians,)Ð ì ˆ Ðare€found€to€have€excelled€in€the€orientall€languages;€this€last€centenary€having€afforded€more€skilfullÐ Ø t Ðmen€that€way€than€the€other€fifteene€since€Christ.׃F×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú46Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×ðð€The€famous€John€Selden,€in€his€Table-talk,€thusÐ Ä ` Ðutters€his€opinion,€ð!ð€ð ðThe€English€translation€of€the€Bible€is€the€best€translation€in€the€world,€andÐ °L  Ðrenders€the€sense€of€the€original€best.ðð€Dr.€Brian€Walton,€the€learned€editor€of€a€Bible,€in€nineÐ œ8  Ðdifferent€languages,€and€six€tall-folios,€assigns€the€first€rank€among€European€translations€to€theÐ ˆ$  Ðcommon€English€version.€Dr.€Edward€Pococke,€that€profound€Orientalist,€in€the€Preface€to€hisÐ t  ÐCommentary€on€Micah,€speaks€of€our€translation€as€ð ðbeing€such,€and€so€agreeable€to€the€original,Ð `ü  Ðas€that€we€might€well€choose€among€others€to€follow€it,€were€it€not€our€own,€and€established€byÐ Lè  Ðauthority€among€us.ðð€Dr.€Middleton,€Bishop€of€Calcutta,€and€for€ever€famous€for€his€work€on€theÐ 8Ô  ÐGreek€Article,€says,€ð!ð€ð ðThe€style€of€our€present€version€is€incomparably€superior€to€any€thing€whichÐ $À Ðmight€be€expected€from€the€finical€and€perverted€taste€of€our€own€age.€It€is€simple,€it€is€harmonious,Ð ¬ Ðit€is€energetic;€and,€which€is€of€no€small€importance,€use€has€made€it€familiar,€and€time€has€renderedÐ ü˜ Ðit€sacred.ðð€×ƒG|×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú47Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×Ð è„ Ðà  àOne€Bellamy€having€made€a€blind€and€rabid€attack€on€our€version,€in€crying€up€someÐ Ôp Ðopposition-wares€of€his€own,€he€was€thus€chastised€in€the€London€Quarterly;€ð!ð€ð ðHe€has€no€relish€orÐ À\ Ðperception€of€the€exquisite€simplicity€of€the€Original,€no€touch€of€that€fine€feeling,€that€pious€awe,Ð ¬H Ðwhich€led€his€venerable€predecessors€to€infuse€into€their€version€as€much€of€the€Hebrew€idiom€asÐ ˜4 Ðwas€consistent€with€the€perfect€purity€of€our€own;€a€taste€and€feeling€which€have€given€perennialÐ „  Ðbeauty€and€majesty€to€the€English€tongue.ðð€×ƒH0×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú48Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€Dr.€White,€Professor€of€Arabic€at€Oxford,€to€otherÐ p  Ðstrong€commendations€adds;€ð!ð€€ð ðUpon€the€whole,€the€national€churches€of€Europe€will€haveÐ \ø Ðabundant€reason€to€be€satisfied,€when€their€versions€of€Scripture€shall€approach€in€point€of€accuracy,Ð Hä Ðpurity,€and€sublimity,€to€the€acknowledged€excellence€of€our€English€translation.ðð€Dr.€John€Taylor,Ð 4 Ð Ðof€Norwich,€a€very€learned€man,€but€unhappily€an€Arian,€thus€delivers€his€testimony;€ð!ð€ð ðYou€mayÐ  !¼ Ðrest€fully€satisfied,€that€as€our€English€translation€is,€in€itself,€by€far€the€most€excellent€book€in€ourÐ  "¨ Ðlanguage,€so€it€is€a€pure€and€plentiful€fountain€of€divine€knowledge,€giving€a€true,€clear,€and€fullÐ ø"” Ðaccount€of€the€divine€dispensations,€and€of€the€gospel€of€our€salvation;€insomuch€that€whoeverÐ ä#€  Ðâ âstudieth€the€Bible,€the€òòEnglish€Bible,€óóis€sure€of€gaining€that€knowledge€and€faith,€which,€if€dulyÐ Ð$l! Ðapplied€to€the€heart€and€conversation,€will€infallibly€guide€him€to€eternal€life.ðð€×ƒI×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú49Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€To€this€testimonyÐ d Ðâ âlet€there€be€added€that€of€Dr.€Alexander€Geddes,€a€learned€minister€of€the€Church€of€Rome,€whoÐ Pì Ðhimself€also€attempted€a€re-translation€of€the€Bible€into€English;€ð!ð€ð ðThe€highest€eulogiums€have€beenÐ <Ø Ðmade€on€the€translation€of€James€the€First,€both€by€our€own€writers€and€by€foreigners.€And,€indeed,Ð ( Ä Ðif€accuracy,€fidelity,€and€the€strictest€attention€to€the€letter€of€the€text,€be€supposed€to€constitute€theÐ  ° Ðqualities€of€an€excellent€version,€this€of€all€versions,€must,€in€general,€be€accounted€the€mostÐ  œ Ðexcellent.€Every€sentence,€every€word,€every€syllable,€every€letter€and€point,€seem€to€have€beenÐ ì ˆ Ðweighed€with€the€nicest€exactitude;€and€expressed,€either€in€the€text,€or€margin,€with€the€greatestÐ Ø t Ðprecision.€Pagninus€himself€is€hardly€more€literal;€and€it€was€well€remarked€by€Robertson,€above€aÐ Ä ` Ðhundred€years€ago,€that€it€may€serve€as€a€Lexicon€of€the€Hebrew€language,€as€well€as€for€aÐ °L  Ðtranslation.ðð€×ƒJ|×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú50Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×Ð œ8  Ðà  àDr.€Adam€Clarke,€the€Wesleyan,€in€the€General€Preface€to€his€Commentary€on€the€Bible,Ð ˆ$  Ðhaving€spoken€of€the€common€version€as€superior€in€accuracy€and€fidelity€to€the€other€EuropeanÐ t  Ðversions,€adds€the€following€declaration;€ð!ð€ð ðNor€is€this€its€only€praise;€the€translators€have€seized€theÐ `ü  Ðvery€spirit€and€soul€of€the€original,€and€expressed€this€almost€every€where€with€pathos€and€energy.Ð Lè  ÐBesides,€our€translators€have€not€only€made€a€standard€translation,€but€they€have€made€theirÐ 8Ô  Ðtranslation€the€standard€of€our€language.ðð€The€late€Professor€Stuart,€whose€mind€was€so€constitutedÐ $À Ðthat€he€neither€clung€to€antiquity,€nor€shrank€from€novelty,€thus€gives€his€opinion;€ð!ð€€ð ðOurs€is,€on€theÐ ¬ Ðwhole,€a€most€noble€production€for€the€time€in€which€it€was€made.€The€divines€of€that€day€were€veryÐ ü˜ Ðdifferent€Hebrew€scholars€from€what€most€of€their€successors€have€been,€in€England€or€Scotland.Ð è„ ÐWith€the€exception€of€Bishop€Lowthððs€classic€work€upon€Isaiah,€no€other€effort€at€translating,€amongÐ Ôp Ðthe€English€divines,€will€compare,€either€with€respect€to€taste,€judgment,€or€sound€understanding€ofÐ À\ Ðthe€Hebrew,€with€the€authorized€version.ðð€×ƒK×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú51Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€Not€to€crowd€the€court€with€witnesses€in€superfluousÐ ¬H Ðnumbers,€let€us€close€the€taking€of€testimony€on€this€point€with€the€words€of€the€grave€and€judiciousÐ ˜4 ÐThomas€Hartwell€Home,€in€his€invaluable€Introduction€to€the€Critical€Study€and€Knowledge€of€theÐ „  ÐHoly€Scriptures;€ð!ð€ð ðWe€cannot€but€call€to€mind€with€gratitude€and€admiration,€the€integrity,€wisdom,Ð p  Ðfidelity,€and€learning€of€the€venerable€translators,€of€whose€pious€labors€we€are€now€reaping€theÐ \ø Ðbenefit;€who,€while€their€reverence€for€the€Holy€Scriptures€induced€them€to€be€as€literal€as€theyÐ Hä Ðcould,€to€avoid€obscurity€have€been€extremely€happy€in€the€simplicity€and€dignity€of€theirÐ 4 Ð Ðexpressions;€and€who,€by€their€adherence€to€the€Hebrew€idiom,€have€at€once€enriched€and€adornedÐ  !¼ Ðour€language.ððÐ  "¨ Ðà  àWe€may€well€be€satisfied€and€devoutly€thankful€for€an€English€Bible€whose€sufficiency€andÐ ø"” Ðexcellence€has€such€ample€vouchers.€And€if€we€were€not€content,€it€is€almost€frightful€to€think€of€theÐ ä#€  Ðimmense€multitude€of€printed€copies€which€must€be€superseded,€before€any€new€version€can€beÐ Ð$l! Ðgenerally€adopted.€Since€the€present€century€began,€the€Bible€Societies€in€Great€Britain€and€AmericaÐ d Ðhave€published€some€thirty-seven€millions€of€copies€of€the€present€version;€and€according€to€theÐ Pì Ðlaborious€computations€of€Anderson,€a€still€greater€number€have€been€issued€on€private€sale.€ThisÐ <Ø Ðvast€amount€is€increasing€more€rapidly€than€ever.€No€book€is€so€abundantly€sold,€or€so€freely€givenÐ ( Ä Ðaway.€Doubtless,€allowing€largely€for€wear€and€tear,€there€are€at€least€twenty-five€mil€lions€of€theseÐ  ° Ðcopies€now€in€actual€use€and€service.€The€notion€of€displacing€all€these€by€copies€of€another,€andÐ  œ Ðespecially€if€it€be€a€very€different€translation,€seems€to€be€rather€visionary,€to€say€the€least.Ð ì ˆ Ðà  àIt€ought€to€be€considered,€too,€that€the€language€of€the€current€version€is€thoroughly€blendedÐ Ø t Ðwith€the€whole€religious€literature€of€the€English€tongue.€It€also€pervades€the€religious€experience,Ð Ä ` Ðand€expresses€the€devotional€feelings,€of€all€the€Christians€who€speak€that€tongue.€Truly,€theÐ °L  Ðintroduction€of€a€very€different€translation,€ð!ð€and€if€not€very€different,€there€could€be€no€reasonÐ œ8  Ðsufficient€to€justify€such€a€sweeping€change,€ð!ð€must€have€a€very€disconcerting€effect€upon€the€publicÐ ˆ$  Ðmind,€and€give€rise€to€an€infinity€of€vexations.€The€present€translation€has€been,€and€is,€the€text-bookÐ t  Ðfor€millions€of€Sabbath-School€pupils,€and€religious€inquirers;€and€is€hallowed€by€associations€soÐ `ü  Ðtender€and€sacred,€that€the€attempt€to€discard€it€will€seem€to€multitudes€of€devout€men€and€womenÐ Lè  Ðbut€little€better€than€sacrilege.€It€was€sufficient,€they€will€say,€for€the€salvation€of€our€godly€parentsÐ 8Ô  Ðand€others€of€our€sainted€friends,ð"ð€and,€with€the€blessing€of€their€God€and€our€God,€it€shall€sufficeÐ $À Ðfor€ours.Ð ¬ Ðà  àEspecially€objectionable€must€be€the€attempt€to€furnish€translations€for€the€use€of€the€variousÐ ü˜ ÐChristian€sects.€Our€common€version,€though€prepared€by€members€of€the€Church€of€England,€wasÐ è„ Ðprepared€before€-dissent€from€that€Church€had€became€so€very€extensive€and€earnest.€Hence€it€was,Ð Ôp Ðon€the€whole,€drawn€up€in€a€spirit€remarkably€free€from€sectarianism;€and€all€ProtestantÐ À\ Ðdenominations,€ever€since,€have€confidently€appealed€to€it,€as€to€an€impartial€arbiter.€To€theseÐ ¬H Ðdenominations,€it€has€always€been€the€common€standard,€around€which€they€have€rallied€against€theÐ ˜4 Ðusurpations€and€impostures€of€Rome.€Now,€were€each€denomination€to€issue€for€itself€a€newÐ „  Ðtranslation,€modified€to€suit€the€peculiar€opinions€of€the€sect,€it€would€place€them€all€in€the€sameÐ p  Ðposition€toward€each€other,€as€that€which€they€together€occupy€toward€Rome.€It€would€cut€off€allÐ \ø Ðmutual€sympathy,€by€leaving€no€common€ð ðrale€of€faithðð€which€the€mass€of€the€people€could€consultÐ Hä Ðor€apply.€Each€class€of€believers€having€its€own€rule€of€faith,€there€would€be€as€many€distinctÐ 4 Ð ÐChristian€religions€as€professed€versions€of€the€Bible.€This€multiplication€of€strictly€andÐ  !¼ Ðirreconcilably€sectarian€Bibles,€each€acknowledged€only€by€the€party€from€which€it€emanated,€wouldÐ  "¨ Ðproclaim€a€triumphant€jubilee€to€scepticism€and€infidelity.€If€only€some€sects€were€to€pursue€suchÐ ø"” Ða€course,€it€must€prove€a€suicidal€policy€to€them;€for€it€would€be€a€virtual€and€practical€confessionÐ ä#€  Ðthat€our€long€received€and€thoroughly€impartial€translation€is€not€in€their€favor,€and€that€they€couldÐ Ð$l! Ðnot€sustain€themselves€except€by€a€new€version€so€framed€as€specially€to€help€their€cause.€TheÐ ¼%X" Ðdenominations€retaining€the€author€ized€translation€would€secure€the€whole€benefit€of€its€celebrity,Ð ¨&D # Ðits€authority,€and€its€mighty€hold€upon€the€affection€and€reverence€of€the€Anglo€Saxon€race.Ð ”'0!$ Ðà  àFor€nearly€two€hundred€and€fifty€years€this€translation€has€been€in€common€use.€During€thatÐ €("% Ðtime,€it€has€had€free€course€and€circulation€among€successive€generations€speaking€the€EnglishÐ l)#& Ðtongue.€It€was€made€ready€in€good€season€to€cross€the€Atlantic€with€the€first€English€colonists€ofÐ X*ô#' ÐAmerica.€During€that€time€the€reigning€dynasty€of€England€has€changed€once€and€again,€AmericaÐ D+à$( Ðhas€become€the€greatest€of€republics,€science€has€been€even€more€often€and€fully€revolutionized€thanÐ 0,Ì%) Ðpolitics,€the€arts€of€life€have€almost€created€society€anew€by€marvellous€inventions€and€discoveries,Ð d Ðpopular€intelligence€has€brightened€from€its€dawnings€into€the€broad€light€of€day,€philosophy€hasÐ Pì Ðrestlessly€traversed€a€thousand€circles€of€inquiry€and€speculation,€and€theology€has€been€rushingÐ <Ø Ðbackward€and€forward€through€successive€alternations,€like€a€ship€beating€into€port€against€wind€andÐ ( Ä Ðtide,€and€losing€on€one€tack,€what€may€have€-been€gained€on€the€other.€And€yet€this€glorious€version,Ð  ° Ðalone€unchanged,€remains€unrivalled.€Though,€here€and€there,€some€have€murmured€and€threatened,Ð  œ Ðand€some€have€complained€and€reviled€aloud,€and€some€have€put€forth€their€skill€in€ð ðimprovedðð€orÐ ì ˆ Ðð ðcorrectedðð€versions,€they€have€been€wholly€unheeded€by€the€great€body€of€readers.€The€commonÐ Ø t Ðversion€was€never€more€popular€than€it€is€now.€It€is€in€greater€demand,€more€abundantly€suppliedÐ Ä ` Ðby€the€press,€more€elaborately€adorned€by€Christian€art,€and€more€widely€spread€abroad€than€everÐ °L  Ðbefore.€This€among€a€people€so€intelligent€and€cultivated,€and€so€prone€to€progress,€is€an€unexampledÐ œ8  Ðpopularity.€There€must€be€inherent€and€pre-eminent€excellence€in€a€work€which€keeps€such€firm€holdÐ ˆ$  Ðupon€the€esteem€and€veneration€of€a€race€of€men,€who€show€but€little€conservatism€as€to€any€otherÐ t  Ðmatter€of€general€concernment.€While€all€else€has€been€falling€away,€the€word€of€the€Lord€ð ðlivethÐ `ü  Ðand€abideth€for€ever.ððÐ Lè  Ðà  àThis€enduring€popularity€may€in€part€be€ac€counted€for€by€the€personal€character,€the€vastÐ 8Ô  Ðscholarship,€and€exalted€piety,€of€its€authors.€The€way€had€been€well€prepared€for€them€by€aÐ $À Ðsuccession€of€older€translations€and€revisions€so€excellent,€that€our€Translators€modestly€say,€in€theirÐ ¬ ÐPreface,€that€they€did€not€ð ðneed€to€make€a€new€translation,€nor€yet€to€-€make€of€a€bad€one€a€good€one;Ð ü˜ Ðbut€to€make€a€good€one€better,€or€out€of€many€good€ones€one€principal€good€one.ðð€Still,€their€work,Ð è„ Ðthough€much€assisted€by€the€labors€of€the€devout€men€and€martyrs€who€had€wrought€in€the€same€lineÐ Ôp Ðbefore€them,€is€essentially€original.€It€was€done€with€such€prudence,€diligence,€and€scrupulous€care,Ð À\ Ðthat€even€the€men€who€would€fain€have€supplanted€it€with€something€of€their€own,€have€been€forcedÐ ¬H Ðto€extol€it,€as€Balaam€did€the€tabernacles€of€Jacob.€ð ðLet€us€not€too€hastily€conclude,ðð€says€Mr.Ð ˜4 ÐWhittaker,€ð ðthat€the€Translators€have€fallen€on€evil€days€and€evil€tongues,€because€it€occasionallyÐ „  Ðhappens€an€individual,€as€inferior€to€them€in€erudition€as€in€talents€and€integrity,€is€found€questioningÐ p  Ðtheir€motives,€or€denying€their€qualifications€for€the€task€which€they€so€well€performed.€ð!ð€It€may€beÐ \ø Ðcompared€with€any€translation€in€the€world,€without€fear€of€inferiority;€it€has€not€shrunk€under€theÐ Hä Ðmost€rigorous€examination;€it€challenges€investigation;€and,€in€spite€of€numerous€attempts€toÐ 4 Ð Ðsupersede€it,€has€hitherto€remained€unrivalled€in€the€affections€of€the€country.ðð€×ƒL×Ý ƒ#ÃÝòòÚ  Ú52Ú  ÚóóÝ  Ý×  ×€Who€would€be€soÐ  !¼ Ðtasteless€and€senseless€as€to€insist€on€infusing€new€wine€into€the€old€bottle?€Let€us€rather,€to€use€theÐ  "¨ Ðstrong€language€of€its€able€vindicator,€Mr.€Todd,€ð ðtake€up€the€Book,€which€from€our€infancy€we€haveÐ ø"” Ðknown€and€loved,€with€increased€delight;€and€resolve€not€hastily€to€violate,€in€regard€to€itself,€theÐ ä#€  Ðrule€of€Ecclesiasticus,€ð!ð€ððForsake€not€an€old€friend,€for€the€new€is€not€comparable€to€him.ððððÐ Ð$l! Ðà  àThe€work,€though€not€absolutely€perfect,€nor€incapable€of€amendment€in€detached€places,€isÐ ¼%X" Ðyet€so€well€done,€that€the€Christian€public€will€not€endure€to€have€it€tampered€with.€It€would€beÐ ¨&D # Ðimpossible,€as€has€been€demonstrated€in€the€foregoing€biographical€sketches,€to€collect€at€this€dayÐ ”'0!$ Ða€body€of€professors€and€divines,€from€England€and€America€together,€which€should€be€equal€inÐ €("% Ðnumbers€and€in€learning€to€those€assembled€by€King€James;€and€in€whom€the€churches€would€feelÐ l)#& Ðenough€of€confidence€to€entrust€them€with€a€repetition€of€the€work.€The€common€version€has€becomeÐ d Ða€permanent€necessity,€through€its€immense€influence€on€the€language,€literature,€manners,€opinions,Ð Pì Ðcharacter,€institutions,€history,€religion,€and€entire€life€and€development€of€the€Anglo-Saxon€race€inÐ <Ø Ðeither€hemisphere.Ð ( Ä Ðà  àTaking€into€account€the€many€marked€events€in€divine€Providence€which€led€on€to€thisÐ  ° Ðversion,€and€aided€its€accomplishment,€and€necessitated€its€diffusion,ð"ðand€also€that€to€uncountedÐ  œ Ðmillions,€and€to€other€millions€yet€to€be€born,€it€is€the€only-safeguard€from€popery€on€the€one€side,Ð ì ˆ Ðand€from€infidelity€on€the€other,€we€are€constrained€to€claim€for€the€good€men€who€made€it€theÐ Ø t Ðhighest€measure€of€divine€aid€short€of€plenary€inspiration€itself.€We€make€this€claim€regardless€ofÐ Ä ` Ðthe€supercilious€airs€of€flippant€Sadducees,€or€the€pitying€smiles€of€literary€pantheists.€Not€that€theÐ °L  ÐTranslators€were€inspired€in€the€same€sense€as€were€the€prophets€and€apostles,€and€other€ð ðholy-menÐ œ8  Ðof€old,ðð€who€ð ðwere€moved€by€the€Holy€Ghostðð€in€drawing€up€the€original€documents€of€the€ChristianÐ ˆ$  Ðfaith.€Such€inspiration€is€a€thing€by€itself,€like€any€other€miracle;€and€belongs€exclusively€to€thoseÐ t  Ðto€whom€it€was€given€for€that€high€and€unequalled€end.Ð `ü  Ðà  àBut€we€hold€that€the€Translators€enjoyed€the€highest€degree€of€that€special€guidance€whichÐ Lè  Ðis€ever€granted€to€Godððs€true€servants€in€exigencies€of€deep€concernment€to€his€kingdom€on€earth.Ð 8Ô  ÐSuch€special€succors€and€spiritual€assistances€are€always€vouchsafed,€where€there€is€a€like€union€ofÐ $À Ðpiety,€of€prayers,€and€of€pains,€to€effect€an€object€of€such€incalculable€importance€to€the€Church€ofÐ ¬ Ðthe€living€God.€The€necessity€of€a€supernatural€revelation€to€man€of€the€divine€will,€has€often€beenÐ ü˜ Ðargued€in€favor€of€the€extreme€probability€that€such€a€revelation€has€been€made.€A€like€necessity,€andÐ è„ Ðone€nearly€as€pressing,€might€be€argued€in€favor€of€the€belief,€that€this€most€important€of€all€theÐ Ôp Ðversions€of€Godððs€revealed€will€must€have€been€made€under€his€peculiar€guidance,€and€his€providentÐ À\ Ðeye.€And€the€manner€in€which€that€version€has€met€the€wants€of€the€most€free€and€intelligent€nationsÐ ¬H Ðin€the€old€world€and€the€new,€may€well€confirm€us€in€the€persuasion,€that€the€same€illuminatingÐ ˜4 ÐSpirit€which€indited€the€original€Scriptures,€was€imparted€in€rich€grace:€to€aid€and€guard€theÐ „  Ðpreparation€of€the€English€version.Ð p  Ðà  àThe€readers€of€this€admirable€version€shall€do€well,€if€they€avail€themselves€of€every€helpÐ \ø Ðtoward€a€right€understanding€of€it€according€to€the€intent€of€its€authors.€But€such€as€can€obtain€noÐ Hä Ðother€help€than€the€Book€itself€affords,€by€prayerful€study€and€comparison€of€scripture€with€scripture,Ð 4 Ð Ðmay€rely€on€it€as€a€safe€interpreter€of€Godððs€will,€and€will€never€incur€his€displeasure€by€obeying€itÐ  !¼ Ðtoo€strictly.€Whosoever€attempts€to€shake€the€confidence€of€the€common€people€in€the€commonÐ  "¨ Ðversion,€puts€their€faith€in€imminent€peril€of€shipwreck.€He€is€slipping€the€chain-cable€of€theÐ ø"” Ðsheet-anchor,€and€casting€their€souls€adrift€among€the€breakers.€Against€all€such€attempts€let€themÐ ä#€  Ðbe€fully€warned,€who€can€only€hear€the€ð ðlively€oraclesðð€of€God€address€them€ð ðin€their€own€tongueÐ Ð$l! Ðwherein€they€were€born.ðð€Let€them€never€fear€but€that€the€All-merciful€who€has€spoken€to€the€humanÐ ¼%X" Ðrace€at€large,€to€teach€them€his€love,€his€will,€and€his€salvation,€has€so€cared€for€the€souls€of€the€fiftyÐ ¨&D # Ðcivilized€millions€who€now€use€the€English€speech,€as€to€repeat€to€them€his€teachings€in€a€form€mostÐ ”'0!$ Ðsure€and€sufficient€as€to€the€whole€round€of€saving€faith€and€holy€living.€The€best€fruits€ofÐ €("% ÐChristianity€have€sprung€from€the€seeds€our€translation€has€scattered.Ð l)#& Ð